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8/9/2019 Symmetry - Archive_ Explain It in 60 Seconds
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etry - Archive: Explain it in 60 Seconds
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Home About Contac t Past Issues Subscr ibe
Arch ive : Exp la in i t in 60 Seconds
2010
Shielding
Feb 2010
Shielding refers to layers of material that block radiation. We don't need
shielding from cosmic rays; but this steady background radiation does
bedevil scientists and their experiments because it can drown out the
nearly imperceptible signals of rare subatomic processes...
2009
Scint i l la tors
Dec 2009
Scintillators are transparent materials that allow scientists to detect
particles and other forms of radiation. When radiation hits a scintillator,
the material absorbs some of its energy and makes it visible by emitting
a flash of light...
In tens i ty Front ier
Jul 2009
The Intensity Frontier
three broad approach
particle physics resea
characterized by the temploys...
Cherenkov L ight
Aug 2009
Cherenkov light appears when a charged particle travels through matter
faster than light can. This effect is the optical equivalent of a sonic
boom...
Vir tua l Part ic les
Jul 2009
Virtual particles are s
particles that cannot
detected, but which a
physical quantitiess
the mass of a particle
electric force between
charged particlesin
measurable ways...
Charm Quark
May 2009The charm quark is one of six quarks that, along with leptons, form the
basic building blocks of ordinary matter. It is hundreds of times more
massive than the up and down quarks that make up protons and
neutrons...
Neutra l ino
Mar 2009Dark matter accounts
83 percent of all matt
universe. Whereas m
Earth and in stars is m
atoms and nuclei, sci
know that dark matte
2008
Par t i c le Acce le ra to rs
Dec 2008
Particle accelerators (often referred to as "atom smashers") use strong
electric fields to push streams of subatomic particlesusually protons or
electronsto tremendous speeds...
Magnet Quench
Nov 2008
A magnet quench is a
yet fairly routine even
particle accelerator. I
of a large supercondu
magnet, such a...
Neutr ino Masses
Sep 2008
Neutrino masses are extremely difficult to measure. Physicists think the
origins of neutrino masses are closely tied to subatomic...
Z boson
Aug 2008
The Zboson is a hea
that is one of the carr
weak force. Its discov
completed the Standa
of particle physics...
Rare Decays
Mar/Apr 2008
Rare particle decays could provide a unique glimpse of subatomic
processes that elude the direct reach of even the most powerful...
Th e W boson
Jan/Feb 2008
The Wboson is one o
particles that transmit
fundamental forces o
search
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is responsible for two
most surprising disco
the 20th century...
2007
Terascale
Dec 2007
The Terascale is an energy region named for the teraor million millionelectronvolts of energy needed to access it. Physicists are standing at
its threshold, poised to enter this uncharted territory of the subatomic
world.
J e t s
Oct/Nov 2007
Jets are sprays of pafly out from certain hig
collisions. Physicists
use the most energet
look inside the quarks
make up protons.
Theory
Sep 2007
A theory, in everyday language, differs little from a guess or a hunch. But
in science we reserve the word for a well-developed idea based on
experimental evidence.
Dark Energy
Aug 2007
Dark energy is the we
most abundant stuff i
universe. It is causing
expansion of the univ
speed up, and the de
our universe rests in
Part ic le Event
Jun/Jul 2007
A particle event is a particle collision or interaction that is observed by
some type of particle detector.
Str ing Theory
May 2007
String theory propose
fundamental constitu
universe are one-dim
"strings" rather than p
particles.
Posi t ron
Apr 2007
A positron is the antimatter equivalent of an electron, with the same
mass but opposite electric charge. When the two meet, they annihilate
into a flash of energy.
Dark Matter
Mar 2007
Dark matter is, mildly
a very strange form o
Although it has mass
not interact with every
objects and it passes
through our bodies.
Simulat ions
Jan/Feb 2007
Simulations are used in physics to explore many "What if?" scenarios. In
particle physics, they are used for application from designing new types
of accelerators and detectors to evaluating the final analysis of data.
2006
Postdocs
Dec 2006
Postdocs are scientists who have completed their PhD research and
who continue to develop their scientific skills by working for a few years
at a university or other research institution.
Acce le rat ion o f P
Oct/Nov 2006
Imagine a surfer ridin
If the surfer paddles a
speed and gets on a
the right time, the suraccelerated to the sp
wave.
X-ray Lasers
Sep 2006
X-ray lasers will deliver extraordinarily intense beams of X-rays in very
short bursts ten billion times brighter than those in other light sources.
The Higgs Boson
Aug 2006
A fundamental particl
predicted by theorist
Higgs, may be the ke
understanding why el
particles have mass.
Elementary Part ic le Phys ics
Jun/Jul 2006
What rules govern energy, matter, space, and time at the most
The Standard Mo
May 2006
The Standard Model
8/9/2019 Symmetry - Archive_ Explain It in 60 Seconds
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etry - Archive: Explain it in 60 Seconds
www.symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000253[28/04/2010 04:27:15 ]
2010 symmetry. A joint Fermilab/SLAC publication. PO Box 500 MS206, Batavia, IL, 60510, USA
elementary levels? theory that physicists
have to describe the
blocks of the universe
Light Sources
Apr 2006
Light sources are accelerator-based machines that produce
exceptionally intense, tightly focused beams of light...
