Sustainable Transport in the Asia Pacific: Challenges and ...€¦ · Urban Transport experience • Walking and NMT– up to 1900 • Shift towards public transport (bus, trams,

1

Sustainable Transport in the Asia Pacific:Challenges and

Opportunities for its Cities

CityNet Working Session 3. People to People Mobility

3rd ASEAN MAYORS’ FORUM July 26, 2017

Urban Transport experience• Walking and NMT– up to 1900• Shift towards public transport (bus, trams, rickshaws) but

NMT still dominant 1900 – 1945• Emergence of individual mobility, first 4 wheels and then

2 wheels, for privileged few 1945 – 1975• Expansion of individual mobility while maintaining broad

based public transport 1975-1990• Explosion of private transport, neglect of public transport

systems 1990 – 2005• Re-emerging interest in public transport 2005 –

Challenges: Cities are Growing

• Urban populations will increase by an average of 50% in the next 20 years

• Urban densities decreasing: - Decreasing household size- Increasing incomes and car ownership

which encourage suburbanization

1989 2001

Kuala Lumpur• Built up area doubled (1989-2001) 385 to 805 sq km• Population increase 2.7 to 5 million• Density decrease 7,130 to 6,160 per sq km

“We are nourishing at immense cost a monster of great potential

destructiveness, and yet we love him dearly.”

The motor car

Professor Sir Colin BuchananTraffic in Towns

Penguin Books in association with HMSO (1963)

Challenges: Vehicle growth veh/pop (1000)

Japan

KoreaTaiwan,PRCMalaysia

Thailand

IndonesiaIndia

ChinaPakistan

UK (actual)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007 2010

Challenges• Urbanisation, motorisation, congestion,

pollution

• City sprawl – suburbanisation, car dependence

• Increasingly frustrated city leaders turn to ‘instant solutions’

• Transport policy failing

Vicious spiral

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India S Asia SE Asia CAsia

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PrivNMT/PT

What Makes Transport Sustainable in a Livable Community?

Sustainable

Source: various CAI-Asia Center, 2008

Chart2

VijayawadaIndiaVijayawadaIndia

GuwahatiGuwahati

AhmedabadAhmedabad

PunePune

RajkotRajkot

BhopalBhopal

BangaloreBangalore

JaipurJaipur

SuratSurat

HyderabadHyderabad

MumbaiMumbai

BangaloreBangalore

KanpurKanpur

KolkataKolkata

ChennaiChennai

DelhiDelhi

LucknowLucknow

DhakaS AsiaDhakaS Asia

ColumboColumbo

DhakaDhaka

KarachiKarachi

HanoiSE AsiaHanoiSE Asia

JakartaJakarta

Yogyakarta Yogyakarta

SingaporeSingapore

Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur

BangkokBangkok

BishkekC AsiaBishkekC Asia

WuhanPRCWuhanPRC

HarbinHarbin

ChangzhouChangzhou

ShanghaiShanghai

BeijingBeijing

GuangzhouGuangzhou

Hong KongHong Kong

KunmingKunming

NanjingNanjing

ShenyangShenyang

TianjinTianjin

WuhanWuhan

Xi'anXi'an

HiroshimaE AsiaHiroshimaE Asia

SeoulSeoul

TokyoTokyo

NMT/PT

Priv

77

23

68.5

31.5

77.3

23

83

17

62

38

62.1

37.9

64.02

35.98

57.87

42.13

70

30

65.3

34.7

90.6

9.4

71

29

98

2

95

5

90

10

81

19

70

30

90

10

83

17

94

6

69

31

57.2

42.8

67.7

32.1

34.7

65.3

74.9

25.1

42

58

40

60

88

12

87

13

88

12

70

30

80.5

19.5

94

6

92

8

90.9

9.1

87

13

96

4

98

2

97

3

88

12

76

24

40

60

79

21

71

29

base

Mode Split

CityYearWalkCycleTwo WheelersThree Wheelers/ IPTCarPublic TOthersSource

Vijayawada2007251522131222http://www.umtc.co.in/html/Vijayawada.pdf

Guwahati2007NA111561752http://www.umtc.co.in/html/Guwahati_-_Brouchere.pdf

Ahmedabad20026000John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg

Pune20073113287615CEPT BRTS Presentations

Pune200737181651221http://www.punecorporation.org/informpdf/transport/Tran_Pol_Eng.pdf

