Sustainable solar and bioenergy technologies ... - Uni Kassel · Allah Bakhsh1,*, Furqan Aslam1, Muhammad Ashraf 2, Anjum Munir3 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University

International Workshop on Sustainable Energy Solutions for Community Development in Pakistan

(November 08-09, 2016)

1

Sustainable solar and bioenergy technologies for community development in Pakistan

Anjum Munir1,*, Oliver Hensel2, Abdul Ghafoor3, Waseem Amjad1

1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, Germany

3Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract Persisting energy crises is seriously affecting human growth index of the country. Despite of

available potential, there is lack of policy, strategy and suitable solutions to harvest this potential

effectively. The production potential from solar, wind, biogas/biomass and hydel are 2.9 million

MW, 20000 MW, 5000 MW and 45000 MW respectively, whereas Pakistan is unable to tap these

resources effectively. A consolidated and integrated approach is needed to lay down the

guidelines of policy making. A huge amount of post-harvest losses in perishable and

nonperishable food products are 20-25% and 15-20% respectively but very little work has been

done on value addition and post-harvest processing. UAF has developed various worthwhile solar

based technologies viz. solar distillation systems, solar roaster, solar baking units, solar double

jacketed autoclave and solar cookers to add value to agricultural products. Being an agricultural

country, 82 million tons solid per annum and dung available from 72 million animals can

contribute significantly to address energy deficit issues in rural community in particular. Keeping

these facts in view, UAF is intensively working on all aspects of bioenergy conversion from

biomass viz. biochemical, thermochemical, and physiochemical processes. Two floating drum

type biogas plants (40 and 25 m3) have been installed near the animal shed in order to use animal

dung for biogas production. About 1050 kg dung is fed in the feeding chambers and 36.75 m3 per

day gas is produced. The biogas is stored in two storage tanks to run a 20 hp engine for 6 hours

operation. The byproduct of biogas plant is slurry which can be effectively utilized as an organic

fertilizer. Moreover, UAF has developed fixed dome and bag type biogas plants for the thermal

application and operation of Genset. Recently, a 20 kW biomass gasifier unit has been developed

using indigenous resources address agricultural waste/biomass. The biomass consumption rate is

18-40 kg per hour depending upon type, quality and moisture contents. Gas production is 102

million m3 while heat generation rate is 100,000 kCal/h. The system is coupled with an 18 kVA

generator for power production. Parasitic load is 3kVA and gas temperature was found to be

about 250°C. Feeding system of the gasifier is automatic using a bucket elevator. Ash and tars

removal system is automatic with the help of cyclone separator, wet scrubber and biomass filters.

Solar based milk pasteurizer is developed for milk pasteurization. The system comprises a

pasteurizer (100 liters), a chiller (200 liters) a 2000 W solar PV array, a hybrid inverter and 300

Ah battery backup system. The pasteurizer is operated with the help of a vacuum tube collector

while a VC refrigeration system has been employed and inverter technology has been

incorporated in the chiller unit. In order to minimize torque load, inverter technology employing a

rotary compressor and an electronic kit is used. An environmental friendly refrigerant R-410a has

been used. This technology has shown very excellent results in terms of improving COP (2.83)

and reducing load. A 200 liters milk was chilled in a period of 90min from 30 to 4°C. The

average load during the experiments was constant and recorded as 1kW (3.5-4 Amps at 220 V).

The research concluded that these decentralized solar based and bioenergy technologies are

sustainable energy solution using indigenous resources and can play a vital role for income

generation and community development

Keywords: Solar thermal technologies; solar milk pasteurizer; multi-crop dryer; biomass

gasifier; inverter, pasteurizer, chiller, Income Generation.

mailto:[email protected]


(November 08-09, 2016)

2

Developing and testing pressurized water scrubbing system to purify biogas

Allah Bakhsh1,*, Furqan Aslam1, Muhammad Ashraf 2, Anjum Munir3 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

2Agricultural Engineering Research Division Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan 3Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,

Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Biogas is one of promising renewable energy resources in Pakistan. Whereas the potential

of biogas has not been fully utilized and commercialized so far because it contains about 35-

45% carbon dioxide. Biogas generally comprises 55-65% methane (CH4), 35-45% carbon

dioxide (CO2), 986 ppm hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and traces of water vapors. The presence

of carbon dioxide reduces its calorific value as well as restrains its compressibility and the

hydrogen sulphide corrodes the internal of fittings and gas storage devices. For this purpose,

a pressurized water scrubbing system (PWS) has been developed and installed at the biogas

plant site, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The PWS system depends on the concept of

higher physical solubility of CO2 and H2S compared to CH4 in pressurized water. This PWS

system consists of a cylinder in which pressurized water is sprayed from top and raw biogas

is injected through bottom of the cylinder opposite to vapors flow and solubility occurs at

the surface of packing media placed in the column. Such PWS system has the potential to

remove carbon dioxide (CO2) ranges from 80 to 90% from raw biogas. The results of

Pressurized Water Scrubbing system are helpful for upgrading, compressing and bottling of

biogas as a cooking fuel, vehicle fuel and production of electricity.

Keywords: Biogas; cooking fuel; vehicle fuel; pressurized water scrubbing (PWS); packing

media.



(November 08-09, 2016)

3

Solar PV quality issues and Standardization in Pakistan

Faiz Mohammad Bhutta1,* 1Senior Energy Consultant, Lahore

*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] Cell: 0335-4047974

Abstract

Solar PV Quality is a big concern in Pakistan and there is a need to impose standards at import,

design, installation and monitoring of solar systems. Because of no standardization, the customers

do not look satisfied from performance of solar system deployments. There is a need to put

standardization at various levels. First level is the import and local assembling of Solar PV

components. Second level is the design of solar systems. Third level is the installation,

commissioning and Performance Monitoring. IEC standards are available and are widely being

practiced in Pakistan in electrical sector and there is a need to implement all IEC standards

applicable for design, installation, commissioning and performance of solar systems in Pakistan.

IEC standards for solar components are: IEC standards for Solar PV crystalline modules are IEC

61215 and IEC 61730, IEC standard IEC 62109 is safety of Power Converters for use in

Photovoltaic Power Systems. Part-1 is General requirements and part-2 relates to Photovoltaic

requirements, IEC 62509 is a standard for Battery charge controller for photovoltaic systems and

it relates to Performance and monitoring of charge controllers, IEC 60896 is a standard for Valve

regulated Stationary lead acid batteries and part -21 relates to method of test of stationary lead

acid batteries and Part-22 relates to Type Requirements, IEC 61427:2015 is a standard for

secondary cell and batteries for renewable energy storage General requirements and method of

test and part-1 relates to photovoltaic off-grid applications and Part-2 relates to On-Grid

Applications, IEC 50818 and EN 50818 are standards for cables for photovoltaic applications,

IEC 61724 is a standard for Photovoltaic Performance Monitoring. Government has to regulate

this sector and make active Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC) and PSQCA for

imposition of solar standards and certifications in Pakistan to bring quality in this sector.

Keywords: Solar; standards; quality; solar PV; solar design.

Brief Introduction of Engr. Faiz Mohammad Bhutta:

Faiz Mohammad Bhutta is a professional engineer having more than 30 years’ experience

of working at technical and managerial posts in national and multinational companies.

Apart from his professional career, he has served as visiting teacher on engineering and

management subjects in Air University, COMSATS University and UMT. He is master

trainer on Solar from GIZ Pakistan and from HNAC China on MHP. He is Senior Energy

Consultant and currently working as National Capacity Development Expert in ADB

funded Clean Energy Investment Project in Pakistan and is associated with Premier Energy and HNAC China as adviser and consultant He has also contributed as PEC Task

force member for development of Building Energy Code 2011, Pakistan Electric and

Telecommunication Safety code 214 and Fire code of Pakistan 2016. He is founder

chairman of Pakistan Solar Association and first Chapter chairman of REAP Punjab. He is

member of International Solar Society Germany (ISES), Life member of PEC, Life

Member of IEP, Life member of IEEEP, Member of HVACR Society, Member of PGBC,

Member of MAP and member of ASHRAE USA. He is a writer & Trainer and his articles

are published in Daily DAWN, Alterenergy Mag USA, EIR, HVACR Journal, TechnoBiz, Engineering Horizon and Energy Update etc.



(November 08-09, 2016)

4

Is on-grid solar systems a solution for rural communities?

Fritz Boehmler*

Solar-b gmbh Germany

Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Although, if solar systems are connected to grid, they require combination either with

batteries or generator to ensure security of working at electric lines, if grid is switched off.

This is an international standard for all On-Grid inverters. To use solar energy in situation

of blackouts they need a frequency source, like battery or generator. Anyhow rural

communities would already profit by the effect of stabilizing its week grid at the tale of

public electricity grid by lifting Voltage level. These systems would enhance the life of

many electronic devices and bulbs of community though the community itself would not

necessarily profit financially directly by providing energy to grid (As long as Netmetering is

not allowed) . If the community provides some public services the availability of power

would avoid wasted time of its employees and avoid permanent frustration. Considering

these affects, already the financial saving would mostly exceed the initial investment, but

obviously depending of exact circumstances. In case the community service already runs

generators, savings would come from reduced expenditures in shape of Rupies. The critical

issue why this type of system is not spread everywhere is not the price, but on one hand the

missing framework for netmetering and the physically bad quality oft he local grid and on

the other hand missing awareness oft he possibilities and mising knowledge to design a

proper proper hybrid system as well as missing craftsmenship. The communities, as an

official entity have so many opportunities to distribute such local produced power where

they assume most needed to secure development of their local economy. The UAF is

developing such models but the acceptance has to be seen in future.

Keywords: Hybrid systems; rural development; public grid analyse.


(November 08-09, 2016)

5

Numerical study of cooling performance of slurry flow with phase change

nanoparticles in a microchannel

Safi Ahmad Memon1, Muhammad Bilal Sajid2,*, M. Mohib Ur Rehman1, Muhammad

Sohail Malik1, Awad Bin Saud Alquaity3 1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences

& Technology (GIKI) , Topi, Pakistan 2U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), NUST , H-12,

Islamabad, Pakistan 3Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

(KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Numerical investigation has been conducted to study the thermal performance of laminar

slurry flow consisting of PCM (Phase Change Material) nanoparticles in a microchannel.

The slurry consisting of lauric acid nanoparticles based in water has been modeled using the

homogenous flow approach assuming effective thermophysical properties computed using

appropriate correlations from the literature. A microchannel of 50 µm height, 35 mm length

and 2 mm width has been used with a uniform heat flux applied to the bottom wall.

Solutions of mass, energy and momentum equations have been obtained for a range of heat

flux, flow rate and nanoparticle concentration, and thermal performance of the slurry has

been presented using effectiveness ratio, performance index, and Merit number. The

research serves as a design guideline for optimizing cooling performance of fluid based heat

sink devices.

Keywords: Phase change material; slurry flow; nanoparticles; microchannel; cooling

performance.



(November 08-09, 2016)

6

Comparison and optimization of the configurations for organic Rankine

cycles with different working fluids using medium-temperature geothermal

water

Jahan Zeb Alvi1, Gang Pei1*, Anjum Munir2, Abdul Ghafoor3, Waseem Amjad2,

Sidrah Ashfaq3 1Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and

Technology of China 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan 3Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan

Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Concerning the comprehensive performance of organic Rankine cycle (ORC), comparisons

and optimizations are investigated in 3 different configurations of ORC with 14 working

fluids. The three configurations are Basic, Regenerative and Extractive. A medium-

temperature geothermal water is used to compare the influence of configurations, working

fluids and operating parameters on different evaluation criteria. Different evaluation and

optimization methods are adopted in evaluation of ORCs to obtain the one with the best

comprehensive performance, such as exergoeconomic analysis, bi-objective optimization

and grey relational analysis. The results reveal that the comprehensive thermodynamic and

economic performances of the basic ORC is the best among these three ORCs. R245fa is

used as the working fluid and geothermal water at 150 oC. While neglecting the safety

factor 141b shows the best comprehensive performance among 14 working fluids based on

the Pareto frontier solutions. Meanwhile, R141b is the best among all 14 working fluids

with the optimal comprehensive performance when regarding all the evaluation criteria

equally by using grey relational analysis.

Keywords: Organic rankine cycle; exergoeconomic analysis; multi-objective optimization;

grey relational analysis; geothermal resource.



(November 08-09, 2016)

7

Solar assisted milk pasteurizer and energy efficient milk chiller with inverter

technology for milk preservation of rural communities

Khawar Saeed Khan*

Department of Agriculture and Biosytems Engineering, Witzenhausen Campus, Uni Kassel

Germany *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Raw milk is considered as a tremendous medium for contagious growth of bacteria and

other pathogens which soon get accelerate when stored at ambient temperature. Pakistan has

fourth place in milk production throughout the world. About 41.6 million ton of milk is

being produced annually in Pakistan from which hardly 5% is processed and pasteurized

while remaining proportion of milk is handled by milkman under non-hygienic conditions

which is ultimate source of different diseases. The milk dairy processing is a rapid growing

business but high energy running cost is a serious problem. Milk is pasteurized with

cheapest source of energy, which is solar energy. The solar energy in combination with

vacuum tube collectors having 200 liters capacity and 2.088 m² collector area is an efficient

way of pasteurizing the milk. Steam is used to pasteurize the milk stored in stainless steel

tanks. Milk is heated up to a temperature of 63ºC for 30 min and then cooled down to 30ºC

through heat exchanger by using natural water. The temperature of milk is then reduced to

4ºC in the energy efficient milk chiller within 2 hours (standard of WHO) which is powered

by a 2kW solar PV system. Efficiency of the unit was achieved up to 69%. The payback

period of this unit is only 5.5 years. This research study is conducted to prolong the shelf

life of milk and results as most excellent and economical way of preserving milk through

this solar energy resource technique.

Keywords: Non-hygienic; dairy processing; vacuum tube collector; energy efficient chiller;

PV system.


(November 08-09, 2016)

8

Development of concentrated photovoltaic thermal system for greenhouse

heating: Performance and economic analysis

Muhammad Imtiaz Hussain, Jun Tae Kim*

Green Energy Technology Research Center, Kongju National University, South Korea *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

In this paper, the capability of concentrated photovoltaic thermal (CPVT) for greenhouse

heating was analyzed using experimental and numerical findings. The thermal and electrical

outputs from the CPVT were tested with and without glass reinforcement plastic enclosure

around the collector assembly. In addition, the performance of CPVT collector in terms of

solar fraction is tested under different thermal storage capacities. The core concept of this

section is to evaluate the energy potential and the economic viability of the CPVT as a

substitute for electricity/kerosene/diesel fuels for greenhouse heating. Economic analysis of

all above-mentioned systems was carried out by taking into account performance, cost,

discounted payback period, and life cycle. All aspects and characteristics of these systems

were tested and discussed in detail. The thermal efficiency of the CPVT system increased

and discounted payback period decreased significantly with increasing the storage capacity

of the thermal mass. It was noticed that for some months (in particular), the heating cost of

the greenhouse was reduced to zero and given system can solely fulfill their entire heating

demand.

Keywords: Photovoltaic thermal system; greenhouse heating; economic analysis; storage

capacity.



(November 08-09, 2016)

9

Solar date drying for community development

Munir Ahmad1, Farrukh Ehsan2, Rabia Anam3

1 Chief Scientist-II/ Director General (Agricultural Engineering Division), Pakistan

Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad 2 Agricultural Engineering Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad

3 Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,

Pakistan

Abstract

On-farm postharvest management of fruits is a big challenge for developing countries. Due

to unavailability of suitable techniques for post-harvest processing, 20 to 30 percent of fruits

being wasted every year. Dates are the third most important fruit of Pakistan and, are being

grown in all four provinces over an area of 923,000 hectares with an annual production of

535,000 tons. Conventionally, open sun drying is adapted to dry dates that results with high

product loss and low quality produce. Study showed that, 22 percent of dates are being

wasted due to unavailability of drying technologies. Date growers / processors cannot

afford mechanical dryers as their initial as well as operational cost is very high. Lavish

availability of sun energy in Pakistan, it’s being free of cost and simplicity in utilization,

lured the processors to take advantage and use it as an alternate source. Solar tunnel and

solar-cum-gas fired date dryers were developed, installed and evaluated at District Khairpur,

Sindh during the period of July-August, 2016. During the evaluation of solar-cum gas fired

date dryer the ambient temperature ranged from 38 to 41 oC and heated air temperature

range was 52 to 60 oC. Dates having wet weight of 600 kg were dried in four (04) days and

the seasonal capacity of dryer was 4 tons. During the evaluation of solar tunnel date dryer,

the inside air temperature ranges from 55 to 60 oC. Dates having wet weight of 1000 kg

were dried in three (03) days and the seasonal capacity of dryer was 10 ton. The quality of

dryer dried date was better than open sun dried dates and fetched higher price. Dates dried

in solar tunnel dryer were sold at rupees 150 per kg while rupees 250 per kg were earned

from solar-cum-gas fired dryer. These solar dryers provide sustainable solution for on farm

value addition of dates.

Keywords: Dates processing; solar energy; drying.


(November 08-09, 2016)

10

Use of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for energy optimization of an industrial

drying process

Waseem Amjad1,*, Stuart Crichton2, Anjum Munir1, Oliver Hensel2, Barbara Sturm2,3

Syed Nabeel Husnain1 aDepartment of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,

Pakistan 2Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, Germany

3School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, UK *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Food drying is a highly energy intensive process which needs to be controlled using real

time data acquisition devices. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has a short measuring time with

limited sample preparation, chemical-free, and can be applied to estimate more than one

attribute at the same time. All these factors reduce energy requirements and costs of

process. HSI was utilized for the determination of moisture content of potato slices with

three thicknesses (5mm, 7mm, 9mm) at three drying temperatures (50oC, 60oC, 70oC)

during convective drying in a laboratory hot air dryer. The Page, thin-layer drying model

was found suitable to describe the drying process with a fitting accuracy of R2 (0.96-0.99)

and lowest reduced Chi-square (0.000246-0.000906), RMSE (0.01453-0.02685), and

relative percentage error (1.49%-5.07%) under the used drying conditions. Spectral data

was analyzed using the partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis, a multivariate

calibration technique, alongside MCUVE-PLS and CARS-PLS. The feasibility of both

moisture content and CIELAB co-ordinate prediction with a reduced wavelength set from

the VNIR region (400-1010nm) was investigated with these three models. The PLSR model

(R2 = 0.93-0.98, RMSE = 0.16-0.36 and the lowest number of optimal wavelengths = 6, for

all drying conditions) was found suitable to implement for the moisture visualization

procedure. The current study showed that hyperspectral imaging was a useful tool for non-

destructively measurement and visualization of the moisture content and chromaticity

during the drying process and let the user to know the process end time, thus saving energy

consumption and retention of product quality as well.

Keywords: Hyperspectral imaging; potato; convective drying; partial least square;

moisture content; wavelength selection.