Quarks
Mar 2006
Quarks are fundamen
building blocks of ma
are most commonly f
inside protons and ne
Luminos i ty
Feb 2006
Luminosity is a measure of how efficiently a particle accelerator
produces collision events.
2005
B fac to r ies
Dec 2005/Jan 2006
Bfactories are scientific machines that explore the conditions of the
early universe by creating and analyzing huge numbers of B mesons,
particles that contain a bottom quark.
The Grid
Nov 2005
Like its electrical nam
computing grid is a m
technology, infrastruc
standards.
CP Violation
Oct 2005
Are the laws of nature the same for matter and antimatter? Why are all
the stars made of matter and not antimatter?
Superconductors
Sep 2005
Superconductors are
remarkable materials
conduct electricity wit
resistance when cool
temperatures.
In ternat iona l L inear Col l ider
Aug 2005
The ILC is a proposed machine for discovering the hidden mechanisms
of the microphysical world.
Extra Dimens ions
Jun/Jul 2005
Detecting extra dimen
hard because they m
rolled up smaller than
accessible to current
experiments.
Neutr ino Mix ing
May 2005
Neutrinos are able to change from one "flavor" to another as they travel
through space because of their wavelike nature.
Large Hadron Col
Apr 2005
Protons racing throug
kilometer tunnel will p
collisions that unveil t
of matter, space and
Supersymmetry
Mar 2005
Supersymmetry, if it exists, doubles the number of particles in nature,
with each particle having a "superpartner".
E=mc2
Feb 2005
Einstein's famous equ
says that mass is ano
of energy. The conve
has far-reaching
consequences.
2004
Grav i ta t iona l Lenses
Dec 2004/Jan 2005
A wineglass makes a good model to explain a unique aspect of
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.
Ant ima t te r
Oct/Nov 2004
Antimatter is made up
particles with equal b
opposite characterist
everyday particles of
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HOME ABOUT CONTACT PAST ISSUES SUBSCRIBE RS S SEARCH
di tor ia l :c i ence oppor tun i t i es
eep underground
US deep underground lab would
ow this country to be a leader in
any areas of science. Our magazine
nds to focus on particle physics, but we recognize that
ology, geomicrobiology, and other fields also need a
ep science facility to progress, and we discuss some of
ose possibilities in this issue.
Read more
Commentary :Luc ia Votano
"Underground physics has a glorious
past at its back. Here at Gran Sasso,
we see a future just as bright ahead,
with the potential for unique
contributions to the discovery of the laws of nature and the
understanding of the evolution of the universe."
Read more
epar tment :
gna l t o Background
onic Booooumshakes art world;eanderthal crashes SNOLAB; China
eams deep; L'Aquila science center
peals for donations; kids reach out
kids after earthquake; letters.
Read more
Depar tment :
s y m m et r ybreaking
A summary of recent stories, publishedweekdays, in symmetrybreaking,
www.symmetrymagazine.org/breaking/
Read more
eature:
XO Takes C lean to an
x t reme
ome particle physics experiments
quire an extraordinary degree of
eanliness and quiet. How far will they
to achieve this? Try etching tools with acid, setting up
op in a deep salt bed, putting equipment on stilts, and
oreographing a 2100-kilometer truck ride so not a
oment would be lost.
Read more
Feature:
Gran Sasso: A Tale of
Physi cs i n t he Mounta ins
In an epic story of fairy-tale beauty
and world-leading science, human
courage and determination confront
adversity and Gran Sasso laboratory comes forth to see
the stars once more.
Read more
eature:
r i ng ing Dark L i fe t o L igh t
e stunning realization that up to half
life on Earth may exist underground
s transformed biologists' thinking
out the origin and evolution of life
re and on other planets. They're hoping to take the
arch for "dark life" to new depths at a proposed
derground laboratory.
Day i n the L i fe :
Soudan Lab
Just before 7:30 on a bitter cold
morning in northern Minnesota,
engineer Jim Beaty begins the last leg
of his daily commute. He steps into a
dark brown metal box with five coworkers. Someone slides
the door closed. In pitch dark, with its engine thundering,
the elevator shudders as it travels a half mile below
USEL: B ig P lans for Deep Science
ans are under way to turn the former Homestake mine in South
akota into the first US national laboratory for underground science
d engineering the largest and deepest facility of its kind in the
orld.
Download Ful l Issue
Protons no t as s t range as expec ted
Apr i l 27, 2010
The G-Zero experiment that measures the amount of s
quark contributions to the proton has found that there i
less strangeness than previous theories and experime
indicated.
A long -l os t ob jec t on t he Moon w i l l he lp tes
genera l re la t iv i ty
Apr i l 26, 2010
In 1971, a Soviet moon lander called Lunokhod 1 sent
signal back to Earth. Since that time, scientists have be
keeping an eye out for it but not had any luck. Now, sapress release from the University of California, San Die
lander has been found, and a simple but important pie
cargo on it is intact.
Superconduc t i ng cav i t i es cou ld he lp reduce
nuc lea r was te rad io tox i c i ty
Apr i l 22, 2010
The European MYRRHA is an experimental facility aim
demonstrate the technical feasibility of nuclear waste
transmutation in an accelerator-driven system. The ma
of the accelerator will consist in a series of supercondu
cavities.