Rajkot200728213813CEPT BRTS Presentations

Bhopal200783518336CEPT BRTS Presentations

Bangalore2007822912742CTTS-2007

Jaipur2007NA7261916266CDP- Jaipur

Surat200736102921112CDP-Surat

Hyderabad20032023174350RITES

Hyderabad2006

Karachi1987123157http://qhxb.lib.tsinghua.edu.cn/myweb/english/2007/2007e3/309-317.pdf

Manila

Hanoi199554424http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/articles-70119_paper.pdf

Hanoi2003222942160PSUTA

Mumbai2005532653301Baker et al. (2005)

Wuhan6113224http://www.wbcsd.ch/web/publications/mobility/mobility-appendix.pdf

Jakarta200129102239http://www.iatss.or.jp/english/research/31-1/pdf/31-1-06.pdf

Hiroshima19674310.1*20261* Including Bicycles - http://www.easts.info/on-line/proceedings_05/2391.pdf

Hiroshima19872721.5*3813* Including Bicycles - http://www.easts.info/on-line/proceedings_05/2391.pdf

Harbin200039141235RETA 6350 Sustainable Urban Transport

Changzhou1986Sustainable (97)/Unstainable(3)RETA 6350 Sustainable Urban Transport





Yogyakarta 200218531289http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:HHnHdaifjF0J:www.cleanairnet.org/baq2006/1757/docs/P2_1.ppt+Mode+share+%2B+NMT&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=11

Bangalore20011611181145www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp

Bishkek20017121080www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp

Columbo20016134752www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp

Dhaka200160133924www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp

Shanghai200433242024http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/gV6FkA9iA89Ru0x0AoQx/Shanghai_M4D_report_April08.pdf

Singapore19802019575De-coupling of urban mobility need from environmental degradation in Singapore - Dr. Shobhakar Dhakal


Bangkok1999106030Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Beijing199971624Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Chennai2002471043John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg 100.

Delhi2002391942John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg 100.

Dhaka1996651025Bangladesh National Transport Policy, Ministry of Communications and Transport, 2003 Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Guangzhou200473819December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Guangzhou2003353030ITDP, Preliminary Observations on Bus Rapid Transit in Guangzhou, December 2004

Hong Kong199917974Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Jakarta1999224136Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Kanpur20029325John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg 100.

Kolkata200216579John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg 100.

Kuala Lumpur1999175826Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Kunming2004751312December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Lucknow200269301John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg 100.

Nanjing200477419December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Shanghai2002581329Lee Schipper through Gakenheimer and other sources, all Shanghai

Shenyang200487210December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Singapore1999222256Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Seoul1999202160Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Tianjin200487310December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Tokyo1999222949Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Wuhan1998661222December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Xi'an2004452224Prof. Chen Kuanmin, Dept., of Traffic Engineering, Chang'an University, Sustainable Indicators Project-ADB/WRI Xi'an project Mid-Term Report, September 2004, Hanoi

http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/transportation_shanghai.pdf

Author:Adjusted by eyeballing the figure

Author:Includes Cycle Rickshaw

Author:includes Pedicab

www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp

graph

Mode Split

CityWalkCycleTwo WheelersThree Wheelers/ IPTCarPublic TOthersSource

NMT/PTPrivNMTPTparaM/Ccar

IndiaVijayawada7723100402215221100251522131222http://www.umtc.co.in/html/Vijayawada.pdf

Guwahati6932100115261517100NA111561752http://www.umtc.co.in/html/Guwahati_-_Brouchere.pdf

Ahmedabad7723100600171851006000John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg

Pune83171005522616110037181651221http://www.punecorporation.org/informpdf/transport/Tran_Pol_Eng.pdf

Rajkot62381004901338010028213813CEPT BRTS Presentations

Bhopal62381008361835310083518336CEPT BRTS Presentations

Bangalore6436100114212297100822912742CTTS-2007

Jaipur5842100726242616100NA7261916266CDP- Jaipur

Surat70301004612329110036102921112CDP-Surat

Hyderabad6535100233583141002023174350RITES

Mumbai9191005530663100532653301Baker et al. (2005)

Bangalore71291002645018111001611181145www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp

Kanpur9821009350201009325John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg 100.

Kolkata955100167905010016579John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg 100.

Chennai901010047430100100471043John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg 100.

Delhi811910039420190100391942John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg 100.

Lucknow7030100691030010069301John Pucher et. al., The Crisis of Public Transport in India: Overwhelming Needs but Limited Resources, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2004, pg 100.

S AsiaDhaka901010065250100100651025Bangladesh National Transport Policy, Ministry of Communications and Transport, 2003 Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Columbo831710067521341006134752www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp

Dhaka946100619243310060133924www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp

Karachi693110012570310100123157http://qhxb.lib.tsinghua.edu.cn/myweb/english/2007/2007e3/309-317.pdf

SE AsiaHanoi57431005160421100222942160PSUTA

Jakarta683210029390102210029102239http://www.iatss.or.jp/english/research/31-1/pdf/31-1-06.pdf

Yogyakarta 35651001889531210018531289http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:HHnHdaifjF0J:www.cleanairnet.org/baq2006/1757/docs/P2_1.ppt+Mode+share+%2B+NMT&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=11


Kuala Lumpur425810016260580100175826Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Bangkok406010010300600100106030Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

C AsiaBishkek881210088002101007121080www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp

PRCWuhan8713100612241301006113224http://www.wbcsd.ch/web/publications/mobility/mobility-appendix.pdf

Harbin88121005335012010039141235RETA 6350 Sustainable Urban Transport


Shanghai81201005724002010033242024http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/gV6FkA9iA89Ru0x0AoQx/Shanghai_M4D_report_April08.pdf

Beijing946100702406010071624Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Guangzhou928100731908010073819December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Hong Kong919100177409010017974Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Kunming871310075120130100751312December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Nanjing964100771904010077419December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Shenyang982100881002010087210December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Tianjin973100871003010087310December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Wuhan881210066220120100661222December 2004. It’s a section from a city govt. report Provided by Karl Fjellstrom

Xi'an762410049270240100452224Prof. Chen Kuanmin, Dept., of Traffic Engineering, Chang'an University, Sustainable Indicators Project-ADB/WRI Xi'an project Mid-Term Report, September 2004, Hanoi

E AsiaHiroshima40601002614018421002721.5*3813* Including Bicycles - http://www.easts.info/on-line/proceedings_05/2391.pdf

Seoul792110019600210100202160Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

Tokyo712910022490290100222949Data from Newman & Kenworthy "Cities and Automobile Dependence"

http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/transportation_shanghai.pdf

graph

NMT

PT

para

M/C

car

NMT/PT

Priv

Author:Adjusted by eyeballing the figure

Author:Includes Cycle Rickshaw

Author:includes Pedicab

Private modes Public modesdominate dominate

Low mobilitycities

bus/ paratransit

?

Early restraint on motorisation

Rapid motorisationLow road + PT investment

continued Slow motorisationmotorisation Restraint on use

Moderate road-building

? Mass transit investment (bus first then others)? ? Transit oriented land use development

Continued unrestrained motorisation Continued motorisation RestarintVery high/ continuing road investment level Car-oriented but dense land use private carsRapid suburbanisation Invest in Transit-oriented land use Car dependence becomes 'built-in' alternatives Public transport 'locked in'

? ?

? ? ?

? < Spectrum of city types between Car and Transit Cities >?