(November 08-09, 2016)

11

Emission of CO2 from agricultural water pumping and performance of solar

photovoltaic pump in Pakistan

Muhammad Munir Ahmad*, Muhammad Khalid Jamil, Abdul Wahab, and

Muhammad Asif

Climate Change, Alternate Energy and Water Resources Institute, National Agricultural

Research Centre (NARC), Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]; Tel.: 051 9255022

Abstract Indus basin irrigation system was designed for an annual cropping intensity (i.e. yearly cropped

area) of about 75 %. At present, the cropping intensity varied 200 to 300 % in some regions of

Pakistan. Farming communities are using groundwater to fulfil the food and feed requirements.

Groundwater plays an important role in Pakistan and more than 50 % of the irrigation water

requirements of crops are met through this resource. Generally, pumps are used to relocate water

from the source which may be underground or from surface water bodies (ponds, lakes, river,

stream, etc.) to its ultimate consumption point which may be livestock, field crops or domestic

overhead tank. Realizing the benefits of groundwater irrigation, the trend of groundwater use

increased. The numbers of private tube wells were 10,000 in 1960 and increased to 0.60 million

in 2002 and at present these are 1.2 million. In the last 40 years (1976-2016), the groundwater

contribution to irrigated agriculture has doubled from 25.6 to 50.2MAF. The energy requirements

were also raised with the rise in usage of groundwater. In 2016, the total number of tube wells in

Pakistan has reached to 1.2 million whereas diesel operated tube wells are nearly 01 million. The

data analysis shows that average annually CO2 emission is 5.025 million metric tonnes from these

agricultural water pumps. Pakistan has been seriously struggling with conventional energy

sources since 2005. Agriculture sector is also affected like other sectors and performing sub-

optimally. It is estimated that about 3000 sunny hours are available in Pakistan during each year

with an average insolation of 5-7 KW/m2. A solar PV pump of 5 HP was installed on a reservoir

to irrigate 13 acres farm land in Potohar region and the performance evaluation was carried out.

The solar pump was monitored for 20 months on three randomly selected sunny days from

morning to evening in each month. Every day, the radiations on PV systems and pump discharge

were measured. The incident solar radiations at the Fatehjang study site were analysed from Oct

2012 to Sept. 2014. The solar radiation was 4.68 KW/m2 during summer months and 2.78 kW/m2

during winter months of the study duration. The average discharge of solar pump was 5.73 lps

during 09am-03pm and 4.07 lps before 09am and after 03pm during sun hours. The average

discharge of whole day was 5.23 lps and it was 29 percent lesser than high radiation time and 22

percent higher than low radiation time. This shows that a good reliability of solar pump discharge

for both high and low radiation time during the day. Development department like Agency for

Barani Area Development (ABAD), Punjab has providing subsidy for installation of solar pumps

on 200 mini dams in the Potohar area, Punjab. Moreover, Punjab Govt. also announced 20,000

solar drip systems in 2016-2017 budget and Kyber Pakhttoonkha Govt. already installed

subsidized 100 solar pumps during 2015-2016. Prime Minister of Pakistan also announced

30,000 mark-up free solar pumps scheme. The data analysis shows that more than 5 % CO2

emission in water pumping for irrigation will be reduced after complete installation of above

mentioned solar pumps. Moreover, after complete installation of aforementioned solar pumps

there will be a saving of 100 million liters of diesel annually and there will be a reduction of 7.2

billion rupees in the operational cost of pumping per annum.

Keywords: Cropping intensity; water pumping; solar PV; CO2 emission.


(November 08-09, 2016)

12

Sustainable development: Renewable energy education for architects

Azlan Zahid1,*, Abdul Ghafoor1, Muhammad Faheem1, Muhammad Muzammil2,

Faisal Shahzad3 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 3Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad


Abstract

Inconsiderate use of fossil fuels not only subjects to resource depletion but also triggering

environmental threats. For sustainability, renewable energy is considered as an attractive

source. Nearly 40% of the global energy consumption is associated with buildings in the

form of heating, lighting, cooling and ventilation requirements. The rapidly growing

population, accessible forms of renewable energies, crucial events and activities in

sustainable energy development and today’s financial crisis around the globe forced the

developed countries to introduce and adopt renewable energy buildings as a clean option.

Energy efficiency, auditing and management strategies are the most auspicious means of

curtailing the growing energy demand. A viable technique to reduce the primary energy

consumption involves educating the building architects to use renewable energy in the

design of buildings. The role of architecture is becoming crucial as the world is looking for

green and sustainable development. Architecture has a significant role in providing better

and friendly designs for new buildings and residential areas, which meets the building

standards and is also energy efficient. In designing buildings, the embodied energy of

construction materials is also a significant which is a matter of great concern. This is a chief

aspect in sustainable development to use recycled building materials where possible and

diminish energy ingesting. In architectural education, the renewable energy concept has

been established over the years and renewable energy courses and trainings are linked with

some programs of architecture together with the principles of sustainable development.

There is a dire need insight in order to revolutionize the architectural courses or curriculums

to enable the process of sustainable buildings development for green revolution in the entire

world.

Keywords: Sustainable energy; sustainable architecture; architectural education;

renewable energy.



(November 08-09, 2016)

13

Stagnant pro-poor approach and green energy susceptibility in Pakistan:

Redefining policy for paradigm shift

Saleem Ashraf1,*, Aashiq Hussain Sangi1, Muhammad Luqman2, Gulfam Hassan3 1In-Service Agricultural Training Institute, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan 2University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan

3Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture

Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Energy crisis is noteworthy issue of Pakistan and load shedding and power failure has

become complaint of rural dweller to industrialists. Inadequate power generation in country

led development on back foot. Pakistan is leading most expensive energy producer in Asian

region. States intrinsic efforts are inadequate to fulfill the demand and supply gap of energy

generation. On contrary, citizens are compelled to pay heavy amount of electricity bills

despite of power failure of 10-14 hours per day. Miserable situation infer the quick

rehabilitation with inclusion of green energy technologies like solar, wind and biogas in

power generation set up. At current, power generation through these technologies is

minimal as compared to other countries of the world. Pakistan possess vast potential of solar

and biogas technologies pertinent to sunny climate and huge animals population capable of

producing approximately 700 million kg of dung. Pakistan is geographically located on

latitude of 24°N to 37°N and 61°E to 76°E longitudes with total land area of approximately

800,000 K2 which is highly favorable for solar technologies. In this regard, Pakistan needs

to invest in renewables and shift energy generation alternate to fuel. Expensive billing is

beyond the potential of poor peoples who are residing in rural peripherals and depending

upon farming for their livelihoods. In fact, agriculture is too indulges in misery at present.

Promotion and awareness of human and environment friendly technologies could help

bridging the supply and demand gap. Farmers may be motivated to adopt these technologies

on domestic level. Particularly, biogas could happen as multiple benefits providing source

for households. Solar adoption could bring lights on in plain areas without interruption. This

division of power could stabilize the supply and demand gap of energy. Coordination and

inter-disciplinary research, trainings and awareness campaigns could harness the potential in

befitting manner.

Keywords: Green energy; pro-poor growth; technology gaps.



(November 08-09, 2016)

14

High flux solar thermal receiver using s-CO2 in microchannels

Muhammad Mohsin Tanveer1, Muhammad Bilal Sajid1,* 1U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), NUST , H-12,

Islamabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Global warming is a major issue for the world, conventional power plants being the major

contributor. Concentrated solar technologies have the potential to generate power at large

scale using existing thermal energy cycles and hence reducing global warming. This work

aims at designing and optimizing a solar receiver consisting of mircochannels and using

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (s-CO2) as working fluid. These types of plants can generate

high solar flux (nearly 1MW/m2) and hence lead to high working fluid temperature. Major

issues in implementing these technologies are large size of receiver, high energy loss,

limiting heat capacity and operating conditions of working fluid. Normal heat transfer fluid

(HTF) changes phase at operating conditions causing high pressure inside the pipes. Due to

this phenomenon, a bulky design is required. The objective of this study is to reduce the

receiver size by using microchannels for high heat flux and outlet target temperature of

6500C. s-CO2 is stable, nonflammable and nontoxic. Moreover, it has low critical

temperature and pressure and it can be directly used in Rankine or Bryton cycle. Thus, s-

CO2 can be used directly as working fluid and no intermediate heat exchanger is required.

This results in compact, efficient and cost-effective system.We are performing 2D CFD

analysis of microchannels. Commercial available software package of ANSYS FLUENT

15.0 is being used for this work. The performance of microchannels is being investigated by

varying the aspect ratio and flow parameters (e.g. Re number) of the working fluid.

Moreover, effect of presence of fins (and their geometries) in microchannels is under

investigation. Applying fins will increase the contact area with working fluid and is likely to

enhance heat transfer while reducing external surface temperature to reduce heat loss to

ambient.

Keywords: Renewable energy; solar concentrator; CFD; heat transfer; microchannels;

sCO2.



(November 08-09, 2016)

15

Assessment of hydropower production potential on Jhang branch canal

Muhammad Arshad*, Muhammad Hamid, Muhammad Awais, Muhammad Usman

Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The significance of energy for various purposes (domestic, industrial and environmental

etc.) is irrefutable. Worlds total energy resources constitute 82% from fossil fuels, 13% from

renewable energy resources and remaining 5% is from nuclear energy. Generally, renewable

energy is defined as the energy that is obtained from resources, which are continuously

replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, water, wind, waves, tides and geothermal

heat etc. Among these water is considered as the most reliable and cheap source of renewable

energy. Water is a natural resource, which has been used to generate power since ancient

times. Modern way of harnessing the power of water is by direct conversion to electricity,

called hydroelectric power. Pakistan is an energy deficient country and facing severe shortfall

of electricity since last decade. In Pakistan, primarily, the hydroelectric energy would come

from dams and reservoirs, where water is stored to create desirable hydraulic head to produce

electricity. Pakistan has one of the world’s largest canal irrigation network which, runs over

the topography and a number of head drops are available along the course of this network.

These drops may be identified on a selected canal command and the available head can be

utilized for electric power generation. Keeping in view the aforementioned facts a study was

designed with a primary objective of identifying suitable sites for hydroelectric power

generation at selected canal command. The selected sections of canal (RDs from 38000-

306500) has total seven feasible sites having a range of hydropower generation from 0.976

to 2.257 MW, with the most suitable site for energy generation is at RD 68830 with a

maximum potential of 2.25 MW. This energy can be utilized locally to satisfy the power

requirements of the adjoining villages against the potential demand of 600 kW in

neighboring villages of canal.

Keywords: Fossil fuels; renewable energy; hydropower generation; canals.



(November 08-09, 2016)

16

Potential biochemical components of crop residues for renewable energy

Muhammad Farrukh Saleem1,*, Muhammad Shahid1, Muhammad Ashfaq Wahid1,

Haroon Zaman Khan1, Abdul Shakoor1 1Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan


Abstract

Crop residues are an important source of renewable energy and are often problematic to

manage after harvesting of crops. Knowledge about the composition of biodegradable

residues is prerequisite to optimize energy output. On the basis of cellular components,

plant residues are comprised of parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues. Parenchyma tissues

mainly comprised of protoplasm and vacuoles while sclerenchyma are composed of bio-

membranes. 1- Parenchyma tissues (a) Proteins are polypeptides of 20 different amino

acids. Biofuel obtained from protein rich residues may have acidic or basic pH depending

on amino acid composition. (b) Starch contains glucose in the form of amylose and

amylopectin. Starch is easily degraded by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. (c) Fructans are

polysaccharides found in residues of cereals. Two most important groups of fructans are

inulin and levans. (d) Chlorophyll consists of 4 pyrol rings which combine with another

pyrol ring to build porphyrin structure. A long phytol chain forms bond with porphyrin

structure. During residues stage chlorophyll disintegrates and phytol chain cleavage takes

place from porphyrin structure. It gives rise to colorless products. Carotenoids in residues

develop yellow color and anthocyanin red color. Brown color of residues develops due to

oxidation and subsequent polymerization of phenolics present in subcellular compartments.

2- Sclerenchyma tissues (a) Cellulose is most abundant biopolymer in residues as it is

structural component of cell wall, stalks and woody parts. It is linear glucan polymer

(glucose units > 10,000) which are linked by β-1,4- glycosidic bond. Only those fungi and

few bacteria having cellulase enzyme can decompose it. (b) Hemicelluloses are mainly

composed of pentoses and hexoses. It has cellulose like glucose units linked to each other

by glycosidic bond but has less polymerization than cellulose. These take less time for

decomposition than cellulose. Examples of non-cellulosic polysaccharides are xylans,

mannans, glucomannans, galactins, pectins etc. (c) Lignin is the most abundant biopolymer

after cellulose in residues. It is found in primary, secondary, and middle lamella, provides

rigidity to walls. It is found in the form of three dimensional structures consisting of phenyl

propane units. Primary building blocks of lignin are cinnamyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol,

sinapyl alcohol and p-coumaryl alcohol. Only white-rot fungi are able to completely

decompose it. (d) Tanins are polyphenols, divided into hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable

tannins. Non-hydrolysable tannins contain 10-40 flavin monomers. These are not

hydrolysable, so these will accumulate in biofuel as such. Hydrolysable tannins are

composed of sugar and phenolic acid; on decomposition sugars act as source of carbon

while phenolic acids reduce biofuel pH. (e) Cutin is found in plant cuticle and composed of

fatty acids having C-chain length of C16 to C18 linked by ester bond. (f) Suberin is

composed of C-chain length of C20-C30 and phenolic acid. As bottom line, parenchyma

tissues are more biodegradable and rich in energy than sclerenchyma tissues.

Keywords: Parenchyma; sclerenchyma; protein; starches; cellulose; lignin.



(November 08-09, 2016)

17

A prospect of robotics in precision agriculture as an energy efficient

technology in Pakistan

Hafiz Muhammad Nauman1,*, Abdul Ghafoor1, M.J.M Cheema2

1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and

Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and

Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Robots (Pre-programmed Self-acting Machines) play the role of backbone in the

development of any region in this era of high technologies. After the industrial revolution,

with the development of artificial intelligence, robotics has been increased tremendously in

past two decades. Moreover, the involvement of highly intelligent robots in industrial,

agricultural and energy sector has improved productivity, profitability and efficacy at

greater extent especially in developed countries. Artificial intelligence allows the robots to

perform specified jobs with high precision and accuracy thus saving time, energy and

human effort. The high initial cost of robotics is a main hindrance for its adoption in most of

the underdeveloped, developing and some developed countries as well. Moreover, the lack

of skilled labor and technical manpower for the operation and repair and maintenance is

also need to be addressed. Pakistan is one of the developing country making some effort to

meet the needs of high tech era. Approximately more than 50% of Pakistan’s industrial and

agricultural sectors are not fully mechanized. Pakistan, as an agricultural country, has

introduced precision agricultural techniques to improve yield by controlling inputs in past

few years. But, still there is a high need to involve robotics in precision agricultural

technologies to get more accurate results and to join the race of smart era with the

developed countries. Robotics along with the precise application of inputs makes the

machine 30-50% more precise, energy efficient and environment friendly by limiting the

use of inputs, working time, fuel consumption and by controlling echo and flue gas

emission.

Keywords: Precision agriculture; robotics; energy efficient; environmental friendly.


(November 08-09, 2016)

18

Development of cost effective algal biomass harvesting strategy with minimal

nutrient consumption for biodiesel production

Saima Mirza1,*, Ehsan Ali1, Saira Abdul Aziz1, Habib ur Rehman1, Muhammad Azam

Khan1 1Punjab Bioenergy Institute (PBI), University of the Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan


Abstract

Energy is a major limiting factor in developing economies, their scarcity and non eco-

friendly nature explore significance of alternative and cheap energy sources with no GHG

emissions. Algal bio-oil is one of the major alternative, however yield is low due to lack of

efficient biomass harvesting strategies. The present study is designed to develop an efficient

technique for algal biomass harvesting, to ensure more yield of algal bio-oil. This study is

considered optimal in terms of more oil yield from moderate or low lipid yielding algal

strains. The algae strain producing 68% lipid in a system with capacity of 1 kg/d of DW,

will normally produce 0.68 kg lipids. In this study lipid yield is enhanced from 20% lipid

producing algae strains upto 2 kg lipid per day with improved harvesting technology by

getting 10kgDW/day and permeate recycling illustrating minimal nutrient consumption.

Pakistan is importing crude oil about 85% of daily consumption costing approximately $

34.5M per day with 80% of tube well running on diesel in agriculture. Thus, on the basis of

these findings onsite pilot scale installation in rural areas and open systems in the vicinity of

industrial area/industrial zones will be milestone in energy sector of Pakistan as solar

illumination is prevalent almost throughout the year in the country. This study will open

different avenues for commercial biodiesel utilization like for tube wells, three wheeler/

small engines vehicles and SMEs with anticipation that biodiesel cost will be reduced in

coming few years.

Keywords: Algae; bio-oil; biodiesel.



(November 08-09, 2016)

19

Biocatalyst assisted bio-hydrogen production from lignin

Saima Mirza1,*

1Punjab Bioenergy Institute (PBI), University of the Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Lignocellulose as largest sinks for fixed global carbon could be used as both a carbon

source for microbial growth or enzyme assisted biofuel production. But limitation in this

regard is removal lignin conversion barrier into simple fermentable components. Hydrogen

gas being a carbon neutral fuel is an ideal energy carrier, which may be produced more

efficiently from lignocellulose derived sugars. The present study explores advanced

ecofriendly solution for lignin valorization and biohydrogen production. For this purpose,

an enzyme cocktail is extracted from basidiomycetes for evaluation it’s potential for lignin

valorization by applying on variety of biomass. Development of effective lignin

valorization system was designed in this study for microbes mediated conversion of

obtained hydrolysate into biohydrogen. Metabolomics analysis are included in future aims

of this work with 13C labeled aromatics to identify intermediates involved to understand

catabolism pathway. On the basis of these findings way forward will be stream lined for

further study of maximum utilization of lignin derived sugars/ aromatics for improved

biohydrogen yield. This study would turn into cost effective and viable lignocellulosic

biofuels technology in terms of new biohydrogen synthesis routes from completely inert

materials.

Keywords: Biocatalyst; biohydrogen; lignin into biohydrogen.



(November 08-09, 2016)

20

Integrated solar thermal system for water and space heating applications

Hafiza Mahreen Fatima1, Muhammad Bilal Sajid1,* 1U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), NUST , H-12,

Islamabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Our planet is facing significant challenges in 21st century because energy consumption is

expected to double globally during the 1st half of this century. Faced with increasingly

constrained oil supplies, engineers must exploit renewable energy resources, such as solar

energy to help us to meet the energy demand. Commercial and residential buildings

consume significant amount of energy for air conditioning, space heating and water heating.

Use of renewable energy resources in buildings can reduce the reliance on electricity supply

and can result in significant operational cost saving. This work aims at utilization of solar

energy for water and space heating in a commercial building during winter. In this research

solar water and space heating system is designed and simulated on TRNSYS software with

respect to weather conditions of city of Islamabad. Our proposed system consists of a solar

collector, a storage tank, a heat exchanger and an auxiliary heater. Auxiliary heater is a

gasifier running on the principal of bio-gasification. This system is designed to meet the

heating load of an office building with working hours from 9 am to 5pm. During sunny

days, it may be practical to meet thermal load using solar based heating system only.