Emai l Update L i s tReceive email notifications of the release of future is
of symmetry:
NAME
EMAIL more options
Deep underground, physicists se
traps to catch dark matter, neutri
rare particle decays, and other ex
phenomena. These protected
subterranean lab spaces are high
valued by scientists in a number
fields for their isolation and their
access to depths where geologic
and microbial processes help sha
the Earth and the nature of life it
Illustration: Sandbox Studio.
View Issue PDF
CMS cosmic cha l l engeDec 2007
Scientists working on the Compa
Muon Solenoid test the detector
particles that rain down from spa
View Logbook Arch i ve
Read more
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Read moreground.
Read more
cce lera tor App l i ca t i ons :
in ing
oking for ways to get more metal out
ore, scientists are turning to a
chnology born in particle accelerator
search the synchrotron
htsource. These machines also play a role in analyzing
ne waste and developing safe ways to dispose of it.
Read more
Logbook :
Neut r i no Osc i l la t i on
In June 1998, the Super-Kamiokande
collaboration revealed its eagerly
anticipated results on neutrino
interactions at the Neutrino '98
conference in Japan. They presented strong evidence that
three known types of neutrinos apparently transform into
each other, a phenomenon known as oscillation.
Read more
xp la in i t i n 60 Seconds :
hielding
ielding refers to layers of material
at block radiation. We don't need
ielding from cosmic rays; but this
eady background radiation does
devil scientists and their experiments because it can
own out the nearly imperceptible signals of rare
batomic processes.
Read more
2010 symmetry. A joint Fermilab/SLAC publication. PO Box 500 MS206, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
Supersymmet ryMar 2005
Supersymmetry, if it exists, doub
the number of particles in nature
each particle having a
"superpartner"...
View 60 Seconds Arch i ve
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2010 symmetry. A joint Fermilab/SLAC publication. PO Box 500 MS206, Batavia, IL, 60510, USA
About symmetry
SSN Number: 1931-8367
symmetryis a magazine about particle physics and its connections to other aspects of life and science, from interdisciplinary collaborations to
policy to culture. It is published 6 times per year by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, both
national laboratories funded by the Office of Scienceof the US Department of Energy.
The magazine is published in print and electronic editions, and anybody can subscribe free of charge through our subscription form.
We encourage your feedback and submissions of letters to the editor. See our contact pagefor details about contributing to the magazine or just letting us know your th
To read more about the focus of symmetry, see the note from the editorin the first issue of the magazine.
Symmetry s ta f f
Editor-in-Chief
David Harris650 926 8580
Deputy Edi tor
Glennda Chui
Managing Edi tor
Kurt Riesselmann
Senior Editor
Tona Kunz
Staf f Wri ters
Elizabeth Clements
Calla Cofield
Kathryn Grim
Kelen Tuttle
Rhianna Wisniewski
In terns
Kristine Crane
Tia Jones
Lauren Schenkman
Michael Wall
Publisher
Rob Brown, SLACJudy Jackson, FNAL
Contr ibut ing Edi tors
Roberta Antolini, LNGS
Peter Barratt, STFC
Romeo Bassoli, INFN
Stefano Bianco, LNF
Kandice Carter, JLab
Lynn Yarris, LBNL
James Gillies, CERN
Silvia Giromini, LNF
Youhei Morita, KEK
Tim Meyer, TRIUMF
Perrine Royole-Degieux, IN2P3
Yuri Ryabov, IHEP ProtvinoYves Sacquin, CEA-Saclay
Kendra Snyder, BNL
Boris Starchenko, JINR
Maury Tigner, LEPP
Ute Wilhelmsen, DESY
Tongzhou Xu, IHEP Beijing
Gabby Zegers, NIKHEF
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2010 symmetry. A joint Fermilab/SLAC publication. PO Box 500 MS206, Batavia, IL, 60510, USA
Con tac t Us
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February 2010 View full table of contents
DUSEL: Big Plans for Deep Sc ience
Plans are under way to turn the former Homestake mine in South Dakota into the first US national laboratory for underground science and engineering &nash; the
and deepest facility of its kind in the world.
EXO Takes C lean to an Ex t reme
Some particle physics experiments require an extraordinary degree of cleanliness and quiet. How far will they go to achieve this? Try etching tools with acid, sett
shop in a deep salt bed, putting equipment on stilts, and choreographing a 2100-kilometer truck ride so not a moment would be lost.
Gran Sasso : A Ta le o f Phys ics in t he Mounta ins
In an epic story of fairy-tale beauty and world-leading science, human courage and determination confront adversity and Gran Sasso laboratory comes forth to s
stars once more.
December 2009 View full table of contents
Fermi s Exc e l len t Adven tu re
Since its launch in June 2008, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has shed light on some of the brightest, most explosive events in the universe and opene
tantalizing windows into dark matter and the nature of space-time.
Preserv ing the Data Harves t
Canning, pickling, drying, freezing physicists wish there were an easy way to preserve their hard-won data so future generations of scientists, armed with more
tools, can put it to good use. Theyve launched an international search for solutions.
Recycle, Reuse, Re-accelerate
Chugging along in the background, old physics machines are the workhorses behind many cutting-edge projects, from the worlds most powerful X-ray laser to thHadron Collider and a lab that tests microchips bound for Mars.