High mobility cities

Note : Shows intended or potential transport development paths for developing cities Source:Barter, 2004Key: ??? - empirical evidence to date unclear

Walking cities

NMT citiese.g. Shanghai

Motor-cycle cities

e.g. Hanoi

Bus/ paratransit cities

or low-cost citiese.g. Seoul, Manila, KL, Manila

in 1970

Traffic-saturatedBus Cities

e.g. Bangkok, Jakarta, Manila today

Car citiese.g. Houston, no

Asian cities yet

Modern transit cities

e.g. HK, Seoul, Singapore today

Entrenched traffic saturation

e.g. KL?

Traffic saturated

Motor-cycle cities

Assessing Sustainable Transport

Environmental Economic

Criteria

Social

Noise andSeverance

GHGEmissions

LocalPollutants Safety

Basic Access MarginalizedGroups Time SavingsVehicle

OperatingCosts

RegionalIntegration

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5GHG emissions

Local pollutants

Noise and Severance

Access (employment, health, eduction)

Marginalized GroupsSafety

Time Savings

Vehicle Operating Costs

Regional Integration

Chart1

GHG emissions

Local pollutants

Noise and Severance


Marginalized Groups

Safety

Time Savings



0.48

0.48

0.16

2.72

0.8

2.64

3.2

3.16

0.84

Sheet1

Projects 2007

List of ADB Investment in the Year 2007

ProjectLoan NumberYear of ApprovalProject Cost1ADB Loan2Level of sustainable investment

Carec Regional Road Project24032007173.575.344.44%33.47

LAE Port Development Project23982007154.060.0See Note "a"22.22%13.33

2399200740.022.22%8.89

National Trade Corridor Highway Investment Program - Tranche 124002007709.0545.024.44%133.22

2401200712.510.024.44%2.44

Greater Mekong Subregion: Kunming-Hai Phong Transport Corridor-Noi Bai-Lao Cai Highway Project239120071,216.0896.0See Note "b"31.11%278.76

23922007200.031.11%62.22

Railway Safety Enhancement Project23902007140.0100.046.67%46.67

Padma Multipurpose Bridge Design Project2375200722.017.615.56%2.74

Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project (Korla-Kuqa Section)23932007594.0150.028.89%43.33

Greater Mekong Subregion Southern Coastal Corridor (Regional)2373200718.77.024.44%1.71

23722007208.775.024.44%18.33

Ho Chi Minh City-Long Thanh-Dau Giay Expressway TA Loan2374200711.210.024.44%2.44

Carec Regional Road Corridor Improvement Project2359200776.540.911.11%4.54

Road Network Development Program - Tranche 123542007249.0190.0See Note "c"15.56%29.56

2355200710.015.56%1.56

Rural Road Sector2351200741.430.635.56%10.88

Western Guangxi Roads Development Project234520071,566.0300.017.78%53.33

Eastern Sichuan Roads Development Project233920071,425.0200.017.78%35.56

Madhya Pradesh State Roads Sector Project II23302007400.0320.031.11%99.56

Domestic Maritime Transport232720076.75.313.33%0.71

Colombo Port Expansion23192007781.0300.08.89%26.67

Railway Sector Investment Program - Tranche 123162007924.5100.0See Note "d"35.56%35.56

Railway Sector Investment Program - Subproject 12317200730.035.56%10.67

Uttaranchal State-Road Investment Program - Tranche 12308200774.050.0See Note "e"17.78%8.89

1 - in million US$3,762.7965.03

2 - in million US$

Notes:

a- US$ 60M will come from the OCR while US$ 40M will come from the ADF

b - 3.1 - Bangladesh; 4.7 - Bhutan; 9.0 - Nepal

b- US$ 896M will come from the OCR while US$ 200M will come from the ADF

c- US$ 190M will come from the OCR while US$ 10M will come from the ADF

d - US$ 100M for Tranche 1 (OCR) and US$ 30M from ADF. Total ADB Loan is US$ 430M, US$ 400M from OCR.