However, for operation during cloudy days, it is necessary to include an auxiliary heater to

supplement the solar based heating. Our present work aims at investigating the effect of

solar collector size, storage tank capacity, and size of the building on maximum achievable

temperatures for water heating and space heating during the whole winter season. On the

basis of our analysis, an optimum design with capacity to meet daily heating demands will

be proposed.

Keywords: Renewable energy; space heating; water heating; green buildings; TRNSYS.



(November 08-09, 2016)

21

Bio-production of high value products from apple processing waste:

Perspective of sustainable energy

Noor Ul Huda*, Javaria Bashir, Madiha Shokat, Bushra Ayub, Aleena Alvi

University of Agriculture sub campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

In past the value of food waste had not paid much attention because of the lack of

application policies and suitable management laws. Now days the food processing

industries are experiencing intensification by rising demand of food products because of

increasing human population. The population of world is increasing geometrically although

production of food is increasing arithmetically. Apple and its products are one of the

foremost fruit and fruit products used all over the world. Apple processing industries

produce large amounts of processed wastes. The residue includes combination of skin, pulp

and seeds resulting from the production of apple juice, jam, and sweets and is known as

‘apple pomace’. Being highly decomposable, the disposal of processed wastes is a serious

environmental issue and causes many challenges. Over and over again only 20% is

recovered as animal feed and the rest 80% goes to landfill, is burned which results in release

of greenhouse gases. Conversely, advancement in knowledge has managed the alternative

options of consumption of apple extract. It can be recycled as a favorable raw material for

direct extraction of bioactive composites and bio production of high value-added products,

such as enzymes, organic acids, biofuels, among other products. The reused residue can be

used to produce functional foods or as adjuvants in food processing or in medicinal and

pharmaceutical preparations. The ample apple flour is the first product made from apple

waste that bug a lot of boxes for consumers seeking an alternative to wheat flour – it's

gluten-free, GMO-free, dairy-free, high protein, low calorie, low fat, natural source of

vitamins, minerals and antioxidants.

Keywords: Intensification; increasing, decomposable; environmental, pomace; extract,

bug; tick.



(November 08-09, 2016)

22

Impact of solid state sodium hydroxide treatment on mesophilic bio-hydrogen

production from rice straw

Asma Sattar1,*, Chaudhry Arslan1, Ji Changying2, Abdul Nasir1 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture

Faisalabad, Pakistan 2College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China, 210031


Abstract The rice straw was treated under three doses of NaOH (@the rate of 3%, 6% and 9% on the

basis of dry weight) for three weeks and treated rice straw was co-digested with heat

shocked sludge to produce bio-hydrogen under mesophilic conditions in an anaerobic bio

reactor. It was observed that the increase in NaOH concentration from 3% to 6 % increased

the bio-hydrogen yield from 43.53 to 51.18 mL/VS rem but further increase from 6% to 9%

NaOH concentration decreased 11.5% and 6.4% bio-hydrogen yield under mesophilic and

thermophilic conditions, respectively. The reduction was observed due to possible overdose

of NaOH causing higher levels of Na+. The process pH from 7.3 to 5.6 found optimum for

bio-hydrogen production from NaOH treated rice straw. On the other end, the VFA

production was also increased with incubation time, NaOH concentration. As a whole, the

6% NaOH treatment was observed to be the best for bio-hydrogen production.

Keywords: Solid state NaOH treatment; rice straw; heat shocked sludge; kinetic

parameters; bio-hydrogen production.


(November 08-09, 2016)

23

Investigation of bioethanol production from crop residue by nature inspired

enzymes

Saima Mirza1,*, Habib ur Rehman1, Muhammad Azam Khan1 1Punjab Bioenergy Institute (PBI), University of the Agriculture, Faisalabad


Abstract

Bioethanol is a fuel, produced from diverse varieties of raw materials such as simple sugars,

starch and lignocellulose because of their low cost and huge availability. This study was

designed to investigate bioethanol production potential of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces

cerevisiae) by employing in different waste carbon source in the agriculture crop waste. For

this purpose variety of agriculture crops residue including wheat straw (WS), Sugar cane

bagasse (SCB) and sorghum (S) were subjected to different pretreatment processes to

liberate sugars bound with lignin present in it. The hydrolysate enriched with sugar was

obtained after acid, alkali and ionic liquid pretreatment was further used for bioethanol

production by employing baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). 10% more yield was

observed from ionic liquid pretreated hydrolysate. The study was also performed to

determine the substantial influences of pH and temperature on fermentation due to its effect

on growth of yeast and rate of fermentation. Further research directed to the utilization of

various cheap carbon sources, such as agro-industrial waste, industrial effluent and crop

residue as substrate of oleaginous yeast hold high promise and could serve as feedstock for

biodiesel production in future.

Keywords: Bioethanol; saccharomyces cerevisiae; lignocellulosic waste.



(November 08-09, 2016)

24

Comparative study of different pretreatment methods for obtaining sugar

rich hydrolysate and its conversion into bioethanol

Muhammad Azam Khan*, Saima Mirza, Saira Abdul Aziz, Ehsan Ali, Habib ur

Rehman, Muhammad Tayyab, Hassan Haroon

Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Food and energy are the backbone of each economy worldwide. The insecurity in these

sectors compels the community to hunt for renewable energy sources. In modern era

increasing energy demand has emerged as major challenge to both developed and

developing economies. Fossil fuels are running short and unable to meet the demand of

increasing population. Thus looking for alternate energy sources is an area of key focus for

economic development. Bio-fuels obtained from crop biomass offer an alternate energy

source as crops harvest sunlight to produce energy rich compounds. Crop residues and

organic waste from food and wood industry are a potential source to be used for biofuel

production. Current experiment was designed to check the performance of different biomass

samples for bioethanol production. The samples of Wood, Crop Residues, and Municipal

Waste were collected from research farms of University of Agriculture, Faisalabad and local

vegetable market. The samples were categorized in three groups i.e. wood samples (Wood,

Bargad, Neem), Municipal waste (Fruit waste, Vegetable waste) and crop residues (Wheat

Straw, Rice Straw, Rice Bran, Corn Stover). The samples were oven dried for 48-72 hours

for grinding to fine powder. Ash contents were determined for these samples according to

ASTM standard method using muffle furnace. Highest ash contents were found in rice

straw, rice bran and wheat straw (14.36%, 14.83% and 12.15% respectively) while lowest

ash contents were seen in paper waste and eucalyptus (1.165% and 2% respectively).

Calorific values for all the samples were determined using Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter using

standard method. Energy values were highest for Eucalyptus (20109 J/g) and lowest value

was measured for wheat straw (12466 J/g). These results are in agreement with established

fact that ash contents are inversely proportional to energy value for bio-ethanol production.

The determination of ash contents and calorific values will help in correlating this data with

sugar rich hydrolysates obtained after using different pretreatment methods. In next phase,

these samples will be subjected to acid, alkali, and Ionic Liquid pretreatments after

pyrolysis at temperatures range of 100- 400 oC with an interval of 50 oC. The results will

help in determining the type of biomass suitable to pretreatment method at specific

temperature and finally bioethanol yield potential.

Keywords: Biomass; hydrolysate; bioethanol; calorific value.



(November 08-09, 2016)

25

Integrated use of calcium carbide and salicylic acid for sustainable production

of high quality sweet pepper fruits

Wazir Ahmed1,*, Muhammad Yaseen2 and Tanveen ul Haq1 1Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of

Agriculture, Multan-Pakistan 2Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan *Correspondence Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Sweet pepper fruit is an important part of human diet due to enriched in minerals and

vitamins. Moreover, its off-season production is an excellent source of income for small

land holding famers in Pakistan. But its low yield, poor fruit quality and high input cost

have restricted its production on larger scale. Integrated effects of different rates of salicylic

acid (0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mM) and calcium carbide (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg plant-1) on

growth, nutrient use efficiency, yield and fruit quality of sweet peer were investigated

through a field study. Results indicated significant improvements in growth attributes,

fertilizer use efficiency, photosynthetic efficiency and finally yield of sweet pepper due to

integrated use of salicylic acid and calcium carbide. Chemical and biochemical analyses of

sweet pepper fruits showed improvements in their nutritional characters due to more

nutrients and antioxidants accumulation in fruits. Additionally, fruits of treated plants

showed higher contents of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid over

control ones. Our investigation highlights an existing unexploited potential of calcium

carbide and salicylic acid in improving sweet pepper nutrition by more efficient use of

inputs.

Keywords: calcium carbide; capsicum; fertilizer efficient use; monohydrobenzoic acid.



(November 08-09, 2016)

26

Use of Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) as a

source of biomass (Fat)

Saima Mirza1, Habib ur Rehman1,*, Ehsan Ali1, Mansoor-ul-Hasan2, Muhammad

Sagheer2, Muhammad Azam Khan1, Muhammad Tayyab1 1Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

2Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan


Abstract

Trogoderma granarium is a primary insect pest of stored commodities. The larvae feed on

wheat voraciously while adults usually do not feed. The feeding larvae shred their skins which

is indication of their presence. They turn the wheat grains into fross. Population of T. granarium

was collected from Grain Market of district Faisalabad. The insect culture was reared in

sterilized plastic jars in insect growth chamber at 30 ± 2ºC and 65 ± 5% relative humidity.

Sterilized wheat grains were used as a culture medium for rearing of T. granarium. The larvae

of T. granarium were collected and a sample of 30 g larvae was used in Soxhlet apparatus for

the purpose of fat extraction. The extraction of fat was done in n-hexane. The results has

revealed that fat yield of larvae was 52 % by their body weight. The analysis of free fatty acids

was also performed. The free fatty acids were 34 %. So this potential insect can be a source of

fat for the efficient production of biodiesel and can be supplement in energy crisis solving

programs.

Keywords: Trogoderma granarium; wheat grains; n-hexane; fat yield.



(November 08-09, 2016)

27

Isolation and cultivation of salt resistant microalgae for saline soil treatment

Rubab Fazal1,*, Ehsan Ali2, Muhammad Khalid1, Sana Sadaf2

1Institute of Soil and Environmental Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan

Punjab Bioenergy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan


Abstract

The saline soil is that which contain sufficient amount of soluble salts to adversely affect the

growth of most crop plants. All soils contain salts, but salinity becomes a problem only

when certain salts concentrate in the crop's rooting zone. In Pakistan, large area of land is

saline and need amendments to restore their productivity. This study relates to resort the

salt-affected lands for plant production and develop a technology for sustainable saline

ecosystem. For this purpose, different algal strains were collected from different areas of

Punjab. The algae samples collected from Kallar Kahar Lake (KKL) Chakwal were tested to

screen out salt resistant algae strains and grow them on saline soil. Algal strains were

cultivated by using BG 11 medium by varying salt concentration from 0.5- 3.0 % on agar

plates and in liquid culture. The algal strains showed remarkable resistance against salinity

of growth media up to 3% on agar plates. The algal growth is observed in liquid culture up

to 2 % salinity. These study results indicated that the microalgae species collected from

KKL have a very good potential against high salt concentrations and these can be used to

grow on saline soils in order to reduce the soil salinity. It will help in converting the saline

land into fertile land for cultivation of crops.

Keywords: Saline soil; microalgae; sustainable saline ecosystem; Kallar Kahar lake; BG

11 medium.


(November 08-09, 2016)

28

Sustainable thermal desalination using combined-cycle solar and geothermal

heat sources

Azlan Zahid1,*, Abdul Ghafoor1, Manzoor Ahmad1, Anjum Munir2 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-


Abstract Thermal desalination using solely a single renewable energy source has presented some

concerns when attempts to scale up systems to fulfil the water demands of community. Heat

energy from solar can be harnessed during daytime only and also a very limited amount of

heat energy can be gathered on cloudy or rainy days. Therefore, uninterrupted operation of

solar-thermal desalination plants requires heat storage which can be established in shallow

groundwater, but it encounters some limitation in case of large water production systems. In

geothermal sources, the locations with high heat source of either wet water discharge or dry

steam can provide hot water for continuous operation. However, in shallow geothermal

locations, dry steam exchange systems containing a closed-loop of light oil, the continuous

heat supply required to operate a large desalination system is hindered due to the fact that

heat conductivity of the rock is inadequate to keep the essential exchange rates. The

combined cycle between solar and geothermal sources is a novel approach to provide

continuous hot water to thermal desalination system using multiple renewable sources.

Solar heating can provide the hot water in range of 55 and 90°C and hot water in range of

60–120°C can be provided with a low-grade geo-thermal system. Feed water in these

temperature ranges can be used in combination with adsorption desalination (AD) to

produce large amount of potable and chilled water at the same time. The combination of

solar and geothermal heat sources with AD and multiple-effect distillation would also

permit scale-up to virtually any desired capacity system.

Keywords: Desalination; renewable energy; solar energy; geothermal energy; combined-

cycle.



(November 08-09, 2016)

29

Synthesis and screen printing of ZnO thin films for solar cell applications

Khuram Ali*, Nouman Amjad, Yasir Javed, Yasir Jamil, Hafeez Anwar

Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +92-3319641752

Abstract

Solar cell antireflection coating (ARC) by screen printing processes was achieved by a

simple cost efficient technique. In the present research work a film paste was synthesized by

mixing zinc oxide (ZnO) nano particles with anhydrous zinc chloride (ZnCl2) by using ball

milling technique. The paste was screen printed on glass substrates. After de-ionizing with

water for 20 min the films were dried at 110 °C for 2 h. Furthermore, the synthesized films

were subjected to the kiln atmosphere at 550 ᵒC for 10 minutes. This treatment was applied

to synthesized films in order to soften the films and also to increase the stability of films.

On the other hand organic materials were also removed from the films by using kiln

atmosphere treatment. The importance of ZnO antireflection coatings (ARCs) in the solar

cells is undeniable. For this purpose, ZnO thin films were screen printed on glass substrates

with locally devolved screen printing process at different annealing temperatures. The

screen printed ARCs were characterized for morphological and structural properties with

scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The optical

properties of ZnO ARCs measured by UV visible spectroscopy have shown remarkable

decrease in reflection with in visible spectrum region.

Keywords: ZnO; screen printing; ARCs; solar cell.



(November 08-09, 2016)

30

Energy crisis in Pakistan, How important livestock is??

Shafia Tehseen Gul11,*, Ahrar Khan1, Maqbool Ahmad2, Farzana Rizvi1, Muhammad

Kashif Saleemi1 1Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan

2Department of Theriogenology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan


Abstract

Energy remains a key element for the development of a country, but developing nations

including Pakistan has worst energy crisis. In developing countries, about 1.3 billion people

remain without electricity, mean only ten percent of global energy is utilized by three-

quarters of world’s population. Energy crisis ultimately contributes to other social problems

including unavailability of food and water, limited or no access to the communications,

inadequate healthcare and education facilities etc. Like many other basic rights, right for

energy to everyone is the biggest challenge. There are many causes of energy crisis

including overconsumption and population, poor infrastructure and distribution system,

unexplored renewable energy sources, wastage of available energy sources etc. But possible

solution to meet these crises is to reduce the dependence on non-renewable resources and to

improve conservation of available resources. Many renewable energy resources are solar,

hydropower, wind and biomass. Biomaas is an important option for Pakistan being an

agricultural country where this animal and agricultural waste has huge potential to be used

as an energy source with little efforts. About three billion people are dependent upon

biomass including animal and agriculture residues and wood for cooking around the world.

Biogas production has an advantage that the raw materials are available in abundance and

this gas can be used not only for cooking but also for electricity production. Another

advantage is that the byproduct can be used as fertilizer. In Pakistan, livestock has various

roles in terms of food production, source of income, transportation etc. so there is potential

to utilize them as a source of renewable energy to meet the current crisis.

Keywords: Energy; crisis; biomass; livestock; Pakistan.



(November 08-09, 2016)

31

A case for extreme energy consevation in Pakistan through Universities Arshad Jamil*

Education Innovations. Piscataway, NJ, USA *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract Many countries have long realized and accepted Energy Conservation, as essential to reduce

carbon footprint and carbon dioxide emissions for the global warming, besides reducing pollution

and other environmental damage. They also saw the necessity of reducing fossil fuel

consumption, which cannot be depended to last indefinitely, besides uncertain cost escalations.

Those countries had been continuously setting progressively more stringent goals for energy

conservation and generally achieved those. For that, they adopted a mix of ways and means,

including; legislations, vigorous campaign for awareness and program promotions, knowledge

dissipation, incentives and ongoing R&D in further reducing energy consumption. Pakistan is far

behind in energy conservation. It did not have in place any of the programs of energy

conservation, which other countries have adopted, except for occasional orders like earlier

closing of shops and illuminations at wedding halls, which were never followed through, and

neither had the potential to reduce energy use significantly. Then, there is lack of awareness, even

for common daily use energy. Take the example of cooking, where energy use is grossly

inefficient and wasteful, be it a household or a commercial establishment. Gas stoves are usually

left on full flame throughout the cooking process or left open during breaks. Same goes for

firewood, generally used as open flame, and thus utilizing only a small fraction of available total

heat energy for cooking, while the rest goes waste to the atmosphere, besides causing scores of

health issues. That is the reason, that cooking takes up almost 34% of total energy use in the

country. Cooking takes 17% of natural gas, used in the country, and same as Fertilizer plants.

There are similar examples for lighting and other electrical use. Irrigation water use is excessive,

which in the case of pumping means excessive energy use, then necessary. To compound the

situation, the country has severe energy shortfall. Total electrical generation capacity is about

6,000 MW short of demand. Same is for natural gas and petroleum, most of which is imported.

Firewood is almost depleted. Shortfall is going to further increase, with population growth, higher

living standards demands and industrial expansion. The country has also serious water shortage,

which makes it not easy to have Thermal power plants, since those plants require huge quantities

of water for cooling. There is lot of catchup for Pakistan to achieve even modest energy

conservation. It is very difficult to visualize massive campaigns or serious legislations towards

conservation. Incentives are also difficult to come by, due severe budget constraints. Against all

this scenario, there is one viable way that is proposed, is to launch energy conservation through

universities. Actually, it should be extreme energy conservation, due potential for large savings

and involvement of a more informed group. The proposal is to have a comprehensive plan,

involving all students, including a two-point credit hours class room teaching, project work for

reducing energy use in the campus academic buildings, the faculty/staff and students housing,

dining hall kitchens, landscaping and farming (for agricultural universities), and for some

surrounding entities. There needs to be some incentives, to share a small percentage of savings.

Universities are large complexes, using huge amount of energy in different forms, and with a

informed group, it offers better potential for success of launching an extreme energy conservation

program. Long term advantage of involving university students for extreme energy conservation

program is that the same students, once trained in energy conservation, could follow it after

graduation, at their places of work and home.

Keywords: Energy conservation; conservation awareness; energy management; energy use in

university.