October 2009 View full table of contents
Grad Students Fo l low t he Data
Worried about getting the experimental data they need to finish their PhDs, about two dozen graduate students have left the long-delayed Large Hadron Collider f
experiments at the Fermilab Tevatron. Most say they wont be gone for long.
Cleaner L iv ing Through Elec t rons
Studies show that blasts of electrons from a particle accelerator are an effective way to clean up dirty water, nasty sewage sludge, and polluted gases from smok
Now researchers need to make the technology more compact and reliable.
Crashing t he S ize Bar r ie r
Like surfers on a monster wave, electrons can ride waves of plasma to very high energies in a very short distance. Scientists have proven that plasma accelerat
Now theyre developing it as a way to dramatically shrink the size and cost of particle accelerators for science, medicine, industry, and myriad other uses.
August 2009 View full table of contents
Superconduc t ing Techno logy , Ch icago Sty le
Fermilab is cooking up a hot technologyand the serving is ultracold. The laboratory is stepping up efforts to develop and test superconducting radio-frequency c
key technology for the next generation of particle accelerators and the future of particle physics.
No t a M o m e n t t o L o s e a t t h e L HC
Physicists from the Large Hadron Colliders experiments turn an unexpected shutdown to their advantage.
Danc ing Wi th Phys ic is ts
For her latest work, choreographer Liz Lerman took members of her dance troupe to CERN, where they reveled in the fog, danced in the aisles and found inspir
wide-ranging conversations with scientists.
Ju ly 2009 View full table of contents
Growing a D iverse Work fo rce
When it comes to training, hiring, and retaining women and members of ethnic minorities, particle physics lags far behind other fields of science. Staffers at three
labsFermilab, SLAC, and Brookhavenare tackling the problem at every level.
Dark Energy Camera Scans Anc ien t Sk ies
Gazing into space, scientists wonder why the universe is expanding ever faster. What mysterious force is at work? By recording the light from hundreds of million
galaxies from a mountaintop in Chile, they hope to find out whats going on.
Hel iums Shr ink ing Bubb le
Helium is the lifeblood of large particle accelerators. As the worlds supply dwindles, the particle physics community must take steps to preserve this precious com
learn to live without it.
May 2009 View full table of contents
A New Leader fo r CERN
In his first few months on the job, CERN Director-General Rolf-Dieter Heuer opens new lines of communication, oversees repairs to the Large Hadron Collider, a
promotes a worldwide strategy for particle physics based on a strong mix of global, regional, and national projects.
Chas ing Charm in Ch ina
American scientists are flocking to the Beijing Electron Positron Collider, whose recent upgrades make it the premier place to study charm quarks and their kin.
Cred it Where Cred i t i s Due
In the swirling sea of thousands of people who contribute to a major particle physics experiment, how can a young physicist pop to the surface and get noticed?
search
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international committee offers ideas.
March 2009 View full table of contents
Resu l t o f the Week
Behind every big breakthrough is a series of small steps that build on each other to enhance our understanding of the universe. At Fermilabs Tevatron collider, p
have been telling the unfolding story of their experiments in weekly installments for more than five years.
Prob ing the Hear t o f the Atom
The familiar elements of the Periodic Table come in a number of forms, or isotopes, some found only fleetingly in the most violent events, such as exploding star
creating those rare isotopes in the lab, physicists are learning how the atomic nucleus works and deciphering the natural history of the elements.
Cosmic Weather Gauges
Particle physics joins forces with other fields to look at two important factors shaping weather: temperatures high in the atmosphere and the dampness of the dirt
our feet.
December 2008 View full table of contents
symmetrybreak ing
A summary of recent stories, published weekdays, in symmetrybreaking, www.symmetrymagazine.org/breaking/
Par t ic le phys ics bene f i t s : Add ing i t Up
Stories abound about how particle physics benefits education, the economy, and society as a whole. Quantifying those benefits would help particle physics better
demonstrate its value to the country.
A Fearless ly Crea t ive Work fo rce
Many of the people trained in particle physics move on to industry, where their skills are in high demand. There you can find a theorist exploring for oil or an accel
scientist working on cancer treatments.
The Power o f Pro ton Therapy
When it comes to getting rid of cancer, the sharpest scalpel may be a proton beam. Technology conceived and hatched in high-energy physics is now treating th
patients per year, with fewer side effects.
November 2008 View full table of contents
BaBar and the Very T iny Par t ic le
In which the 500 members of the BaBar experiment buy enough time for one last adventure: capturing the bottom-most bottomonium.
The Dark Un iverse Debate
Who will be the first to prove the existence of dark matter and dark energy? A particle physicist and an astrophysicist go head to head.
Where Old Phys ics Stu f f Goes to L ive
The Fermilab boneyard is no burial ground; its a place where unwanted parts find new homes and lives. Theyre matched with scientists who can put them to go
donated to local schools and parks, or sold for recycling.
September 2008 View full table of contents
L i fe a t t he LHC Reaches Fever P i tch
As the big collider ramps up, four physicists talk about working late, finding time to play, and staying connected to family and friends.
Mapp ing the D ig i ta l D iv ide
Physicist Les Cottrell is the meteorologist of Internet weather. His project tests the strength of Internet connections around the worldand finds Africa lagging fa
farther behind.JLab 's New Di rec to r
For Hugh Montgomery, the leap from particle physics to nuclear physics is shorter than you might think.