e - Total maximum financing amount is US$ 550M while total investment programme is US$ 830M

Multi Criteria Evaluation

2007 Projects

Loan NoGHG emissionsLocal pollutantsNoise and SeveranceAccess (employment, health, eduction)Marginalized GroupsSafetyTime SavingsVehicle Operating CostsRegional IntegrationNormalized scoreSustainability ComponentADB LoanSustainable Investment

Weighting11.11%11.11%11.11%11.11%11.11%11.11%11.11%11.11%11.11%(in $ million)(in $ million)

Carec Regional Road Project24030003154432.2244.44%Carec Regional Road Project75.333

LAE Port Development Project23980004232201.1122.22%LAE Port Development Project60.013

23990004232201.1122.22%40.09

National Trade Corridor Highway Investment Program - Tranche 124000001035501.2224.44%National Trade Corridor Highway Investment Program - Tranche 1545.0133

24010001035501.2224.44%10.02

Greater Mekong Subregion: Kunming-Hai Phong Transport Corridor-Noi Bai-Lao Cai Highway Project23910004235331.5631.11%Greater Mekong Subregion: Kunming-Hai Phong Transport Corridor-Noi Bai-Lao Cai Highway Project896.0279

23920004235331.5631.11%200.062

Railway Safety Enhancement Project23904443055502.3346.67%Railway Safety Enhancement Project100.047

Padma Multipurpose Bridge Design Project23750003032200.7815.56%Padma Multipurpose Bridge Design Project17.63

Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project (Korla-Kuqa Section)23930004222501.4428.89%Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project (Korla-Kuqa Section)150.043

Greater Mekong Subregion Southern Coastal Corridor (Regional)23730003024431.2224.44%Greater Mekong Subregion Southern Coastal Corridor (Regional)7.02

23720003024431.2224.44%75.018

Ho Chi Minh City-Long Thanh-Dau Giay Expressway TA Loan23740001035521.2224.44%Ho Chi Minh City-Long Thanh-Dau Giay Expressway TA Loan10.02

Carec Regional Road Corridor Improvement Project23590001002230.5611.11%Carec Regional Road Corridor Improvement Project40.95

Road Network Development Program - Tranche 123540003022200.7815.56%Road Network Development Program - Tranche 1190.030

23550003022200.7815.56%10.02

Rural Road Sector23510004215501.7835.56%Rural Road Sector30.611

Western Guangxi Roads Development Project23450004231100.8917.78%Western Guangxi Roads Development Project300.053

Eastern Sichuan Roads Development Project23390003142200.8917.78%Eastern Sichuan Roads Development Project200.036

Madhya Pradesh State Roads Sector Project II23300003145501.5631.11%Madhya Pradesh State Roads Sector Project II320.0100

Domestic Maritime Transport23270000013300.6713.33%Domestic Maritime Transport5.31

Colombo Port Expansion23190000002210.448.89%Colombo Port Expansion300.027

Railway Sector Investment Program - Tranche 123164403132201.7835.56%Railway Sector Investment Program - Tranche 1100.036

Railway Sector Investment Program - Subproject 123174403132201.7835.56%Railway Sector Investment Program - Subproject 130.011

Uttaranchal State-Road Investment Program - Tranche 123080003132200.8917.78%Uttaranchal State-Road Investment Program - Tranche 150.09

0.480.480.162.720.82.643.23.160.8424.80%Total3762.7965

% of STI Investments26%

Multi Criteria Evaluation

GHG emissions

Local pollutants

Noise and Severance


Marginalized Groups

Safety

Time Savings



Score

How much space?

Thank you

Jamie LeatherAsian Development Bank

[email protected]

Sustainable Transport in the Asia Pacific:�Challenges and Opportunities for its CitiesUrban Transport experienceChallenges: Cities are Growing Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Challenges: Vehicle growth �veh/pop (1000)ChallengesWhat Makes Transport Sustainable in a Livable Community?Slide Number 9Assessing Sustainable TransportHow much space?Thank you