(November 08-09, 2016)

32

Development of hybrid solar cabinet dryer with adjustable solar collector

Badar Munir Khan Niazi1,*, Tanveer Ahmad1, Zeeshan Munir2 1Agricultural & Biological Engineering Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre,

Islamabad-Pakistan 2University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-Campus Burewala-Vehari, Pakistan


Abstract

Horticulture sector contributes about 12 % to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

of Pakistan and the annual fresh fruit and vegetable production of the country is about 10.0

million tonnes. Most fruits and vegetables are highly perishable in nature as they are

vulnerable to spoilage. Due to non-availability of post-harvest managements and value

addition practices for fruits and vegetables, about 30-40% produce is wasted from farm gate

till it reaches to the consumer. Among all renewable energy sources, solar energy is

abundant, freely available, widely distributed and can easily be converted into other forms

of energy. This makes solar energy the most promising future source of energy. The number

of clear sunny days in the country varies from 250 in the Northern region to above 300 days

in most part of the rest of the country. The introduction of solar drying technology seems to

be the most promising alternative in reducing post-harvest losses and could have significant

contribution to ensure continuous food supply. Solar dryers are the most economical

solution to reduce the post-harvest losses associated with horticulture sector. Different types

of solar dryers are available in the country but they have fixed solar collector which cannot

be adjusted according to the latitude of different areas across the country. A solar collector

performs best when it is installed at an angle equal to the latitude of the specific area. To

address this problem an adjustable hybrid solar cabinet dryer is proposed to be developed at

Agricultural & Biological Engineering Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre,

Islamabad. The dryer will have an adjustable solar collector, which can be tilted from 0° to

45° w.r.t. horizontal plane. The heated air from the solar collector will be pushed into drying

chamber via DC fans. A natural gas fired air heating system will be installed as a secondary

source of air heating during cloudy conditions or during night hours. The entire dryer

assembly will be made to swivel 360°, so that sun tracking can be done easily. A small scale

prototype will be developed capable of handling 20-25 kg of sliced fruits/vegetables. This

dryer will be an excellent solution to reduce post-harvest losses associated with horticulture

sector and will be very helpful for the small farmer of the country.

Keywords: Horticulture; post-harvest; hybrid; latitude; adjustable solar collector; cabinet

type solar dryer.


(November 08-09, 2016)

33

Effective nutrients recovery technology development and optimization from

the digested effluent of biogas plants for manure treatment

Iqra Ayub1,*, Anjum Munir1, Muhammad Salman Nasir2, Rabia Anam3

1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,

Pakistan 2Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture

Faisalabad, Pakistan 3Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Pakistan has been facing the worst energy crisis since 2007 in its history. Farming is the

chief profession of Pakistan about 60% of families depends on Farming. They need energy

for domestic and farm use. Primary energy resources (oil, gas and coal etc.) are not only

expensive but insufficient to meet the need of growing population. Hence, to fulfill the

growing demands, biogas (renewable energy resource) is a judicious solution for livestock

farmers but the rising consciousness about environmental pollution problems arising from

organic waste streams and dung management has directed to limitations for nutrient input

per hectare in different places with concentrated animal production around the biosphere. In

biogas plants, the main feedstocks for anaerobic fermentation are animal dung from sheds,

crop scums, wastes from food industry, community wastes, and energy crops. During

Anaerobic fermentation, approximately 20–95% of the organic matter present in feedstock

is degraded, reliant on composition of feedstock. During the fermentation process, the

substrate is retained inside the biogas digester for about 30-40 days at 34-39oC. During

retention period, substrate is decomposed by a variety of microbes through a multifaceted

biochemical process in anaerobic conditions and form a mixture of gasses (CH4 + CO2). The

by-product produced during the process is a solid residue which is high-grade manure called

digestate. The digestate is a stimulating by-product as it contains exceptional plant

nourishment potentials, based on a rich content of plant macronutrients (N, P, K, S,

Micronutrients & OM). This infers that application of high-grade manure on soils has the

quality of improving soil structure. Cautious selection of “clean” substrates or alternative

conditioning of substrates is the most justifiable method to evade scums and pollutants

ending up with the high-grade manure. Digestates are either directly apply on soils as

manure or undergoes different nutrient recovery techniques (solid-liquid separation, drying,

dilution, filtration, nitrogen recovery techniques etc.) before application on soils.

Keywords: Biogas; environmental pollution; digestate; nutrient recovery techniques.



(November 08-09, 2016)

34

Bio-hydrogen production from food waste and its derivatives under

mesophilic and thermophilic interval heating

Chaudhry Arslan1,*, Asma Sattar1, Ji Changying2, Abdul Nasir1, Haroon Rasheed1 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan 2College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China


Abstract

Food waste (FW) and its two derivatives i.e. rice and noodles were used as feed stock in

equal proportion to sludge used as a source of Clostridium mix culture for bio-hydrogen

production under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions to study the impact of heating

@12h/day (HI12) and 24h/day (HI24). The highest experimental bio-hydrogen yield of

104.08 mL/VSremoved and 85.14 mL/VSremoved was achieved from thermophilic noodle waste

under HI24 and mesophilic rice waste under HI12, respectively. The decrease in heating

interval from HI24 to HI12 decreased the bio-hydrogen yield by 28.19% and 27.11% from

thermophilic noodle waste and mesophilic food waste respectively. The same change in

heating interval increased the bio-hydrogen yield by 17.24% from mesophilic rice waste. As

a whole, thermophilic HI12 treatment resulted higher bio-hydrogen yield as compared to

mesophilic HI24 treatment, whereas the theoretical energy requirement of both were almost

the same. The HI12 as compared to HI24 reduced the volatile solids removal efficiency of

mesophilic food waste by 22.66%, which make HI12 a suitable energy conservation option

of food waste treatment plants. The interval heating was also found helpful for decreased

the average drop in pH and decreased VFA production, which provide better control of pH

and VFA.

Keywords: Interval heating; quadratic modeling; surface plots; heat shocked sludge; food

waste; Rice waste; noodles waste.


(November 08-09, 2016)

35

Use of solar cookers for improved health of rural households

Naveed Farah1,*, Izhar Ahmad Khan1, Anjum Munir2 1Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,

Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract About 2.4 billion people of rural community depends on biomass fuel and half of them are

from South Asia. A biomass fuel that consists of wood, dung and agricultural waste

contributes a major role towards decline of rural women health through incomplete burning

and smoke that consists of hazardous substance. Biomass combustion within the household

is thought to be the main contributor to acute respiratory infections, so women who cook

and the infants and children they care for are particularly affected. World Health Report

identifies IAP as the single largest environmental risk factor for female mortality, attributing

5% of all female deaths in the developing world to indoor smoke. In Pakistan, biomass users

normally cook indoors, using open fires or poorly working stoves with insufficient

ventilation facilities and there is a relationship between indoor smoke exposure and possible

negative health effects on women and children. The world bank assessed that indoor air

pollution cause over 280,000 deaths over a year and around 40 million cases of severe

respiratory illnesses in Pakistan. Solar cooker is considered as the simplest, safest and

convenient way to cook food without consuming fuels or heating up the kitchen. A solar

cooker normally employs energy of direct radiation to heat, cook and pasteurize food items

and drink. Solar cookers are relatively inexpensive, low-tech devices, and can be properly

utilized instead of traditional stoves. Different kind of solar cookers use different methods

of cooking, but most follow the same basic principles for example direct sunlight is

converted into thermal/heat energy that is retained for cooking. Through effective social

mobilization strategies, and capacity building training workshops, the adoption of solar

cookers can contribute a significant improvement in the health related issues of rural

community.

Keywords: Solar cooker; household health; rural; social mobilization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurize

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-tech


(November 08-09, 2016)

36

Installation and optimization of solar water pumping system for irrigation

purpose in Pakistan

Faizan Majeed1, , Zahid Mehmood Khan1, Anjum Munir2, Hafiz Umar Farid1, Aamir

Shakoor1 and Aftab Nazeer1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauaddin Zakariya University, Multan,

Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering

and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

There are more than one million tubewells in Pakistan including 750,000 diesels and 70,000

electricity operated in the Punjab, consuming enormous fuel and energy. The government is

heavily subsidizing electric tariff for agricultural tubewells in many areas of the country

putting additional burden on national exchequer. Poor productivity of water and energy

resources in the irrigated agriculture also contributes to excessive costs. Agricultural

production through irrigation with electric tubewells is hit badly by energy crises as the grid

electricity in remote areas is extremely short. A reliable, efficient, sustainable and cost

effective energy option for agriculture sector is, therefore, direly needed to address these

issues. The arid/semi-arid climate of the Punjab also provides ideal conditions for adoption of

solar energy for operating irrigation water pumps. The replacement of existing non-renewable

energy source of fossil fuels for irrigation tubewells with renewable energy resources such

as solar or wind could be a viable option. Solar energy is available for more than 300 days a

year in Pakistan, with about 6-8 hours effective daylight hours. Its seasonal variations are

also within acceptable limits. This research was focused on testing of solar energy pumps for

irrigation purposes. For testing and optimization two solar water pumps were installed for

evaluation of their performance in the study area. The prospects of effects of solar radiation on

solar array and subsequent variations in pumpage at various locations under different weather

conditions were studied. This research was, therefore, well-justified for adopting solar water

pumping system in Pakistan.

Keywords: Solar water pumping; irrigation; performance evaluation; renewable energy.


(November 08-09, 2016)

37

Development and application of a work-bench for the real-time parametric

investigation of in function photovoltaic system

Hasnain Yousuf1,*, Saqlain Yousuf3, Anjum Munir2, Abdul Ghafoor1, Yasir Jamil3, Noor-

uz-Zaman1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and

Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and

Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 3Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan


Abstract

Presently photovoltaic systems are extensively used almost in every country globally, for a

variety of domestic, off-grid remote areas, far off telecommunication facilities and on-farm

pumping out underground water. To make the model PV system whose output was DC energy,

viable for AC appliances, inverters were used in the PV system. Further, to transfer electrical load

on the system during night or when the solar irradiance was low, a storage battery bank with a

charge controller was employed with the system. The standalone under investigation was a model

PV system and comprised of 24 solar modules each of 250Wp, an inverter (6kW 48V), an MPPT

charge controller (200V-80A), four backup gel batteries (12V-100Ah). This data-logger

employed standard investigative tools, namely, SP Lite 2 Pyranometer (Kipp and Zonen), Agilent

34970A Data Logger/Data Acquisition Unit, 20 Channel Agilent 34901A Multiplex Card,

Voltcraft VC-511 AC/DC Current Clamp Adopter, Voltcraft VC-732 Trms Current Clamp-meter,

K-Type Thermocouple, Home-made Power Supplies and Connection Board. The real-time

investigated parameters were Room Temperature (oC), Solar Irradiance (Wm-2), PV Modules

output voltage (VDC)PV, Charge Controller output voltage (VDC)CC , Battery voltage (VDC)BATT,

Inverter input voltage (VDC)INVin, Inverter output voltage (VAC)INVout, Inverter output voltage

frequency fINV, PV Modules current (ADC)PV, Charge Controller output current (ADC)CC, Battery

Banks’ charging and discharging current (ADC)BATT, Inverter input current (ADC)INVin, Inverter

output load current (AAC)INVout, Ambient temperature (oC) and PV module surface temperature

(oC). The PV output power (kW), total available power G (kW) and efficiency η of the under

investigation PV system, cumulative energy (kWh) and temperature differences were computed

by using standard formulae. During this study, the real-time maximum, minimum and average

values of the parameters, viz. room temperature, solar irradiance, PV output voltage, battery

voltage, inverter output voltage, inverter output AC voltage frequency, PV output current, charge

controller output current, ambient temperature, module surface temperature were recorded. The

respective values of each parameter, i.e. 17.06, 16.32, 16.92 oC; 760.54, 0.00078, 312.70W/m2;

131.20, 21.80, 95.48VDC; 54.78, 38.07, 50.19VDC; 222.50, 219.61, 220.29VAC; 50.02, 49.99,

50.00Hz; 17.04, 0.10, 4.94 ADC; 15.50, 0.03, 5.46 ADC; 9.66, 5.05, 7.62ADC; 25.38, 10.22, 19.81 oC; 37.66, 9.16 and 22.75 oC were found. The data has proven that this workbench is a reliable

tool which is fit for the parametric investigation to explore real-time performance of an

operational PV system of any sort such as domestic, commercial or industrial installed locally.

This Work-Bench is capable to perform real-time parametric investigation of any type of solar

system and enabled the PV system user to examine and compare with those values that were

claimed by the PV system supplier and hence can evaluate the quality of the system at his own.

Keywords: Real-time data-logging system; PV panels; battery; inverter.



(November 08-09, 2016)

38

Power of facebook in shaping energy conservation priorities

Saleem Ashraf1,*, Muhammad Luqman2, Aashiq Hussain Sangi1, Gulfam Hassan3 1In-Service Agricultural Training Institute, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan 2University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan

3Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture


Abstract

Future energy security is a hot topic being discussed globally seeing energy endowments as

strategic resources towards sustainable development. Mounting energy losses, inadequate

production and shrinking resources holds potential to raise inter-state conflicts. On other

hand, international cooperation between energy deficient and energy surplus countries,

technology developers, manufacturers, emerging markets and service providers can harness

complementarities to enhance the effectiveness and judicious usage of available resources to

build cross country energy capacities for mutual benefit. Energy conservation and

management is essential priority ahead of energy generation. On domestic level users are

exploiting the resources while similar trend is depicted on macro level. It’s a dire need to

change users’ concepts towards energy management for future security. Consumers face

significant social and psychological barriers to behavioral change, which can be achieved

through service providers and technological interventions like social media and power of

Facebook in particular. Facebook could create opportunities for the consumers through

connectedness with other consumers adopting conservation strategies. In addition, Facebook

allows greater information access and accountability likely viable tool for transitional

change of consumers’ behavior and fostering conservation attitude. In addition, Facebook

can harness mutual cross countries cooperation. Present study analysis is novel and most

likely will describe significant strategies for conservation priorities for future security.

Keywords: Facebook; social media; energy conservation; future security.



(November 08-09, 2016)

39

Desalination markets: how sustainable can desalination be?

Muhammad Amir Mustafa1, Mudassar Anwar Butt1,*, Azlan Zahid2, Faisal Shahzad3 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

2Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,

Pakistan 3Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan


Abstract

Fulfilling the water demand of the future is a serious challenge due to rapid population

growth and climate change. By 2030, the water demand-supply gap is likely to raise 2700

km³, which is approximately 40% of world water requirement. Desalination is a well-known

process to make potable water though it covers minor part of water supply on a global scale.

On the other hand, in many regions of the world an adequate water supply without

desalination is hard to imagine. But the question arises” Is this technical fix sustainable? For

desalination plants, the energy requirement is by far the most important parameter along

with brine disposal, wastewater discharges, and visual impact. The energy requirement has

already shaped today’s desalination market, since reverse osmosis membrane energy-

efficient desalination is rapidly surpassing market compared to thermal energy-intensive

desalination. This progress drops the energy requirement of reverse osmosis desalination

systems which require 3-4 kWh/m³ compared to 8-10 kWh/m³ three decades ago. Presently,

fossil fuels are the only mainstream energy source for almost all desalination plants.

Integration of some renewable energy resources with existing desalination plants or

installing hybrid systems instead would be a stride forward towards sustainability. The

amount of energy required for the operation of desalination plants can easily be harnessed

from renewable energy sources available in the country. Operating desalination plants by

renewable energy sources like solar energy (PV panels) is economically viable as compared

to non-subsidized fossil fuel. The authors intended to make desalination more sustainable by

giving an idea of the options that are available today.

Keywords: Renewable energy; desalination; reverse osmosis; sustainability.



(November 08-09, 2016)

40

Global renewable energy projections

Mudassar Anwar Butt1,*, Azlan Zahid2, Abdul Ghafoor2, Muhammad Ali2 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan


Pakistan


Abstract

The accessibility of renewable energy resources, fossil fuels and nuclear sources intensely

disturbs existing and future energy supply systems. Projections are essential tools for

enduring planning and policy settings. Energy facilities with almost negligible greenhouse

gas (GHG) emissions and air pollutants may be provided by use of indigenous renewable

energy resources. Presently, renewable energy sources, an effective substitute that is clean

and environmental friendly; supply 22% of total global energy. By 2040, almost 50% of the

world supplies of energy will be generated from renewable sources. Hydro-power affords

about 1/4th of the world’s total power supply but sustainable potential of large hydro-power

is relatively inadequate to parts of the globe; whereas the small hydro-power potential (<10

MW) is important and will be more substantial in future. The highest used renewable energy

source now and in the future will be biomass which is ranked 4th largest energy resource in

the world and provides almost 14% of the global energy. Sooner or later, biomass will offer

economical and supportable source of energy and at the same time reducing the GHG

emissions. A substantial part in the energy settings of the future will be through

Photovoltaic systems (PV) and wind energy. By 2040, PV with a production of 26% of

global energy will be the major renewable electricity source trailed by wind and biomass.

Biofuels are also significant as they substitute petroleum oils and are mostly considered as

proposing significances, comprising sustainability, lessening of GHG emissions, agriculture

and local development. Conversely, the expansion of these sources of energy depends on

determined political provisions.

Keywords: Renewable energy; photovoltaic; bioenergy; hydro-power.



(November 08-09, 2016)

41

Energy harvesting and treatment of wastewater using MFC technology at lab

scale

Muhammad Salman Nasir1,*, Abdul Nasir1, Iqra Ayub2 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad, Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,

Pakistan


Abstract

Two important challenges that we are facing today are protection of environment and

energy shortage. We are using fossil fuels to fulfill our energy needs, which is very costly

and it is the wastage of currency to buy the fossil fuels. So an attractive solution to suppress

these issues is the use of microbial fuel cell technology. The objective of this study was to

build low cost technology to harvest energy and to treat contaminated water without

mechanical aid. The anode chamber was filled with two liters of waste water having

lactobacillus bacteria and this chamber was attached to cathode chamber using PVC

sections with proton exchange membrane in it. The cathode chamber was filled with two

liters of tap water plus phosphate buffer to maintain pH at 7.7. Electrons in the anode are

oxidized then carried through a wire connected to a carbon rod from the anode to the

cathode and multi meter are attached to check the value of current. Lactobacillus took part

in reaction and consumed the oxygen present in the waste water. The reading was noted

after eight hours’ interval. Initial value of current was 125.1 mV. The number of bacteria

increased with the passage of time by consuming the oxygen. After two days’ current

production was 148mV and after 64 hours it was decreased upto 82mV.Current production

increased with the passage of time and reaching peak level the production starts declining

because chemical reaction of bacteria slows down. After 64 hours’pH of waste water

reduced from 7.9 to 7.1. The COD of waste water decreased from 2380 ppm to 590 ppm

after 3 days. These results indicated that fuel cell technology could be applied to generate

electricity as well as used to treat waste water.

Keywords: Microbial; buffer; membrane; lactobacillus; wastewater.