Gal le ry : Dav id K i r kby
Its a snail shell! It's a Koosh ball! Its physics! A physicist-photographer finds cosmic meaning in everyday things.
August 2008 View full table of contents
New Too ls Forge New Front ie rs
US particle physics is pushing forward on three frontiers. Each has a unique approach to making discoveries, and only by pursuing all three can scientists addre
questions about the laws of nature and the cosmos.
Bonn ie and the ArgoNeuTs
Inspired by heroes of Greek mythology, physicists are on a quest to find a cheaper, more efficient way to capture neutrinosone of the strangest and most fasc
particles in the universe. Liquid-argon detectors may hold the key to discovering whether neutrinos are the reason that stars, planets, and people exist.
A Bumper Crop o f Phys ics P la tes
In our October/November issue, we asked readers to share stories and photographs of physics-related license plates. Here are the responses.
March/Apr i l 2008 View full table of contents
From Atom Smashers to X- ray Mov ies
When particle accelerators gave birth to the powerful X-ray microscopes known as synchrotrons, they revolutionized the study of virtually every field of science. N
Linac Coherent Light Source promises to make an equally big leap, making movies of atoms and molecules in action and changing the way we think about matter
Secre ts o f the Pyramids
In a boon for archaeology, particle physicists plan to probe ancient structures for tombs and other hidden chambers. The key to the technology is the muon, a co
electron that rains harmlessly from the sky.
Outs ider Sc ience
Amateur scientists make important contributions in a number of fields, from astronomy to ornithology. But very few have the background needed to succeed in hig
physics.
Gal le ry : M i ro Dance Theate r
The dancers race around the circle, faster, faster. Wham! They collide, spinning off in various directions. Far from accidental, the choreographed collisions tell th
science at Fermilab.
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January/February 2008 View full table of contents
Sho r t Cu t s f o r Ne wc o m e r s a t t h e L HC
It can take weeks to get into the groove of analyzing data from an unfamiliar detector. A new starter kit cuts that time to hours.
From Eye to S igh t
A particle physics technology is revolutionizing the study of how we see.
Phys ic is ts Rock !
Wherever physics goes, music follows, from the lyrical strains of flute and violin to Blue Wine, Les Horribles Cernettes and Drug Sniffing Dogs.
December 2007 View full table of contents
Across the Ocean, Ye t C lose to Home
Among the 10,000 people working on the Large Hadron Collider, 1000 hail from universities and national labs in the United States.Enter ing H iggs Hab i ta t
The LHC will allow scientists to explore the territory where the long-sought Higgs particleor maybe even a whole family of themresides.
Pro tec t ing the LHC From I tse l f
While human safety is always the first concern at the Large Hadron Collider, the machine also needs shielding from its own proton beams, which pack the energ
speed trains.
Gal le ry : In t he Labyr in th
Its heavy, dusty, dirty work: Deep in the bowels of the LHC detectors, workers are connecting a rats nest of cables.
October /November 2007 View full table of contents
Free for Al l
Forget about paying for journal subscriptions. If a new proposal takes hold, particle physics journals would get their funding from labs, libraries, and agencies tha
research, and readers could peruse them for free.
On the T ra i l o f Cosmic Bu l le ts
Do the most energetic particles in the universe come from super-massive black holes? New results from the Pierre Auger Observatory make that case.
The Wrong Stuf f
When bad physics pops up in a movie or TV show, scientists try to set things right.
September 2007 View full table of contents
Fermi lab s Pa th t o t he Fu tu re
A new report gives top priority to developing the International Linear Collider, while laying out a plan for science that could be done along the way.
The End o f the HERA Era
Celebration, anticipation, and a little wistful reflection: The final shift of the HERA accelerator brought more than 1000 people to Hamburg for a last hurrah.
The Ar t o f the Unseen
As technology evolves, posters are easier to produce and pass around. But it still takes skill and imagination to illustrate the most abstract ideas of physics.
Gal le ry : Amy Lee Segami
With an ancient art that involves floating inks on water, an engineer captures the intricate swirls of nature.
August 2007 View full table of contents
The Par t ic le Phys ics L i fe L is t
symmetry presents a list of not-to-be-missed experiences for fans of particle physicsfrom the first cyclotron to wild turkeys, Galileos lens, and the worlds bigge
detectors.
Donors Dream Big
Drawn by the chance to help answer the most fundamental questions about the universe, philanthropists are starting to make significant investments in physics re
A L a b Aw a y Fr o m Ho m e
One of the most effective ways for physicists to learn new skills is to spend extended times visiting other labs. During those trips, they learn a lot more than just s
June/Ju ly 2007 View full table of contents
Secre ts o f a Heavywe igh t
A dozen years after it first appeared on the world stage, the top quark is still one of the hottest topics in particle physics.
Ta lk and Cha lk
Swimming against a cultural tide, physicistsespecially theoristscling to their blackboards.
Indus t ry Eyes the Next B ig Co l l ider
Technology developed for the International Linear Collider could help make nuclear waste safer, cargo inspection easier, and drug design more effective.
Gallery: Roshan HoushmandTracks left by particles in bubble chambersspirals, curves, and linesare the basis for Houshmands Event Paintings.