(November 08-09, 2016)

42

Design and development of solar vapor absorption cooling system

Muhammad Usman1, Sajjad Miran1,*, Asad Muneer2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Pakistan 2Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Pakistan


Abstract

Renewable energy has prime importance in fulfilling the energy demand for the whole

world. Large developments has already been made in the most of the developed countries in

order to convert the power load to renewable. Solar energy is a gift for the south eastern

countries having an large exposure to the sunlight for 8 to 10 hours a day, governments has

started number of projects in order to make effectively utilize this source for the power

production. The percentage usage of the power in cooling, refrigeration and air conditioning

appliances is much higher as compared to the other applications that becomes the biggest

reason for the power shortfalls. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the

solar cooling technolgies in controling the consumption of power during the high load

period. Most common concepts of the solar cooling technolgies consistes of solar vapor

adsorption system, solar vapor absorption system, solar electric compression system, solar

ejector cooling system, solar solid desiccant cooling system and solar liquid desiccant

cooling system. The solar electric compression cooling system consists of conventional air

conditioner unit which is operated by the solar photovolitic plates and the DC current is

used to run the compressor. The system is quite useful expect the capital cost, that is mainly

due to the batteries employed in order to provide the input during the night and cloudy days.

Among others the solar vapor absorber system has more practical importance than the other

cycles due to its more availability of technology and resourcs. The system is slow starting

and need lot of space to be installed. The disadvantages associated with the system should

be resolved in order to find the most optimum variation in the design or the cycle in order

the make the system affordable and convient to be used in industry and at domestic level.

As an experiment solar vapor absorption cooling system is constructed at Mechanical

Engineering Department University of Gujrat. The system demonstrated the coefficient of

performance value approximately 0.7. The involvment of the heat exchanger between

generator and the absorber of the cycle may increase the coefficent of performance to higher

value. The detailed work on the other forms of the cooling technologies is also necesary for

the useful utilization of the solar energy. The solar cooling technologies are an effecient

source to over come the power shortfall for the hot summer countries mainly due to low

running costs. The statistical data for the consumption of power in the cooling technologies

technologies for the case of Pakistan is presented, the country’s power shortage is a major

problem for more than ten years. The inclusion of solar cooling can fulfil the power

shortfall. The study shows that comparing with other solutions of power shortage to the

solar cooling, the latter is most efficient, most quick and long term solution. Further

research and development should be made in the solar cooling sector in order to fully utilize

it.

Keywords: Solar cooling technologies; vapor absorption cooling; power consumption;

energy soultions.



(November 08-09, 2016)

43

Synthesis, characterization of titanium dioxide-zinc oxide nanocomposites for

dye-sensitized solar cells

Hafiz M. Umair1, Khuram Ali1, Yasir Javed1, Yasir Jamil1 and Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan

*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The nanocomposites of titanium dioxide–zinc oxide were prepared by different molar ratios

of zinc oxide in titanium dioxide. Briefly, appropriate molar ratios were taken to prepare

solution of composites. After filtration, washing, the as prepared samples were annealed at

500 °C for 2 hours. The samples were characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and

scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The XRD was used to determine the

crystalline structure of titanium dioxide–zinc oxide nanocomposite relating to the different

molar ratios of zinc oxide. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the

morphology of the titanium dioxide–zinc oxide nanocomposite. XRD results confirmed

both the phases of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. SEM showed exhibited systematic

change in morphology of titanium dioxide–zinc oxide with molar ratio. The as prepared

nanocomposites are potential candidates for their used in fabrication of photoanode of dye-

sensitized solar cells.

Keyword: Titanium dioxide-zinc oxide; nanocomposites; dye-sensitized solar cells.



(November 08-09, 2016)

44

Renewable desalination: A methodology for cost comparison

Muhammad Ali1,*, Manzoor Ahmad1, Abdul Ghafoor1, Azlan Zahid1



Abstract

Rising demands of fresh water and some effects of climate change requires setting up of a

large number of new big desalination plants to reduce toxic and harmful environmental

effects and relevant amounts of excessive power consumption. Therefore, new power

generation projects are required to be installed on urgent basis as base load plants for the

continuous supply to the desalination units. As hydrocarbons fuel prices are not constant

and increasing day by day, the use of renewable energies ensures the saving of fossil fuels

and also reducing the risks related to the escalation of energy price throughout the life of the

desalination plant. However, the renewable energies have intermittent nature that conflicts

with the running of desalination plants all the year. In contrast to technologies such as wind

power and PV system, that produce fluctuating and intermittent power generation at source,

concentrating solar power (CSP) can provide stable load on requirement and can be fully

merged with the conventional power plants. Though, CSP is untruthfully thought to be a

costlier option if it is compared with other renewable energy technologies. This concept

mainly emphasis on the importance of different comparing possibilities that have equal

power quality for obtaining unbiased results. For the given meteorological year hourly wind

and solar data can be incorporated in a techno-economic performance model. Several

possibilities for CSP designing, thermal energy storing, installation of PV and wind plants

need to be studied and compared in terms of unit power and water cost with reference to RO

and MED plants.

Keywords: Renewable energy; concentrating solar power; water supply; sustainable

desalination.



(November 08-09, 2016)

45

NH3 fuel: An alternative to fossil fuels

Nafeesa Tayyab1,*, Umar Farooq 1

Department of structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Carbon emissions from transportation sector are increasing rapidly worldwide as compared

to other energy-using sectors and are predicted to increase up to 80% from 2007 to 2030.

All vehicles mostly use hydrocarbon fuels, when fuel is burnt carbon dioxide is discharged.

An alternative approach of powering vehicles that has not obtained much attention to date is

Ammonia fueled vehicles. Ammonia that is a liquid fuel at normal temperature and pressure

rapidly discharges energy during combustion. NH3 fuel can be utilized in ICE vehicles with

simple alterations. Selective catalyst reduction (SCR) system can be used to overcome the

problem of unburnt ammonia in the engine’s exhaust of NH3-fueled vehicles. Most ordinary

cars on the road can run on a mixture of 90% gasoline/diesel and 10% liquid ammonia, and

could readily be converted to drive on a mixture of about 85% ammonia. Approximate retail

cost of ammonia fuel is about 20cents/liter. There are no carbon emissions from NH3-fueled

vehicles, as there is no carbon in ammonia therefore the use of this fuel is environment

friendly and can share the burden of fossil fuels.

Keywords: NH3 fuel; selective catalyst reduction; carbon emissions.



(November 08-09, 2016)

46

Response surface methodology (RSM) and optimization of loading and time of

cooking in a solar cooker

Khuram Ali*, Yasir Jamil, Muhamad Raza Ahmad, Hafeez Anwar, Yasir Javed,

Tamveel Mujahid, Urva

Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +92-3319641752

Abstract

In the present research work optimization of the loading and time of cooking of solar cooker

was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). The solar cooker has been

designed, fabricated and analyzed. The effect of loading and cooking time on the cooking

power and effective efficiency has been investigated. The RSM is used to examine the

performance of box-type solar cooker. We applied FCCD (Face centered composite design)

on our work to investigate the effect of different variables for effective efficiency and

cooking power of the solar cooker. The optimized values for loading and time of cooking

predicted by RSM were 4.92 kg/m2 and 12.32hr, for a cooking power of 795.89 watt and

effective efficiency of 13.61% respectively. The results of predicted response were

compared with actual response. The results demonstrate that the response surface

methodology (RSM) is useful in constructing a mathematical model. The experiment was

conducted in Faisalabad, Pakistan 31.4181° North Latitude, 73.0776° East Longitude and

184 m above the sea level.

Keywords: RSM; loading; cooking power; solar cooker.



(November 08-09, 2016)

47

Energy production potential from agricultural biomass in Pakistan

Farrukh Ehsan1, Rabia Anam2,*

1Agricultural Engineering Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad 2 Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan


Abstract

Energy is the life line of an economy and an important input to commercial and domestic

activities. Pakistan’s energy crises have been started since mid-2000 and continued till

now. In 2016, the electricity supply and demand gap reported is 6,000 MW. In another

report, a shortfall of 8,000 MW is reported on October 4, 2016 by Energy Management

Cell. 35 % industry of country has shifted to Bangladesh due to these crises which is an

alarming condition for economy of country to be considered. Currently the major source of

electricity production is fossil fuel which is very expansive. To overcome the current

energy crises in country biomass can be used for energy production. Biomass is the world’s

fourth largest energy source and in developing countries it contributes 35 percent of the

prime energy supply. It is a versatile source of energy, in that it can be readily stored and

transformed into heat for electricity production. Pakistan is an agricultural country and

according to an estimates the agricultural sector produces 139.2 million tons of agricultural

residue (biomass) per year with an energy potential of 1,838.98 million TJ per year. There

are many types of biomass available in country like crop harvesting residues (wheat straw,

rice straw, cotton sticks, sugarcane trash and maize stalk), crop processing residues

(sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, maize cob and maize husk), livestock residue (animal dung

and poultry waste) and wood processing residue. The available residue of cotton, wheat,

rice, sugarcane and maize is 49.4, 34.5, 27.4 and 7.66 million tons per year respectively.

Bagasse offers the highest energy potential via their use as a fuel in cogeneration plants in

sugar mills for electricity generation and the total installed capacity of bagasse cogeneration

plants is 1,844 MW. The other sources may also be used for energy production via different

techniques such as direct burning of biomass in boilers to produce steam for electricity,

gasification, bio-fuels (bio diesel and bio gas).

Keywords: Agricultural residues; biomass; gasification; biofuel.


(November 08-09, 2016)

48

Synthesis, characterization of cobalt sulphide nanoparticles for counter

electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells

Ali Akbar1, Shumaila Ashraf1, Khuram Ali1, Yasir Javed1, Yasir Jamil1, Hafeez

Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan


Abstract There is growing trend to synthesize the nano-sized analogues for their emerging

applications in various areas. Cobalt is often encouraged in research domains for their eco-

friendly and bio-friendly nature. In the present work, cobalt sulphide nanoparticles

synthesized using hydrothermal method. Cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O) and

thiourea (CH4N2S) in the methanol solution were used as precursors for cobalt and sulphur

respectively. The samples were characterized using X-rays diffraction (XRD), scanning

electron microscopy (SEM for their structural and morphological investigations. XRD

showed the pure phase of the cobalt sulphide nanoparticles. Various parameters such as

average crystallite size, lattice constants, unit cell volume and X-ray density were also

calculated from the XRD data. The synthesized nano-particles can be used in the counter

electrode of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). There are many studies in which thin film

of cobalt sulphide on conducting substrate was used as counter electrode in dye-sensitized

solar cells.

Keywords: Cobalt sulphide; nanoparticles; counter electrode; dye-sensitized solar cells.



(November 08-09, 2016)

49

Design modification of a hybrid continuous solar roaster for quality roasting

of agricultural products

Syed Shariq Pervaiz1,*, Anjum Munir2, Abdul Ghafoor1

1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-



Abstract

Roasting is a process of moisture reduction of the food to enhance its taste and quality.

Conventional roasting is done by burning of wood and gases. Solar roasting technique is

used to roast different kinds of raw products like peanut, soybean and coffee beans to make

them edible. The continuous solar roaster will be operated with Scheffler reflector having

surface area of 10 m2 and its dimension is 226 x 152 mm. The diameter of receiver was 300

mm and cylinder of drum was 2.1 m long having a diameter of 0.57 m. In this study, the

hybridization of continuous solar roasting system was carried out. The parametric study of

solar roasted agricultural products was done for quality enhancement. All the modifications

were carried at Agricultural Engineering workshop, department of Farm Machinery and

Power in University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The system was equipped with burner,

temperature sensor, heating coils, solenoid valve. The system was fully insulated to reduce

the heat losses from hybrid continuous solar roaster. The experiment was conducted for the

roasting of soybeans. The quality test was also performed to analyze the chemical properties

of the roasted products and ultimately to increase the system efficiency. The experimental

results were further be compared with international standards. Three replications were

carried out to make the experiment trustworthy. The average initial moisture of the

unroasted soybeans was 20.57%. % and the average moisture content after roasting was

9.91%. The average moisture removed was 10.65%. The heat losses from solar receiver and

thermal oil sump before insulation were 654 and 200 watts respectively and heat losses

from solar receiver and thermal oil sump after insulation were 144 and 40 watts

respectively. The total energy per unit time available at Scheffler reflector and solar receiver

was 4367 and 2259 watt respectively. Proximate analysis results in average values of

soybeans were final moisture content 10.65%, crude protein content 36.38%, crude fat

content 17.03%, crude fiber content 4.93%, ash content 4.10% and nitrogen free extract

content was 26.89% which were nearly according to the standard values. Economic analysis

of HCSR had revealed that payback period of this system was 1 years and 7 months.

Keywords: Solar thermal technologies; solar roaster; multi-agricultural products roaster;

solar hybrid system; value addition; Income Generation.


(November 08-09, 2016)

50

Evaluating potential of alternative energy resources in agro-based industries:

a case study of sizing and dyeing industry in Faisalabad

Daniyal Irfan1, Sarfraz Hassan1, Azhar Abbas1,*, Raza Ullah1 1Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,


Abstract

Energy availability and supply is the most highlighted issue in many developing countries

including Pakistan. Pakistan needs more than $7 US billion for the import of fossil fuels to

bridge the gap between energy supply and its demand. The conventional fuels are becoming

costly day by day along with their faster depletion. To cope these challenges, a movement

from conventional fuels to alternative energy resources is mandatory. Same is happening

with natural gas in Pakistan mainly due to mismanagement and lack of vision in future

planning. Natural gas is one of the essential inputs in textile and garments industry in the

district of Faisalabad having 328 such units. Sizing and dyeing industry provides bulk of

semi-manufactured products to textile units. There are more than 400 sizing units in the

whole country while Faisalabad district only has 150 units. Every year, the gas demand rises

by 40-50 million cubic feet a day in summers and eighty to hundred million cubic feet

during winters. The present work aims to evaluate energy short fall in the city along with

alternative sources of energy being utilized by the selected units. Moreover, the impact of

such alternative source on human health is also analyzed. The data are collected from

randomly selected sizing and dyeing industries from Faisalabad district. Using OLS

regression and logit models, the results indicate various socioeconomic and environmental

impacts of alternative energy sources on workers’ health and their working time. Diesel and

wood are found to be the major sources of meeting energy shortfalls. The cost of using

wood as fuel was significantly higher than the cost of coal while the cost of using maize

cobs was relatively small. In terms of CO2 emission, the coal has the CO2 emission of

69112 Kg per day compared with 19920 Kg and 9047.2 Kg per day respectively for wood

and diesel from 50 sizing units. The study highlights the need for conserving available

energy resources as well as finding alternative options to meet energy demand for ever

increasing population and industrial growth.

Keywords: Costs; emission; textile; diseases; demand.


(November 08-09, 2016)

51

Synthesis and characterization of cuprous oxide nanoparticles for solar cell

applications

Almas Younis1, Syed Zulqarnain haider1, Hafeez Anwar1,*, M. Raza Ahmad1,2 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 (Pakistan)

2Center for Advanced studies in Physics (CASP), GC University, Lahore *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Copper oxide nanoparticles are of vital interest due to their low cost and easy availability.

Also they have unique optical, catalytic, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and heat

conduction properties. Copper oxide exists in two forms which are cuprous oxide or cuprite

(Cu2O) and cupric oxide or tenorite (CuO). Cuprous oxide (Cu2O, cuprite) is an important

cubic p-type semiconductor than cupric oxide with a direct band gap of 2.0 eV. In the

present research work, solvothermal process was used to synthesize cuprous oxide

nanoparticles. For sample preparation, copper slphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O),

polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K-30), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and D-glucose was used.

The samples were placed on the magnetic stirrer for obtaining reddish precursor. For

characterization of cuprous oxide nanoparticles, two techniques were used namely X-ray

diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study their structural and

morphological properties respectively. XRD studies showed pure phase of cuprous oxide

which confirmed the impurity free phase. Cuprous oxide can be used successfully as a hole

transport material for Perovskite Based Solar Cells (PSCs).

Keywords: Cuprous oxide; nanoparticles; solar cell; XRD.



(November 08-09, 2016)

52

Waste to energy: a renewable source of energy

Waheed Tariq1,*, Umar Farooq1, Hafiz Ihsan-ul-haq Khan1, Tanveer Anjum1 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture


Abstract

Rapid industrialization incorporates increased urbanization and population growth.

Increments in population add to the magnitude of Municipal solid waste (MSW). Solid

waste management (SWM) is a severe problem that needs to be addressed. Solid waste

clutches huge quantitative production as energy source globally. However, consequences

colligated to environmentally MSW management, intromitting waste reduction and

clearance; have not been addressed sufficiently. Therefore, the solution is to utilize the solid

waste as source of bioenergy. SWM is totally based on physic-chemical characteristics and

composition of solid waste. The technique of “Waste to Energy (WTE) combustion recoups

energy from disposed MSW” is spotted renewable energy source and is encountering

significant importance. The WTE conversion can be executed with following main

operational techniques: mechanical extraction, thermochemical extraction and biochemical

extraction. The benefits of WTE involves generating electricity through running steam

turbines or for the purpose of heating and transportation fuel.

Keywords: Bioenergy; solid waste management; waste to energy; urbanization.



(November 08-09, 2016)

53

Utilization of citrus reticula for sustainable development

Javaria Bashir, Noor Ul Huda*, Madiha Shokat, Nizwa Itrat, Rimsha Zulfiqar


Abstract

Citrus fruits include the oranges, lemons, limes, tangerines and mandarins. Citrus fruits are

widely cultivated across the world and its production is increasing every year due to its

increasing demand by the consumer. Citrus processing industry generates the large amount

of wastes every year. Citrus wastes and their peels are of great economic values because it

contains the large amount of various flavonoids, carotenoids, dietary fiber, sugars,

polyphenols, essential oils, ascorbic acid, and enough amounts of trace elements. Citrus

peels and seeds are the byproducts of the industry of juice extraction. These can be used as

natural antioxidant. Citrus seeds possess the more antioxidant activity than the peels. The

fiber concentrate which is derived from the citrus wastes can be used as the potential fiber

sources for the enrichment of foods. These substrates can be utilized to produce the essential

oils, pectin, ethanol, methane, industrial enzymes and single cell protein. The utilization of

all these citrus reticula can provide the great opportunities for more economical benefits and

to develop the more efficient and sustainable system.

Keywords: Citrus reticula; flavonoids; essential oils; antioxidant; economic benefits.


(November 08-09, 2016)

54

Design, development and performance evaluation of a distillation system for

essential oils extraction using Scheffler solar concentrator

Faizan Majeed1,*, Zahid Mehmood Khan1, Anjum Munir2, Arslan Afzal3 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauaddin Zakariya University, Multan,

Pakistan 2Department of Energy System Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and

Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 3Department of Farm Machinery and Power, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and

Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan


Abstract

Solar distillation processes for essential oils extraction play a vital role in the value addition

of agricultural products. The main objective of the study was to introduce a distillation

system for essential oil extraction from different medicinal and aromatic plants using a 10

m2 Scheffler solar concentrator. By introducing innovative solar collectors, it becomes

possible to use solar energy in the applications of medium temperature range and will help

in enhancing Pakistan export of high quality essential oils to all parts of the world. The solar

distillation system was developed at Agricultural Engineering Workshop, University of

Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. The main components of a solar distillation system are

primary reflector, secondary reflector, distillation still, condenser, and florentine flasks. The

distillation still, condenser and florentine flask was fabricated using high quality food grade

stainless steel material. The distillation unit had provisions to be operated for both “hydro

distillation” as well as “hydro cum steam distillation”. Pyranometer and thermocouples was

attached with the solar distillation system for data recording, monitoring, controlling and

optimizing the solar distillation processes at an acceptable quality by yielding optimum

quantity of essential oils. The efficiency of the solar system was checked by using water and

following the international standards for evaluating the efficiency of the solar distillation

system. Mathematical model was developed to predict the thermal losses from the different

components of the solar distillation system. Optimum insulation thickness of the still was

determined by using mathematical calculations.

Keywords: Scheffler solar concentrator; solar distillation; essential oils; value addition.


(November 08-09, 2016)

55

Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles for

solar cell applications

Bushra Naseer1, Zunaira Noreen1, Yasir Jamil1, Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan


Abstract

In this age, nanotechnology has become very vast choice for many fields because of the

outstanding properties of nanostructures which cannot be achieved by bulk materials.

Transition metals can give sulfides that can be used for catalysis. In the present research,

molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles were synthesized by wet chemical process in which

ammonium molybdate, C6H8O7 and (NH4)2S were used as precursors for molybdenum and

sulpher respectively. Molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles were prepared using different

values of pH and their effect on the structural and morphological properties of MoS2

nanoparticles was studied. For characterization, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning

electron microscopy (SEM) were used. Structural characterization was done by XRD and

morphological characterization was done by SEM. Using XRD data, structural parameters

such as lattice constants, unit cell volume and X-Ray density were calculated and found in

accordance to the standard data. Molybdate: Citrate molar ratio and pH was also found to be

critical in order to control the phase and morphology. Recently, in many investigations,

MoS2 and their composites were used as catalysts in counter electrodes of dye-sensitized

solar cells to reduce iodide-triiodide redox couple.

Keywords: Molybdenum disulfide; nanoparticles; dye-sensitized solar cell; XRD.



(November 08-09, 2016)

56

Fabrication and performance evaluation of flat plate collector based hybrid

solar cooler

Ayesha Israr, Jawad Latif, Muhammad Bilal, Yasir Jamil*, Hafeez Anwar, Zia ul Haq

and Ayesha Younis

Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Energy crises and shortage of electricity production are the barricades in the path leading to

prosperity and economic empowerment. Pakistan is facing energy crisis and is in the utmost

need of alternative energy source. Depending on the regional importance solar energy is the

highly useful and recommended energy source. It is capable of providing massive energy

influx to a large proportion of population. Many types of technologies have been developed

to make use of solar radiations. Some of them make direct use of solar energy (to provide

light and heat), while others provide electricity. Solar energy ensures environmental friendly

energy source and cheaper electricity. This study was concerned with performance and

fabrication of solar cooler. The solar cooler consisted of two main parts, i.e. flat plate

collector and solar panel. Condenser and evaporator had two fans connected with them,

worked as heating and cooling units owing to thermal expansion. The gas heated by

condenser pipes was pressurized by the condenser connected with flat plate collector. The

cooling was done in capillary tube and was then fed to evaporator. Blower fan driven by

solar panel was placed behind evaporator. Its performance at different temperatures was

also studied. The study showed that a temperature difference of nearly 5oC was observed

during summer season.

Keywords: Solar cooler; solar energy; flat plate collector; hybrid cooler.


(November 08-09, 2016)

57

Synthesis of polyaniline-graphite composites for counter electrodes of dye-

sensitized solar cells

Asma Kausar1, Faiza Mustafa1, Muhammad Zagum Hanif1 and Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 (Pakistan)


Abstract

Polyaniline related to the group of electrically conducting polymers. Electrically conducting

composites comprising of polyaniline (PANI) and graphite were synthesized by oxidative

polymerization of aniline. The Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline-graphite will be

used as a unique eco-friendly composites material. Most important aspect of conducting

polymers is that ability to charge storage according to requirement. PANI have applications

in many technical fields such as catalysis, electroluminescence, redox capacitors, antistatic

coatings and secondary batteries, electro chromic displays, electronic devices and chemical

sensors. The formation and structural changes in PANI-graphite composites were examined

by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD results were

found in accord with the standard data of polyaniline and its composites. These composites

can be considered as promising catalysts for iodide and triiodide redox couple in dye-

sensitized solar cells.

Keywords: Polyaniline-graphite composites; counter electrodes; dye-sensitized

solar cells.



(November 08-09, 2016)

58

Potato and its by-products: A future source of biogas production

Sibtain Ahmad*, Pervez Akhtar, Muhammad Tariq and Shahid-ur-Rehman

University of Agriculture Faisalabad-Sub Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan


Abstract

Biogas a renewable and sustainable energy carrier yielding mainly methane (CH4) and

carbon dioxide (CO2), is the end-product of the anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic

materials. Technologies that convert organic material into biogas or hydrogen (H2) in

fermentation processes simultaneously provide the combined advantages of waste disposal

and the generation of biogas. Potato and its by-products from potato-starch processing

industry can be used as substrate for the production of biogas using anaerobic digestion.

Potato has become an important crop for both farmers and consumers in Pakistan. It is the

4thmost important crop by volume of production, high yielding, having a high nutritive

value and gives high returns to farmers. Pakistan is self-sufficient in potatoes for household

consumption and relies for more than 99% on locally produced seed potatoes. Presently, it

is estimated that the total annual domestic production amounts to around 2.02 Million MT

of which 280000 MT is used as seed and 1.7 Million MT is available for consumption after

post-harvest losses. The process of anaerobic digestion for converting potato and its by-

products consists of four steps including (i) hydrolysis/saccharification (additional step in

case of starchy materials like potato), (ii) acido genesis, (iii) aceto genesis, and (iv) methano

genesis. Starch is a polysaccharide (i.e. a polymer made up of linked monosaccharides)

consisting of long chains of glucose molecules. Through hydrolysis, where the starch reacts

with water, the starch is broken down to fermentable glucose molecules. Hydrolysis can

either be enzymatic (using amylases) or acid-based. Once the starch is broken down to

glucose syrup, the sugars are fermented to ethanol (typically using the yeast called

Saccharomyces cerevisiae), followed by distillation of the ethanol to the desired

concentration and removal of water). The process also yields several by-products, such as

protein-rich animal feed (e.g. dried distillers' grains with soluble, DDGS) that is commonly

used in ruminants feed especially beef cattle to avoid sub-acute acidosis thereby proving

potatoes and its by-products a sustainable and easily accessible alternate energy source.

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion; methane; saccharification; dried distillers; potato.



(November 08-09, 2016)

59

Fabrication and performance study of a low cost solar food dehydrator

Urva, Javeria Anwar, Tamveel Mujahid, Yasir Jamil*, Hafeez Anwar, Ramiza

Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

A solar food dehydrator for drying of agricultural food products (e.g. apricot, onion etc.) has

been designed and fabricate for use in developing countries. Solar energy is a free, limitless

and non-polluting source of energy. In this work, a solar food dehydrator was fabricated and

the performance of low cost solar dehydrator was investigated. The solar energy provides

sufficient temperature for dehydration purposes. The performance of solar dehydrator was

affected by drying time and temperature. We noted the temperature for preservation of bitter

gourd, apricot, tomatoes, potatoes, mangoes and onions. The values of ambient temperature,

maximum base temperature, inner space temperature, maximum tray temperature and

maximum outlet temperature were found to be 46oC, 99oC, 92oC, 80oC, 75oC respectively.

It was concluded that the use of solar dehydrator decreased the drying time. Furthermore,

the product quality was also improved. The main purpose of developing this cheap solar

dehydrator is to get affordable and portable device with maximum drying temperature and

low drying time for agricultural products.

Keywords: Solar food preservation; low cost dehydrator; drying.


(November 08-09, 2016)

60

Stirling engine: A potential solution to energy crises in Pakistan

Syed Nabeel Husnain1,*, Muneeb Bin Muzzamal1, Anjum Munir1, Waseem Amjad1,

Zeeshan Munir2 1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and

Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology (Burewala Campus), University of

Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Energy is a cooperative agenda of world community because energy consumption is

projected to increase 819 quadrillion BTUs in 2040, which is 47% increase of 558

quadrillion BTUs in 2014. The depletion of conventional energy sources is forcing the

researchers to explore renewable energy resources for power generation. In Pakistan, solar

energy is one of the attractive renewable energy sources with an irradiance availability of

800-900 W/m2. The application of solar thermal energy to run Stirling engine is an excellent

opportunity for power generation as the use of external heat source is the major advantage

of Stirling engine. System comprises of hot side heat exchanger, cold side heat exchanger,

regenerator, displacer cylinder, heat sink, fly wheel, piston cylinder, main engine assembly,

fire box, power piston, wrist pin and walking beam. One side of the engine is continuously

heats up while the other is continuously cool down using cooling tower. In operation, the air

moves to the hot side, gets warm (180 oC) and pushes the piston while expanding. Then the

air moves through the regenerator to the cold side, gets cool (30 oC) and pull down the

piston while contracting. This change in temperature creates a pressure difference to make

the engine run on a closed reversible thermodynamic cycle comprising of four processes,

isothermal compression, isochoric heat addition, isothermal expansion and isochoric

expansion. Efficiency of solar based stirling engine is 35 % to 40% depending upon specific

heat ratio, temperature ratio and pressure ratio. So it would be good idea to use the huge and

abundantly available solar potential in the country to address the energy crises.

Keywords: Stirling engine; solar power; renewable energy.


(November 08-09, 2016)

61

Design and fabrication of hydrothermal liquefaction reactor (HTL) for the

production of bio-liquid fuel through biomass feedstock in the presence of

suitable solvent/catalyst

Hassan Haroon*, Ihsan ali, Muhammad Tayyab, Umaid Khan

Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Fossil originated fuels would not be an economical option as source of energy in near future

due to their scarcity and environmental issues generated due to burning process. Fossil fuels

burning have a direct impact in aggrandizement of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide

(CO), and greenhouse gasses (GHG) in the atmosphere which are directly associated with

global warming issues. Hence, conversion of biomass in useful energy resource has a

colossal future in the middle of this century. The term biomass has such a broad paradigm

that includes energy crops, agriculture crops straw, agriculture waste, aquatic plants, and

animal waste and so on. Biomass can be used in colourful ways. It can be used as direct

source of energy like combustion, can be used by converting it in liquid fuels by

liquefaction process and last but not the least, it can be used as gas form by gasification or

by anaerobic/aerobic digestion. The concept to use biomass for liquid bio-fuels production

has sparked now days due to economics and environmental related issues. However, the

most viable commercial way to produce liquefies bio-fuels is through edible crops (bio

diesel & bio-ethanol) which have negative impact on food and feed supply. So, researcher

reoriented the research ways and used hydrothermal liquefaction process to convert biomass

into liquid fuel. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical conversion into

liquid fuels in a hot pressurized water environment for sufficient time to break down the

solid bio-polymeric structure to mainly liquid components. HTL has gained increased

interest in recent years as it develops a promising technology for the production of bio

liquid fuels (bio-crude oil) from wet organic feed stock. Biomass used in the wet condition

which eradicates the drying cost. HTL of microalgae considered as a most viable process for

the production of liquid bio-fuels. High growth rate, high lipid content and no competition

with arable land makes it more valuable as compare to terrestrial biomass. With all its

advantages, it is still not possible to develop a HTL reactor which is commercially viable.

Therefor a study should be carried out whose investigate the global chemical mechanism for

HTL of selected feedstock to develop the knowledge and engineering tools required to

design and fabricate commercially viable reactor for bio-crude production at a large scale.

Keywords: Hydrothermal liquefaction; greenhouse gasses; bio-crude oil.



(November 08-09, 2016)

62

Study the performance of solar cells at various illumination levels

Muhammad Bilal Chishty1, Sarmed Ali1, Syed Zulqarnain hyder1, Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan


Abstract

Due to the recent increasing demand of energy in modern life, traditional energy resources

are being replaced by new energy resources. Solar cells have proved their innumerous

contribution as energy is produced from sun light without polluting the air. This energy is

cheap and also free of noise pollution. Solar cells work on the simple principle of photo

voltaic effect in which sun light is converted into electric current. The efficiency of solar

cells is affected by different parameters. One of parameters is intensity of light that affects

the performance of electrical parameters. In present work, performance of Si based solar

cell was studied under variable light intensity. Current-voltage curves were calculated by

variable load method. Efficiency (η) and Fill Factor (F.F.) were calculated from measured

values of short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage and Pmax . Efficiency and Fill Factor

were found to decrease with the increase in intensity of light and short-circuit current

increased prominently while open-circuit voltage slightly increased.

Keywords: Energy resources; solar cells; illumination level; fill factor; efficiency.



(November 08-09, 2016)

63

Global perspectives for the production of sustainable energy resource from

food waste

Noor ul Huda*, Javaria Bashir, Madiha Shokat, Hunza

University of Agriculture Faisalabad sub campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

FDA states that 1/3rd of total produced food are lost globally. Food waste is produced in

millions of tones everyday everywhere in the world. Increasing food waste may lead to

affect the global climate. Therefore, efforts are required to reduce the volume of this

increasing waste that is disturbing our world badly. Food waste can be utilized for the

production of sustainable energy. Oil, gases and coal should not be utilized for sustainable

energy because they lead to production of greenhouse gases that disturb environment.

Utilizing food waste for producing sustainable energy is safe and efficient way of managing

waste. It leads to waste management, sustainable energy production, economic development

and many other benefits. Sugar ethanol is utilized to replace the use of motor gasoline.

Hydrogen gas being an effective energy source can be produced from the food waste that is

rich in carbs and deficient of nitrogen (N). It can also be produced by other wastes from

food industry including the wastewaters from whey produced cheese varieties, bakery

yeasts and olives. Food waste is utilized efficiently in production of energy by anaerobic

digestion. Food waste can be used to produce heat and electricity in a carbon neutral

process that also helps to reduce waste volume. Land refilling is used in conjunction with

incineration for recovering considerable energy from wastes of food and other wastes. But

these techniques are subjected due to economic stress and environmental problems. Because

of being rich in nutrient & organic content wastes from food can be utilized efficiently for

the production of bio-fuels using different techniques of fermentation. Wastes from

different foods are also valorized for the production of biogas, hydrogen (H) & bio-

diesel. Increasing the source of renewable energy is good for ensuring the supply of energy.

It also prevents the depletion of resources for future generations and helps us in making out

for our needs on our own resources without disturbing resources of next generations.

Keywords: Food waste; sustainable energy; economic development; environmental

problems.



(November 08-09, 2016)

64

Solar energy uses in agriculture, overview and policy issues

Shafiqur Rehman Zia*, Ijaz Ashraf, Gulfam Hasan, Aqeela Saghir

Institute of Agri. Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-


Abstract

Agriculture sector has satisfactory growth to certify food security for our growing

population. Increased agricultural production and high crops yield is essential for food

security which makes the farming systems less exposed to climate change. It is therefore

appropriate to assess alternative sources of energy for the future of agriculture. Increasing

energy cost is becoming a serious issue in agriculture. Due to high cost of diesel and

electricity and frequent shutdown of electricity, pumping of groundwater has become

uneconomical. Solar, wind, and bio fuels are the alternate energy sources that can help

overcome this issue. Most of energy on the earth is received from the sun. Solar energy

creates circulation of wind and ocean water, causes water evaporation and consequent

precipitation. Plants use solar energy for photosynthesis and store carbohydrates, protein,

fats, oils, alcohols, cellulose and lignin. In agricultural systems, energy is available from

different sources as human, animal, sun, wind, biomass, coal, fertilizer, seed, agro-

chemicals, petroleum products, electricity etc. Energy sources that release available energy

directly to the system are classified as direct energy sources. Renewable energy and farming

are a winning combination. Wind, solar, and biomass energy can be harvested forever,

providing farmers with a long-term source of income. Farmers have the tradition of being

stewards of the land, and their investment in renewable energy supports their role of

protecting the land, air, and water. Solar energy, like other renewable, offers an opportunity

to stabilize energy costs, decrease pollution and greenhouse gases (GHGs), and delay the

need for electric grid infrastructure improvements.

Keywords: Solar energy; policy issues; renewable energy; greenhouse gases.


(November 08-09, 2016)

65

Performance assessment of solar-powered drip-irrigation system

Aamir Shakoor 1,*, M. Arshad2, Zahid Mahmood1, Faizan Majeed1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-

Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan


Abstract

In Pakistan, water shortage is a big challenge along with water wastage through

inefficient irrigation system, which ultimately leads less crop water productivity. The

excessive load shedding in rural areas has also dropped down the yield of the crops per

year. Thus, it is necessary to replace the traditional sources of energy with solar power

and conventional methods of irrigation with High Efficiency Irrigation Systems (HEIS)

to achieve the challenges of agriculture in future. Thus, the economic performance of

solar operated drip irrigation system (SDIS) was compared with diesel operated drip

irrigation system (DDIS) at Mini-Dam, District Attock, Punjab province of Pakistan. It

was found that in first year total cost of SDIS was very high than DDIS, that was due

to the high rates of the solar panels. On the other side, the first year operational cost in

DDIS was higher than the SDIS due to the consumption of expensive fuels. The

comparison was extended to 10 and 20 years. After 10 years, the total cost became

equal and the operational cost was significantly high in DDIS. After 20 years, the total

cost was become higher in DDIS, due the consumption of plenty of diesel to operate

engine. The life of diesel engine was not included during the comparison, which is

almost 10 years, otherwise the difference would be much higher. Hence, it was cleared

from the results that diesel system had double operational cost as compared to solar

operated drip irrigation system. The overall impact of the solar drip irrigation system

was found more efficient, energy saving, economical and environmentally safe as

compared to diesel operated drip irrigation system, even though the initial installation

cost is very high. The operational cost of SDIS was very low as compared to diesel

operated drip irrigation system.

Keyword: Groundwater level; GIS mapping; spatial variation; pumping cost; energy

nexus.



(November 08-09, 2016)

66

Designing and fabrication of low cost simulator: A necessary tool for solar cell

testing

Muhammad Sulman Afzal1, Syed Zulqarnain Hyder1, Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan


Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) cell technology has become very important as it is environmental friendly

as compared to other renewable technologies. Proper testing of solar cells is very critical to

study the performance of solar cells. Solar simulator is used to test solar cells at laboratory

level. A good simulator must provide the same spectrum as that of sun when sun radiations

hit the earth surface. Commercial solar simulators are very expensive due to their expensive

components used in it. The main components of solar simulator are its light source,

concentrator and convex lens to focus the light beams. In this research work, homemade

low cost simulator was designed and fabricated. Performance of this simulator was tested

and found to be satisfactory.

Keywords: PV cell technology; simulator; tool; solar cell testing; environmental friendly.