May 2007 View full table of contents
The Search fo r Dark Energy
What is this stuff that fills the vacuum of space, accelerates the expansion of the universe, and accounts for 70 percent of everything? More than two dozen expe
aim to find out.
The Grea t St r ing Debate
When Brian Greene and Lawrence Krauss tangle over string theory, wisecracks fly.
When the New Ne ighbor s a G ian t
At one potential site for the International Linear Collider, people in the community are getting to know the project years in advance.
Essay : Launched in to Sc ience
"Reading about science was not quite enough. I needed to get up close and personal with the scientists and their heroic experiments." Pierre R. Schwob
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Apr i l 2007 View full table of contents
Masters o f Improv
Like the TV detective Angus MacGyver, physicists make do with materials as ordinary as Coke cans and aspirin
A Quest fo r Ba lance in Canada
Canadian subatomic physics needs a shot of new money to take full advantage of new facilities and an influx of brainpower, a report says.
Smal l Cogs Dr ive a B ig Mach ine
University scientists are the backbone of particle physics. At Vanderbilt, theyre developing ways to handle massive amounts of data from the Large Hadron Coll
No-show Neut r ino
The first results from the MiniBooNE neutrino experiment show no hints of a fourth neutrino, but contain a puzzling signal that could lead to new physics.
March 2007 View full table of contents
Toward an In te rna t iona l L inear Co l l ide r
The International Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA) announced the release of the Reference Design Report for the ILC in Beijing in February.
Universa l Accord
The "concordance model" is a cosmic recipe that unifies all astronomical observations to date, and though researchers do not yet understand what the ingredien
made of, they know it tastes right.
Work ing Outs ide the Ac ce le ra to r
A PhD in particle physics can be a stepping stone to a career outside physics research.
Deconst ruc t ion : KATRIN
Part of the KATRIN neutrino experiment made a European odyssey of 9000 km even though it started and ended its trip in Germany.
January/February 2007 View full table of contents
BaBar s Window on the Weak Force
The BaBar B-factory experiment at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center looks to double its data in a mere two years as it hunts for hints of spectacular new physi
guide future experiments.
Evo lu t ion o f a Co l l ider
As physicists and engineers devise ways to make the International Linear Collider perform better at a lower cost, the design evolves, sometimes with tweaks, butimes with major reconfigurations.
And They L ived in Phys ics B l iss Forever Af te r . . .
When physicists marry physicists, the beginning may be a "big bang," but issues of life, love, and family gravitate toward the universal.
Day in the L i fe : Stan fo rd Guest House
Guest houses are common among particle physics labs. But in many ways, the Stanford Guest House, situated on the grounds of Stanford Linear Accelerator Ce
different.
December 2006 View full table of contents
The Teva t ron Br ings I t On
As Fermilab's Tevatron produces more particle collisions than ever before, experimenters are making discoveries, from exotic particles to ultrafast matter-antima
oscillations. Will they also find the Higgs particle?
L is ten ing fo r Wh ispers o f Dark Mat te r
The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search is seeking the first definite observation of a dark matter particle. Detecting the particle involves listening for a tiny vibration am
background of noise.
The Many Lives of Fermi 's Magnet
The Chicago Cyclotron Magnet, known as Enrico Fermi's magnet, has just been retired from Fermilab after a rich 35-year history. Through its various reincarnatio
magnet has been a key part of many experiments.
Day in the L i fe : LCLS Ground Break ing
SLAC's Linac Coherent Light Source will be the world's first hard-X-ray laser. On October 20, local luminaries joined the SLAC staff to celebrate the ground brea
landmark project.
October /November 2006 View full table of contents
Close Quarters
During their visits at other labs, physicists learn that it's a small world after all, especially when they stay in no-frills dorms. The lab life helps build professional ne
and long-lasting friendships across the planet.
Catch ing neu t r inos in Ch ina
The first particle physics experiment with leadership almost equally split between China and the United States would be located deep beneath the mountains of S
China, looking for neutrino interactions.
The European St ra tegy fo r Par t ic le Phys ics
The CERN Council Strategy Group has presented its recommendations in particle physics, focusing on a policy for Europe to "maintain and strengthen its central
the field.Deconst ruc t ion : ILC Cryogen ics
The proposed International Linear Collider will use 16,000 superconducting cavities made of niobium, and scientists around the world are working on the cryogen
needed to keep the cavities cool.
September 2006 View full table of contents
New L i fe fo r a L inac - How the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center is transforming the world's longest linear accelerator into a novel X-ray laser.
The Rise and Fa l l o f the Pentaquark - The pentaquark search serves as a model for the ways in which particle physics explores the nature of mattere
the search is unsuccessful.
Pac k in g I t I n - Globe-traveling physicists put some of their best thinking into strategies for their bagsall carry-ons, of course.
Deconst ruc t ion : Par t ic le Pocke t Card - In the early 1950s, Nobel-Laureates-to-be Norman Ramsey and Ed Purcell created cards of physical constants t
themselves using most frequently.
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August 2006 View full table of contents
In t roduc ing t he Large Hadron Co l l ide r - Physicists are excited by the LHC, with access to physics at an energy scale about ten times higher than has b
exploration so far.
In to a New Wor ld o f Phys ics and Symmet ry - CERN theorist John Ellis charts the LHCs voyage to a New World of discovery, exploring physics at the
with the capacity to create new forms of matter.
Ext rac t ing Phys ics f rom the LHC - LHC experiments will involve physicists by the thousands, working with the most complex and sophisticated particle de
ever built.
The Un i ted Sta tes and the LHC - The US government has contributed more than a half billion dollars to the construction of the LHC particle collider and t
experiments in Europe.
The Un i ted Sta tes and the LHC - LHC Meets Industry Building the parts for the Large Hadron Collider has presented many challenges but taught many le
both particle physics laboratories and their industry partners.
June/Ju ly 2006 View full table of contents
A Repor t L ike No Other - Can the unique EPP2010 panel steer US particle physics away from a looming crisis? Physicists and policy makers are dependin
SNS: Neut rons fo r 'mo lec u la r mov ies ' - A new research facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has produced its first neutrons, presenting new opportu
studying materials from semiconductors to human enzymes.
Bat t l ing the C louds - Electron clouds could reduce the brightnessand discovery potentialof the proposed International Linear Collider. Innovative solution
the way and might reduce the cost of the machine, too.
A (Magnus) Force on the Mound - Professional baseball player Jeff Francis of the Colorado Rockies brings a strong arm and a physics background to the
field: "I bet Einstein couldn't throw a curveball."
May 2006 View full table of contents
Asian Commi t tee fo r Fu tu re Acce le ra to rs - In 2020, Asia may have the largest GDP among the three regions working on the International Linear Collid
believe that the time is ripe for us to realize the truly global ILC," says ACFA chair Shin-ichi Kurokawa.
KEKs ambi t ious fu tu re - Japans high-energy physics laboratory KEK is undergoing a transition as it expands its science program with upgraded and new f
Ind ia s Dr ive fo r Sc ience - Particle accelerator research is a key element in Indias vision of nation-building, from providing health benefits to achieving ener
independence. Low labor costs help in building projects of international acclaim.
The Rise o f HEP in Korea - In a country recognized for the production of cars and electronic goods, physicists are making plans to add their efforts in high-physics to the countrys future list of accomplishments.
Br ing ing Sc ience to V ie tnam - You cant start a high-energy physics program in a remote third-world country overnight. But you might be able to do it in fi
Apr i l 2006 View full table of contents
Voices : D ip loma Mi l l s - Criminals offering fake degrees from non-existing institutions are a threat at many levels. They also destroy the credibility of higher e
systems.
24/7: Labs That Never Sleep - When people and machines run 24 hours a day, seven days a week, a lot of the mundane is needed to produce the marvel
ILC Indus t r ia l i za t ion : Get t ing Down t o Bus iness - Laboratories and institutions alone cannot manufacture the many components of the ILC, requiring
for industry.
HEPAP Redux - The new members of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel heard from leading government policy-makers, to whom they provide expert ad
Hunt ing t he Or ig in o f A lzhe imer s - Originally a particle physicist, Christian Habeck now conducts neuroimaging and analysis research that could help ch
future for Alzheimers victims.
March 2006 View full table of contents
Voices: CERN Strategy Group - The CERN Council is seeking input on the long-term vision for European particle physics.
Out o f the Box : Des ign ing the ILC - Scientists working on the proposed International Linear Collider have made important design decisions.
Break ing fo r Fami l ies - Women physicists find taking a family leave from research is often hazardous to their career.
Sl ippery Subs tance - Water continues to reveal mysteries and surprises as researchers investigate its structure.
Day in the L i fe : Bur l Skaggs - SLACs Burl Skaggs has a rather unusual commute. Every weekday, he flies 108 miles to work.
February 2006 View full table of contents
Voices: Count ing Papers - Is the total number of references to a paper in other literature a measure of its scientific quality?
GLAST in to Space - Satellite-based detectors will search for dark matter, the evolution of stars, and cosmic accelerators.
ICFA: The Commi t tee Beh ind t he Fu tu re o f Par t ic le Co l l ide rs - The International Committee for Future Accelerators is at the core of international co
Quantum Diaries: A Year in the L i fe - The online diaries of 33 particle physicists provided a glimpse of their lives in 2005.
Br igh te r Fu tu re - Collider luminosity is the key to particle physics discoveries, and labs have made great improvements recently.
December 2005 /January 2006 View full table of contents
NOA: A Neut r ino Appearance Exper iment - What happened to the universe's antimatter? The NOA experiment hopes to find out if neutrinos played a
Eco-Sc ience- Many of the world's leading physics labs have preserved and restored their sites' unique ecosystems.
The Search fo r Ex t ra D imens ions- Theorists think that the fabric of space-time might consist of many more dimensions than meets the eye.
Graduate School Gourmet - With little money or spare time, these physicists found unique ways to make it through graduate school.
November 2005 View full table of contents
Meet the Gr id - Grid computing is a new way to share resources and computing power across the Internet that will be vital to future scientific collaboration.
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Sciences on t he Gr id - Physicists and biologists were some of the first to use grid computing, but other scientists are kick-starting their own efforts.
GEANT4The Phys ics S imu la t ion Too lk i t - The software package GEANT4 is an ongoing worldwide collaboration to simulate and design science instrum
Comput ing the Quarks - To make predictions and perform calculations involving the strong force, physicists are building custom supercomputers.