(November 08-09, 2016)

67

Proximate analysis of solar dried peach and pear using different

pretreatments

Aamir Saeed1,*, Muhammad Faheem1, Umar Farooq2, Naeem Saddique3 1Department of Farm Machinery and power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan 2Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad-Pakistan 3Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan


Abstract

Plants are main sources of food and income. Post-harvest losses and spoilage of plants

changes the quality and reduces the quantity of products. Preservation of food is required to

reduce decay, to increase the time for availability, to maintain the required characteristics of

nutrition for long period of time and to produce value added products. Different methods

could be used to preserve food. Study was carried out to investigate the proximate

composition of pear and peach using a dryer. It showed that the reduction of protein in

untreated and treated samples were found to be 44 and 40% respectively. The reduction of

fiber in untreated pear samples was found to be 36% while the increase in fiber content in

NaCl treated sample was found to be 0.06%. The reduction of ash content in ascorbic acid

treated samples was found to be 12%. Proximate analysis of peach showed that. The

reduction of protein in untreated and ascorbic acid treated samples were found to be 11%

while the reduction of protein in NaCl treated sample was found to be 16%. The reduction

of fat in untreated and NaCl treated samples were found to be 96 and 15% respectively. The

fat contents of ascorbic acid treated samples were increased up to 22%. The increment of

fiber in untreated samples was found to be 55% while the increase in fiber content in

ascorbic acid treated peach sample was found to be 32%. NaCl treated samples results in

decrement of fiber content up to 0.01%. The increment of ash content in untreated, ascorbic

acid and NaCl treated samples of peach were found to be 4, 49 and 38% respectively.

Keywords: Proximate analysis; peach; pear; pre-treatments; dryer.

mailto:saeed2755@


(November 08-09, 2016)

68

Control system design for distributed power generation

Abubaker Ijaz1,*, Umer Ijaz2 1School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK 2Department of Electrical Engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad, Pakistan


Abstract

Distributed power generation can be best solution for Power-crisis in underdeveloped

Countries where there is an Energy-mix of the renewable and non-Renewable technologies.

The major challenge during the grid integration of the renewable and non-renewable power

sources is the control system designing. The Control system may be an open loop or a

closed loop and its transfer function may determine how well it responds. The control

system should have to be responsive enough to react to any short-term disturbances or

transients. The Optimization technique by using a desired software system is very useful in

controlling the negative effects while Grid-integration of this type of system. MATLAB

modeling, especially Simulink is used as a software tool to design the control system with

the help of SimScape and SimPowerSystems. Reactive power compensation is another

important parameter that needs to be focused during the distributed generation, as the power

will ultimately be transmitted to the grid and the end user. To maximize the real power

transmitted towards the grid. The Voltage variations need to be controlled to enhance the

quality of power being transmitted. So, the Control system should also be intelligent enough

to select between the various types of generations either Renewable or Non-renewable

depending upon the situation in order to enhance the security of the power system operation.

Conclusively, the Control system design for interconnection or combined operation of the

Renewable & Non-Renewable power systems is focusing on three of the most important

aspects of the power system operation such as Reliability, Safety & Power quality

transmitting to the End-user.

Keywords: Distributed power; control system design; MATLAB; SimScape.


(November 08-09, 2016)

69

Sustainable rural development through biogas production as a viable

alternative energy source

Muhammad Tariq1,*, Anjum Munir2 and Pervez Akhtar1

1University of Agriculture Faisalabad Sub-Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan


Abstract

In Rural areas, livestock keeping offers a great opportunity to combat poverty in Pakistan

like many other developing countries. Most of the resource poor rural livestock keepers

(95%) are living in extreme poverty. Income from livestock and their by-products – milk,

eggs, meat, wool, leather, could allow poor families to put food on the table, improve their

livelihood, nutrition, send their children to school and purchase medicine for themselves

and their livestock. Rural communities traditionally use livestock-dung cakes and fuel-wood

as a source of energy in Pakistan. Seventy-five percent of the total energy used by a rural

household is consumed for the two basic necessities; cooking and lighting. Literature review

has revealed that the annual per capita fuel-wood requirement is 0.52 m³ that implies a

consumption of 5.20 m³ of fuel-wood for a family of 10 persons per year. Thus, a single

family may cut three to four mature trees in a year just to meet its domestic energy needs

leading to natural degradation of natural forests. Renewable energy sources, on the other

hand, offer environment-friendly and economically viable options for energy generation in

the rural areas. Biogas offers an opportunity for decentralized energy-generation for

livestock keepers. A user and eco-friendly and quality product to satisfy these needs from

locally available renewable energy resources like livestock manure for biogas production

can go a long and sustainable way in improving the quality of life of rural resource poor. It

is a great challenge for scientists and technologists to develop such technologies to improve

the quality of life of rural communities as the rural population also have a right to the same

quality of life as urban dwellers. In order to take advantage of emerging market demands

and reduce their poverty, small farmers and herders need access to basic services and new

emerging technologies including biogas production. It would be advisable that the relevant

policy-making is required for devising a policy that encourages biogas development and

promotion.

Keywords: Sustainability; eco-friendly; poverty alleviation; livestock; renewable energy.

http://www.researchgate.net/researcher/58114216_Muhammad_Tariq/


(November 08-09, 2016)

70

Groundwater-energy-food security nexus in Pakistan

Ghulam Zakir Hassan1,*, Faiz Raza Hassan1

1Irrigation Research Institute (IRI), Government of the Punjab, Irrigation Department,

Library Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan

Correspondence Author’s Email: [email protected].

Abstract

Pakistan is the 8th largest food producing country where irrigated agriculture contributes

over 90% of Pakistan’s food production, 22% of GDP, employs about 45% of the overall

labor force and generates over 60% of foreign exchange. Globally groundwater consists of

96% of planet’s unfrozen freshwater, is used 60% for agriculture, 20% for domestic and

20% for industry. Pakistan is 4th largest user of groundwater after India, USA & China. In

Pakistan about 90% drinking water and 100% industrial water demands are met from

groundwater while 40% irrigated food grains production is dependent on groundwater. Use

of groundwater has supported increased food and fiber production and significant increase

in farm income and has helped in increasing cropping intensity from 60% in 1947 to 150%

or even more in 2015. In Punjab, about 1.2 million tubewells have been installed by farmers

to pump the groundwater without any scientific planning. About 47% farmers are running

their tubewells with tractors or diesel engines. Groundwater levels are dropping abruptly

taking this resource beyond the bound of rural poor farmers and energy costs of pumping

deeper groundwater are becoming unaffordable. Some other factors like poor well

construction/development, inefficient pump, improper design of well, aquifer characteristics

etc also contribute to the energy losses in pumping the groundwater. Punjab irrigation

department has installed about 3000 piezometers to monitor the groundwater potential in the

province. Different sources of energy for groundwater pumpage are solar, diesel, electricity,

biogas etc. Excessive use of groundwater is critical for food production and environmental

sustainability. Research study carried out in Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) has indicated

that by increase of depth to water table from 40 ft to 70ft the cost of pumping per acre-feet

has increased 125%. Our food basket, the Punjab province is under severe threat due to

excessive energy requirements for pumping the groundwater from deeper and deeper

aquifers. Under this paper threats to food production due to overdraft of groundwater and

increasing costs of energy have been highlighted with possible solutions.

Keywords: Groundwater; energy; Punjab; Pakistan, food.



(November 08-09, 2016)

71

Options for controlling micro environment of poultry houses

Esa Khan, Umar Farooq*, Shahid-ur-rehman, Muhammad Farooq Khalid,

Muhammad Khalid Bashir, Muhammad Ashraf, Pervez

University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Farmers, grow poultry birds worldwide. In poultry production conservation of energy is the

core of farm production and use of electricity in heating and cooling down of poultry houses

has been one of the costliest inputs in poultry farming. In cold weathers however the

conservation of heat inside the shed become important as shed cool down quickly

depending upon the outside temperature and infrastructural condition. So the farmers must

work on the efficient use of power/electricity in order to conserve heat and provide better

environmental conditions to the birds. There are many ways to reduce dependency on

electricity for controlling temperatures in poultry operations. Ostensibly, no one can control

outside temperatures and, as a result, there are limitations on how much heating costs can be

controlled. In conservation of energy the environmental controlled houses with solid side

walls are more energy efficient than houses with open-sided walls or supported with

curtains. In solid walls houses ceiling fans can be used to circulate/mix warm air with the

cold air or warm air can be re-used/circulated to conserve heat in the sheds. Other options

are the use geothermal temperature to heat and cool down the houses. In this regards cold or

warm air can be circulated to use geothermal energy to cool or heat up the air. Another

option is to transfer heat from a source to a sink in the opposite direction for spontaneous

heat flow. In this regards an external energy source can be used to achieve the transfer of

thermal energy from source to sink. Another option is to use solar energy to generate

electricity and heat up the houses that can eliminate farmer’s electric bill completely or

reduce it so dramatically that electricity costs will no longer be a significant factor in

budget. Hydronic systems can afford both heating and cooling, but they also require an

external heating and cooling unit, respectively. However, there is need to adopt these

methods in poultry farming in Pakistan to reduce dependency on electricity and reduce cost

of production.

Keywords: Controlling heating cost; geothermal pumps; solar energy; energy conservation.


(November 08-09, 2016)

72

Synthesis of ZnO/CuO hierarchical nanostructures for solar cell applications

Ayesha1, Mariam Noreen1, Zainab Waseem1, Yasir Jamil1, Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan


Abstract

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide band gap semiconductor used in many applications such as solar

cells, light emitting diodes, piezoelectric generators, photocatalytic activity and

photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The problem with ZnO nanomaterials is its low

capability for light harvesting. This makes ZnO nanomaterials inferior candidates for photo

electrochemical applications. In order to enhance its ability towards PEC applications, the

common approach is to couple ZnO with several narrow band gap semiconductors such as

copper oxide (CuO). In this research work, ZnO/CuO hierarchical nanostructure was

synthesized. The hierarchical nanostructures propose benefits with more surface area in

PEC applications. CuO nanowires were grown on suitable substrates by oxidizing them at

various temperatures for 4 h. The prepared nanowires were studied using X-ray diffraction

(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD was used to investigate structural

properties such as phase identification and SEM was used to study morphological

properties. XRD pattern of CuO showed the pure phase of CuO, whereas SEM confirmed

the formation of nanowires. To deposit ZnO nanoparticles on the prepared CuO nanowires,

a simple hydrothermal method was used. The XRD results confirmed the presence of both

CuO and ZnO phases. This ZnO/CuO hierarchical nanostructure can be used for thin film

solar cells.

Keywords: ZnO/CuO; hierarchical nano-structures; solar cell; XRD.



(November 08-09, 2016)

73

Biomass improved stove for rural community development

Muhammad Waqar Akram1.*, Manzoor Ahmad1, Rao Husnain Arshad2, Imran

Shauket3, Muzaffar Irshad4

1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,

Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

3Department of Structures and Env. Engg., University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan 4Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, China


Abstract

Pakistan has been facing severe energy crisis and environmental degradation from the last

decade. The limited availability of ordinary fuels and their environmental impacts has

increased the demand of energy security and environment security. It is increasingly

understood that ensuring availability of sufficient, affordable, and environment friendly

energy is one of the major challenges faced by Pakistan in future. Potential for renewable

energy sources like biogas, biomass, solar, and wind exists widely in Pakistan. The dire

need of the time is to adopt such sustainable energy approaches. In rural areas of Pakistan,

people use different kind of biomass as a fuel for cooking and other purposes in their

homes. They use mud stoves for that purpose. Such conventional practice involves

incomplete combustion of fuels resulting in release of toxic smoke. This toxic smoke

contains climate harmful agents like black carbon and carbon monoxide. Such conventional

mud stoves also have low thermal efficiency that results in high fuel consumption thereby

also contributing to deforestation. Keeping in view the environmental impacts of traditional

combustion practice of biomass and low thermal efficiency of conventional mud stoves,

there is need to design and fabricate a biomass improved stove which has more thermal

efficiency and is environment friendly. An insulated material is used in the outer part of

stove to minimize heat losses and a blower is used to facilitate complete combustion. The

improved biomass stove is environment friendly and consumes less amount of fuel as its

thermal efficiency is high comparatively which reduces drudgery of people collecting wood

fuel and also reduces deforestation. The cooking time also reduces and locally available fuel

can be burnt cleanly. It’s a step towards clean combustion. This research will help in

development of rural community of Pakistan.

Keywords: Energy security; biomass; thermal efficiency; clean combustion.


(November 08-09, 2016)

74

Solar thermal energy storage using phase change materials

Abubakar Bin Talat1, Anjum Munir1, Syed Nabeel Husnain1,*, Abdul Ghafoor2

1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan 2Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan


Abstract

The continuously rising levels of greenhouse gases and climbing prices of fuels are the main

reasons behind the efforts to utilize various renewable energy resources more effectively. In

most areas of world, solar energy is considered to be the most promising and reliable energy

source for cooking, heating water and other fluids for heat transfer in various residential,

commercial and industrial applications. The main drawback in solar energy is its

intermittent supply in cloudy days and in evenings. So for large scale utilization, there

should be an effective technology for its storage with acceptable capital and running costs.

Here the use of phase change materials (PCMs) as “Solar Recharge Coal” presents an

opportunity for addressing these issues and harnessing low cost heat energy for cooking. By

the use of PCMs the efficiency of solar cookers can be improved over the conventional

ones. PCMs are eco-friendly as well as they save fuels, gas and coal which are exhausting at

very high rates. PCMs have high capacity of thermal energy storage. They store and release

a large amount of thermal energy while changing their phase (from solid to liquid and vice

versa) at a specific temperature. These materials can be placed beneath the absorbing

plate/tray for solar thermal energy storage and this heat can be used for cooking purpose at

the required time.

Keywords: Phase change material; solar energy; renewable energy.


(November 08-09, 2016)

75

Analysis of AC distribution system integrated with PV generation

Waseem Abbas1, Abubaker Ijaz2,* 1M.Sc. Electrical Engineering FAST-NU

2School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Increase in energy demand leading to diminish the fossil fuels, which are the main sources

of energy. Integrating renewable energy sources with power grid can be helpful to

overcome the challenge. Smart meters, smart appliances and renewable energy resources

can make the overall system, a more energy efficient. Renewable energy sources like wind,

geothermal and solar are not continuous sources of energy because of their environmental

and seasonal limitations. Energy efficient methods will not only help to overcome power

shortage issues, it can also lead towards smart gridding and energy management. Smart grid

not only systemizes the electricity system but also increases the reliability, security, and

efficiency. Electricity generated by fossil fuels affecting climate and human health

simultaneously, however, smart grid is helping to overcome these issues by integrating

renewable energy sources. Main aspects of the smart grid are electronic power conditioning

to deliver voltage correctly hence controlling the production and distribution of electricity.

Integrating PV batteries based solar system with 132kV power grid station can be helpful to

store energy and provide an affordable system to user. This paper focuses impact on output

of PV generation and impact on power grid planning. A concise load flow and short circuit

analysis/studies are carried out for fault calculation purposes. Simulations on MATLAB to

compare a system with PV and without PV prove the point strongly. Results ensure the

advantages of renewable energy sources, which are in the form of reduced electricity bills,

offering a more reliable backup or energy storage system.

Keywords: Fossil fuels; power grid; AC distribution; PV generation; MATLAB.


(November 08-09, 2016)

76

Agriculture byproducts as renewable energy sources in Pakistan:

opportunities and challenges

Muhammad Tariq1,*, A. Waheed3, Sibtain Ahmad1, Zia Ur Rehman1, M. Sharif2

1University of Agriculture Faisalabad Sub-Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan 2Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

3Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan


Abstract

In order to meet increasing global energy demands and to minimize environmental impacts,

there is dire need of an alternate energy sources. To address the global challenges, the

energy system needs to undergo a transformation from fossil-fuels to renewable energy and

energy efficient technologies. Pakistan has a huge potential for harnessing renewable energy

to achieve energy security. Therefore, all sustainable development programs in the current

time are focusing on global concerns such as energy conservation together with water

preservation and environment management through appropriate alternatives resources and

applicable technologies. In this context, bio-fuels production from agriculture by-products

and its allied fields (animal production) has been developed and proven successful from past

few decades in the developed as well as developing countries of the world like Pakistan.

Biogas and other bio-fuels production from agriculture waste fractions and other

agricultural resources is a potentially important energy carrier in the future fuel mix. If we

consider future opportunities, process optimization is needed in this context for the

development and expansion of this important renewable energy from agriculture sources to

meet the ever growing demand for methane. Agricultural raw materials and waste fractions

are easily and in-abundance available resources in Pakistan. They have great potential as

substrates for biogas and other bio-fuel production if properly utilized. Energy crops such as

sugar cane, sugar beet, corn and different straw and their industrial by-products could be

considered best sources in future for their wide availability and large potential. In addition

to energy crops, different animal waste from cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and poultry can be

utilized for biogas production. Properly installed and well versed biogas production system

can yield a range of benefits to the end users, the society as well as the mother ‘nature’.

Various reported prospects addressed during the review process give an opportunity to

enhance bio-fuel production from agriculture and its allied fields in future. Hence it is

suggested that a comprehensive research program should be launched to assess these

valuable alternate energy sources for the purpose to achieve energy security in Pakistan.

Keywords: Bio-fuel; manure; crop by-products; sustainability; energy security.

http://www.researchgate.net/researcher/58114216_Muhammad_Tariq/



(November 08-09, 2016)

77

Beneficiation of Coal

Mohsin Noor1,*, Abdul Nasir1, Shahbaz Nasir Khan1, Imran Shoukat1, Hafiz

Muhammad Safdar Khan1, Hafiz Ihsan-ul-Haq Khan1, Saddam Hussain2

1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad-Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan


Abstract

Commercial coal cleaning or beneficiation processes are physical washing methods to

decrease the mineral contents and pyretic sulfur amounts. Accordingly, the item coal has a

more vitality thickness and less fluctuation (contrasted with feedstock coal) so power plant

productivity and unwavering quality are progressed. A side advantage to these procedures is

that emanation of sulfur dioxide, and in addition different toxic elements including mercury

can be lessened. The proficiency of this removal relies on upon the cleaning procedure

utilized, sort of coal, and the contaminant substances of the coal. The washing of coal

happens in aquatic medium, in a thick medium, or in dry medium. Physical washing

procedures depend on either specific gravity or apparent dimension distinction amongst coal

and its debasements. The expulsion productivity ranges from 0 to 60% with 21 % as

average lessening. The proficiency is profoundly reliant on the type of coal and chloride

substance of the coal. Concerning other fuels, the cleaning of the unrefined petroleum

happens for the most part through the residue desulfurization (RDS). Be that as it may, the

substance of Hg in raw petroleum is typically low and RDS is a wasteful approach to try

and lower this substance.

Keywords: Mineral matter; energy density; impurities; desulfurization.