October 2005 View full table of contents
Snowmass 2005 - Nearly 700 physicists from around the world met in Snowmass, Colorado, to advance plans to create an International Linear Collider.
Asymmet r ic Ins igh t - An experiment with polarized electrons probed the strength and asymmetry of the weak force over multiple energy scales.
More o f the Un iverse - With a three-year extension, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey will expand its investigations to include dark matter and dark energy.
War & Pea c e - A community activist contrasts confrontational Superconducting Super Collider days with the new Fermilab public participation effort.
September 2005 View full table of contents
Super -fas t Super -sens i t i ve Detec to rs - Experimenters around the world are studying various design options for a detector at the proposed International L
Collider.
The Secre t L ives o f Sta rs - To reveal details of the births and deaths of stars, cosmologists watch their lives through computer simulations.
Niob ium - More than 500 tons of niobium would go into building ILC acceleration structures. What's so special about this material?
Science : A R icher Exper ience o f L i fe - Michael Salamon brings an outward vision to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.
August 2005 View full table of contents
Global ILC Ef fo r ts - Physicists and accelerator experts from around the world are collaborating on the design of the International Linear Collider.In The i r Hands : The Fu tu re o f Par t ic le Phys ics - The members of the EPP2010 panel have realized that the field of particle physics is at an important
moment.
CLIC: The Compact L inear Col l ider - A small international collaboration of scientists works on the design of CLIC, a higher-energy linear collider concept
Postcards f rom the Terasca le - By discovering the laws of nature at Terascale energies, we can understand the physical laws that define our chilled-down
June/Ju ly 2005 View full table of contents
Spect rum o f D iscovery - The future of SLAC's research encompasses scales from the subatomic through the biological and material to the cosmological.
Ci ty -Sta tes o f Sc ience - The teams behind the Large Hadron Collider's experiments are of unprecented size. Life in the new collaborations will surely be diff
Two Tr ibes Become One - A physicist who has devoted his career to developing linear colliders confronts changes in the global physics community.
No L i t t le P lans - Pier Oddone outlines Fermilab's future by invoking architect Daniel Burnham: "Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men's blood."
May 2005 View full table of contents
The Elus ive Neut r ino - Experiments are beginning to unravel the secrets behind a mind-boggling quantum effect: neutrino oscillations.
Search ing fo r the Neut r ino ' s Iden t i t y - Neutrinos are different from other matter particles. Could they even be their own antiparticles?
Vi r tua l St ruc tu re - You don't have to relocate to join Barry Barish and his global team that will manage the design of the International Linear Collider.
Spr ingt ime a t Daresbury - A laboratory in the north-west of England transformed itself into a powerhouse of accelerator physics and technology.
Apr i l 2005 View full table of contents
Benvenuto - INFN Frascati offers opportunities for scientists from many disciplines, says its new director Mario Calvetti.
Rid ing the P lasma Wave o f t he Fu tu re - A creative group of scientists is reinventing particle acceleration as we know it.
The New High-Energy F ron t ie r - US scientists have built critical components for the LHC, and they will play a key role in future discoveries.
Neut rons fo r Cancer T rea tment - Physician Aidnag Diaz and his team have set out to save lives and to explore the future of neutron therapy.
March 2005 View full table of contents
Science f rom a Ho le in the Ground- US scientists from fields as diverse as microbiology and particle physics are proposing to go underground to answe
questions.
X-ray Blaze on an Invis ib le Wor ld - With laser-precise x-ray vision, the Linac Coherent Light Source will be an unprecedented tool to see how ultra-fast, u
things work.
What ' s in a Name? - Names are important but physicists have done a mixed job in naming their creations and discoveries.
Vis ions o f Par t ic le Phys ics - Award-winning photographer Peter Ginter has developed one of the most extensive portfolios of particle physics photography
world.
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2010 symmetry. A joint Fermilab/SLAC publication. PO Box 500 MS206, Batavia, IL, 60510, USA
February 2005 View full table of contents
Opportun i t ies , Dec is ions Aw a i t Oddone - "We are living in a time of remarkable opportunity for particle physics," says incoming Fermilab director Pier O
Let I t Ra in - The most energetic particles in the universe have a message for us. The Pierre Auger Observatory is listening.
Eins te in Ic onography - Albert Einstein is a cultural icon. His image adorns coffee mugs, action figures and many other novelty items.
Beyond the Standard Mode l - What is wrong with the Standard Model of particles and interactions? Why are physicists so sure that there is something beyo
December 2004 /January 2005 View full table of contents
Sold on Cold - Why have particle physicists lowered the temperature on a new accelerator? How cold will the International Linear Collider be?
The Growth o f In f la t ion - For 25 years cosmologists have struggled to adapt one of the greatest inventions: inflation. Is a final solution near?
SESAME: An Oas is o f Peace in the M idd le Eas t?- With help from Europe and the US, scientists in Jordan are building a lab for collaboration among ne
countries.
October /November 2004 View full table of contents
The Road to Be i j ing - How an international panel reached a technology recommendation for the proposed International Linear Collider.
Ext reme Neut r inos - Searching for the secrets of the universe in the depths of the earthon the sea bottom and in the Antarctic ice.
Fami l ies o f the Wor ld - How families of scientists cope with the distinctive demands of an increasingly international field.
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