(November 08-09, 2016)

78

Solar photovoltaic panels over canals to produce electricity and reduce

evaporation: potential in Pakistan

Rabia Anam1,*, Farrukh Ehsan2, Muhammad Waqar Akram1, Iqra Ayub3 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan 2Agricultural Engineering Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad,


Pakistan


Abstract

Pakistan is facing energy shortage as well as water shortage problems particularly in rural

areas. To overcome this problem renewable energy sources should be utilized as it reduces

both gas emissions and dependence upon fossil fuel. There is high solar energy potential

available in Pakistan. Average solar irradiance received on flat area is 200 to 250 W m-2

day-1 and global solar insolation available is 5-7 kWh m-2 day-1 on more than 95% area of

country. But, for the installation of solar system large space is required and it is not

recommended to disturb the cultivated land. Pakistan’s canal system is one of the largest

canal system in the world and irrigates 80 percent of the total cultivable area. There are 44

major canals having total length of 56,073 km. According to a study, 15 to 20 percent of

water is lost from canals due to evaporation. To overcome these problem solar canals is the

best solution. Solar canal is similar to solar roof top in that they are installed over existing

infrastructure (canal) and do not require additional land development to install PV system.

The benefit of this system is, it produces clean, environmental friendly energy and reduce

evaporative losses as well. A solar canal system installed in Gujrat, India is providing

1MW electricity to the rural area, and reduced the evaporation up to 7 million liters. The

implementation of solar panels over existing water canals would be instrumental in

conserving the Pakistan water supply and in reduction of fossil fuel consumption.

Keywords: Solar canals; evaporation losses; solar potential.


(November 08-09, 2016)

79

Sustainable Renewable Energy from the Sugarcane waste for the production

of biofuel

Javaria Bashir, Noor Ul Huda*, Saba Shahid


Abstract

Worldwide biofuel generation has been expanding quickly in the course of the most recent

decade; however, the extending biofuel industry has as of late raised critical concerns. The

dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugar cane, used as biofuels

(electricity generators, transportations, thermal powers) cane trash can be considered as a

viable fuel supplementary to bagasse to permit year-round power generation in sugar mills.

Stick waste in creating countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America suggests a change from

customary reaping methods, which normally comprise of decimating the junk by setting

tremendous zones of stick fields on fire preceding the collect. To recuperate the trash, a

new so-called ''green mechanical gathering ''plan will must be introduced. By recouping the

junk in this way, the generation of nearby air pollutants, as well as nursery gasses adding to

unfriendly climatic change, from the flames are avoided and stick waste could be utilized as

a mean of provincial feasible advancement.

Keywords: Renewable energy; dry pulpy residue; sugarcane; biofuel; climate change.


(November 08-09, 2016)

80

Success stories of solar energy production: A way forward to Pakistan

Shafiqur Rehman Zia*, Ijaz Ashraf, Umair Talib, Naima Nawaz

Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture,


Abstract

Solar is the first energy source in the world. It was in use before humans even learn how to

light a fire. Many living things are dependent on solar energy from plants, aquatic life and

the animals. The solar is generally used in producing light and heat. The solar energy

coming down to the planet is affected by the orbital path of the sun and its deviations within

the galaxy. It is one the alternative energy source that is used extensively across the globe.

About 70% of the sunlight gets revealed back into the space and we have only 30% of

sunlight to fill up our energy demands. In a world that's hungry for energy that's cheap,

virtually endless and clean energy so it is called solar energy. Ranking the top 10 countries

with the most solar power capacity is a way to see who's doing it best, and who could do it

better and these countries are South Korea: 2,398 Megawatts, Belgium: 3,156 Megawatts,

Australia: 4,130 Megawatts, Spain: 5,376 Megawatts, France: 5,678 Megawatts, United

States: 18,317 Megawatts, Italy: 18,622 Megawatts, Japan: 23,409 Megawatts, China

28,830 Megawatts and Germany: 38,250 Megawatts solar energy. Pakistan is more suitable

for solar power. Let’s not forget that solar energy increases the value of a society in such a

way that it is good for our planet. It is cheap, renewable and sustainable. It does not fulfill

our atmosphere with carbon monoxide and other poisoning chemicals. It is free and

unlimited source of power.

Keywords: Carbon monoxide; solar energy; solar power; sustainable.


(November 08-09, 2016)

81

Energy auditing

Noor uz zaman1,*, Anjum Munir2


Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,

Pakistan *Corresponding Author`s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The electric shortfall reaches to 5000 MW approximately, there are three options one of

them is to cut off supply second way is to increase generation and the third ways is to

reduce the consumption of appliances, it is evident the first option is not viable as the

present era is of automation and this requires power to work second option is good but it

requires lots of financial to build new dams and install new power generation facilities but

the third option is best that the consumption of appliances reduce by replacing them with

energy efficient appliances and the process of estimating called is energy auditing. For the

specific case study, a survey was conducted at Main Library of University of Agriculture

Faisalabad, in this survey the load of lighting and fan was calculated using voltcraft clamp

meter, this library has 1616 Nos. of 4 feet rods with average each consumption of 60 W and

572 Nos. of 2 feet rod with average consumption of 30 W each and the total average

operational hour of these lights are 8 hours for the whole year so by this this consumes

about 27388.8 kW. Whereas this lighting system can be replaced with Energy Efficient

Lighting system the 4 feet tube rods can be replaced with 4 feet LED tube rod which

consumes 18W with more light intensity and 2 feet with 9 W by replacing them 9129.6 kW

can be saved in a month which Is huge amount of energy and the installation of new lights

return its investment cost in 10 months. So by adopting the energy auditing practice the

energy can be saved in lighting air conditioning and heating applications from domestic to

industrial scale and huge amount of energy can be saved by adopting this practice and this

would be enough to overcome energy crises.

Keywords: Energy audit; voltcraft clamp meter; energy efficient; LED; industrial scale.


(November 08-09, 2016)

82

Turning wastes into electricity: A solution to chicken hatchery waste disposal

Umar Farooq*, Shahid-ur-rehman, Muhammad Farooq Khalid, Muhammad Khalid

Bashir, Muhammad Ashraf, Pervez Akhtar, Muhammad Shoaib khan, Muhammad

Usman, Umair Mahmood and Abdul Wahaab

University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Pakistan is facing one of the worst energy crises in the region. The power/electricity

generation has been limited and the supply deficit is over 6000-7000 MW which has caused

around 10% loss of GDP over the past few years. The Poultry, especially the hatchery

operations require continuous supply of electricity to maintain suitable environmental

conditions for hatching eggs, and in case of load shedding the alternate methods i.e. oil/gas

fuel-fed-generators are used for electricity generations which add extra cost to hatchery

produce hence reduce profit margins. The solution to this problem however is not

unrealizable. Poultry hatcheries produce lot waste in the form of solid waste that includes

empty egg shells, dead embryos, infertile eggs, and liquid from eggs and decaying tissue.

Customarily hatchery waste is sent to land fill, incineration plants, rendering and

composting facilities that not only incur extra charges for disposal but also pollute the

environment. Alternately these solid wastes can be used for electricity generation using two

approaches i.e. i) production of steam from waste and ii) anaerobic digestion. In the first

method light egg shells can be separated from the other wastes by a powerful suction

vacuum. The left over heavier infertile eggs can be chopped and grind, and then fed by

conveyor belts into an incinerator system to heat the solid and liquid waste to produce

steam. The generated steam can in turn be used to run a turbine generator for production of

electricity. In second method, hatchery waste can efficiently be used to produce biogas

using on-site anaerobic digester system. The biogas then can be used for electricity

generation to run the incubators and hatcerhs while the leftover solid waste can be sold as

valueable-high-quality fertilizer. The chicken hatcheries in Paksitan produce around twenty

thousand tonnes of solid waste annually and one kg of this waste can produce around twenty

eight mega joul of energy, so this can be used for power generation. However, there is need

to employ above mentioned methods of htachery waste management in Paksitan so that

hathcery wastes can be converted into useful substances i.e. fuels and electricity, and load

on national grid can be decreased.

Keywords: Energy/electricity production; biogas; poultry wastes; waste disposal.


(November 08-09, 2016)

83

Geothermal-Renewable energy potential in Pakistan

Nafeesa Tayyab1,*, Umar Farooq1, Madiha Javed1, Komal Naeem1

1Department of structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture

Faisalabad- Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Pakistan can beat the shortfall of energy to a remarkable level by utilizing the geothermal

energy, which is a sustainable and renewable source of energy. According to the studies of

geologists, Pakistan lies at the juncture of tectonic plates thus, it has sufficient geothermal

reserves to support the energy sector. A recent research revealed that Pakistan has the

potential to produce 100,000MW electricity from geothermal resources at an approximate

cost of about 5-10 cents/unit. The primary advantage of this energy is that it is available for

24hours. Moreover, geothermal power plants work for 90–100% of the time. Steam is used

in geothermal power plants in place of fuel. Consequently, the plant generates less than 1%

CO2 emissions. As geothermal power plants yield 13.38g Carbon/KWh, while coal, oil, and

natural gas produce 1042g, 906g, and 453g Carbon/KWh accordingly. Therefore, the

utilization of geothermal energy can lead to overcome power crisis with better environment.

Keywords: Geothermal energy; renewable energy; carbon emissions.



(November 08-09, 2016)

84

Modification and performance evaluation of an updraft gasifier operating

with crop residue

Ch. Sohail Babar1,*, Manzoor Ahmad1, Anjum Munir1



Abstract

Energy is important for human beings existence, which supports for the modernization of

the community. Now a day’s Pakistan is facing energy crises such as load shedding and gas

shortage so to overcome on these crises there is a demand of some renewable/alternative

energy resource. Pakistan is producing million of tons biomass in the form of crop residue,

saw mill waste and animal poultry manure. Gasification is the most reliable and best

alternate source to get the energy from the biomass. Gasifiers are the reactors which convert

the solid fuels into the gaseous fuels. So the biomass can easily convert into useful gas

which can be utilized as energy. Updraft gasifier was modified to convert batch type gasifier

to continuous feeding, for enhancing its working efficiency. The batch type updraft gasifier

is already developed and installed at the workshop of Department of Farm Machinery &

Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The main disadvantage of this gasifier is that

it completely shut down when feeded biomass finished in combustion process. So to

overcome this problem gasifier was modified for continuous feeding, in this way

syn/producer gas continuously produced. After modification the system was evaluated for

its performance. The collected data was statically analyzed.

Keywords: Updraft gasifier; fuel delivery pipe; gas analyzer; biomass; syn gas.



(November 08-09, 2016)

85

Marine renewable energy seascape

Tanveer Anjum1,*, Umar Farooq1, Hafiz Ihsan-ul-haq Khan1, Waheed Tariq1 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture

Faisalabad, Pakistan


Abstract

Energy produced by fossil fuel is largely responsible for carbon emissions, NOx’s and

SOx’s which leads to global warming. Concerted actions are required on the planet

regarding reduction in consumption of fossil fuels and to mitigate the carbon emission.

Ocean energy can be produced from blowing wind, current of ocean, tidal waves, and from

the sources of ocean plankton. Ocean energy which has a large potential faces, some

interdisciplinary; complications which are to be overcome like automation, cost reduction,

speculation, environmental impacts and so forth. In future, areas that can harness the Marine

Renewable Energy seascape through viable plan includes proceed material, automation,

informatics and storage of energy. Renewable marine energy in the perspective of

sustainability encompass custom, ratification, monetary, managing environment, public and

environmental limitation. New generation of the engineers are required with the inspiration

and essence of thrill and excitement to encounter the universal provocation constitute by

MRE.

Keywords: Ocean plankton; speculation; ratification; provocation.



(November 08-09, 2016)

86

Termite gut as a potential source of lignocellulytic enzymes for conversion of

cellulose of crop residues into reducing sugars

Habib ur Rehman1,*, Mansoor-ul-Hasan2, Muhammad Sagheer2, Muhammad Azam

Khan1, Saima Mirza1, Muhammad Tayyab1 1Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

2Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Lignocellulose is one of the plentiful renewable materials which act as a main source of

reducing sugars. But its use for production is limited because it recalcitrant and heroic

efforts are required to break it. There are few numbers of organisms which can effectively

degrade the cellulose. Termites are one of them and known as a potential source of laccase

and cellulose enzymes. The termite has lignocellulytic enzymes in their gut to effectively

perform conversion of the cellulosic biomass into sugars. The present study was designed

to evaluate the enzymatic activity lignocellulytic enzymes of termite gut for their potential

to convert the cellulose part of crop residue into fermentable sugars. Three substrates wheat

straw, maize leaves and carboxymethaylcellulose (CMC) were used, each at 2 %

concentration. The results of the experiments have showed that maximum reducing sugars

(2.39 mg/L) in 0.06 g/ mL and 0.05 g/L was observed in wheat straw substrate while

minimum (0.07 g/ mL) wheat straw substrate. The termites are effective source of reducing

sugars.

Keywords: Termite; crop residue substrates; concentrations; reducing sugars.



(November 08-09, 2016)

87

Synthesis, characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar

cells

Asma Nosheen1, Iqra Chaudhary1, Rabia Javaid1 and Hafeez Anwar1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040 Pakistan


Abstract

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), a class of third generation hybrid solar cells, are getting

lot of interest of researchers working on renewable energy. Photoanode is one of the most

critical components of dye-sensitized solar cells. Titanium dioxide, a metal-oxide, is

extensively used to fabricate photoanode of DSSCs but researchers are also working on

many other metal-oxides for the fabrication of photoanode. In this study, we have

investigated ZnO nanoparticles with various particle sizes. Using precipitation method, Zinc

oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by using zinc sulfate heptahydrate and sodium

hydroxide as precursors. The obtained samples have been calcined at the different

temperatures such as 3000C, 5000C, 7000Cand 9000C for the 2 hours. For characterization,

Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and UV-vis Spectroscopy have been

used. Different morphological modifications of the obtained zinc oxide (ZnO) samples have

been observed. Using Debye Scherrer’s formula, the average crystallite size of the prepared

samples has been calculated from the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of X-Ray

Diffraction data. Lattice constants and bulk density also have been calculated. The

optimized ZnO nanoparticles were then used to fabricate photoanode of dye-sensitized solar

cells (DSSCs).

Keywords: Zinc oxide; nanoparticles; dye-sensitized solar cells; X-Ray.



(November 08-09, 2016)

88

Scope of fish drying in Balochistan using solar energy

Badar Munir Khan Niazi1,*, Zeeshan Munir2 1Agricultural & Biological Engineering Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre

(NARC), Islamabad-Pakistan 2University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-Campus Burewala-Vehari, Pakistan


Abstract

Pakistan has 1000 kilometers long coastal belt, out of which Balochistan province occupies

about 700 kilometers. The main fishing areas of Balochistan are Gwadur, Ormara, Pasni,

Jiwani, Sonmiani and Gadani. In year 2013 and 2014 the total fish production of

Baluchistan was 155,155 and 143,976 tonnes respectively. About 30% to 40% of the total

fish catch is exported to 30 countries of the world. Considerable quantity of processed and

un-processed fish is exported to China and Middle Eastern countries, where it is very

popular. Salted, dried and smoked fish export to China is increasing very rapidly but the

price per unit export is not increasing. The main reason for this is that the expensive fishes

like Tuna, Salmon, Hilsa Rahu, Dhotar, Mushka and Kund are not caught in big volumes

due to unavailability of proper processing facilities in the costal belt. If low cost fish

processing/preservation facilities are provided in the coastal belt of Balochistan then fish

catch will be increased to about 20-30% and will make the province able to earn more profit

for the country through export. In Balochistan, cold stores are being used to preserve the

commercial fish. The poor fishermen cannot afford the preservation of fish in these

expensive cold storage facilities. A low cost fish preservation technology, suited for the

poor fishermen is needed in the coastal areas of Balochistan. Fish is a highly perishable

food product and can be stored only by proper refrigeration or drying. The installation and

operating cost of the drying is much more less than the refrigeration system which make it

more adoptable for the poor fisherman. The average solar irradiance received by

Balochistan lies between 7-7.5 KWh/m2/day which make solar drying an ideal option for

the province. Open sun drying is being used from centuries to reduce the moisture contents

of fish to enhance its shelf life. It is a simple and economical process but there are some

disadvantages of this process. The fish dried by this process is exposed to the environmental

pollutants; infestation of insects, animals and birds which results in poor quality product. To

reduce the processing losses during the drying and to retain the quality of dried fish, it is

necessary to dry the fish in the close chamber to prevent the fish from dust, insect, larva,

birds and animal. Balochistan has potential to increase its fish production and this can only

be accomplished by providing low cost solar dryers in the province.

Keywords: Solar irradiance; cold stores; perishable; smoked fish; refrigeration; shelf life;

environmental pollutants; solar dryer.


(November 08-09, 2016)

89

Solar powered portable high efficiency irrigation system

Rao Husnain Arshad1,*, Muhammad Waqar Akram2, Muhammad Nawaz Iqbal3,

Imran Shauket3, Muhammad Zaman1, Sikandar Ali1 1Department of Irrigation & Drainage, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000,

Pakistan

1Department of Farm machinery and Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000,

Pakistan 2Department of Structures & Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture

Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Water scarcity and energy shortage are the biggest problems of our country. Thermal power

electricity is very expensive and on the other hand hydropower electricity is scarce due to

less storage capacity of our Reservoirs. It is necessary to replace the conventional sources of

energy with solar power and conventional methods of irrigation with high efficiency

irrigation systems (HEIS). In this study portable solar driven drip irrigation system was

studied at Post Graduate Agricultural Research Station. The system was designed for small

land holders. The performance, efficiency and distribution uniformity of the system was

evaluated. Four samples were taken at different time intervals. It was noticed that maximum

pressure was at 12 pm. However, at different time intervals 11:00 AM, 12:00 PM, 01:00 PM

and 02:00 PM, the mean discharge was 3.731 L/H, 3.772 L/H , 3.692 L/H and 3.125 L/H

respectively. The R2 value for coefficient of variation was 0.914 and for emission

uniformity R2 value was 0.878. An economic analysis was made as a comparison between

solar driven drip irrigation system and electrical energy driven drip irrigation system. The

cost comparison shows that the proposed system and its operational cost are cheaper than

the traditional drip irrigation system.

Keywords: Thermal power; solar power; HEIS; distribution uniformity; emission

uniformity.


(November 08-09, 2016)

90

Energy conservation by using plastic bottles as construction material

Muhammad Jawad Latif1,*, Muhammad Salman Nasir1, Abdul Nasir1, Inziam ul Haq1,

Waqas Ali1, Syed Hamza Gillani1 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture



Abstract

Construction is the process of constructing the buildings which is our basic need to survive.

These buildings were made of mud in past. Now the building materials are bricks, cement

and concrete etc. These materials are expensive and a lot of energy is required for preparing

these materials. This process is causing dual problem, one is the cost of the building

materials and other one is the CO2 emissions from this process. Bricks and cement

manufacturing companies use coal, wood, poultry waste and wheat straw as a fuel for

manufacturing of the bricks. It produces CO2 in the air and contributes to the global

warming. Keeping in view the above facts there is need to conserve the energy and

environment by using plastic bottles in construction. So the use of the plastic bottles in

construction may overcome the pollution, cost and land filling problem. Plastic bottles have

1/3 cost as compared to the bricks. Another technology that can be used in the same process

is the addition of the green roof technology. We can grow grass and sedum plants at the

roofs. This will reduce the temperature of the inside buildings up to 10oC.So, above

mentioned methods can be adopted in construction for the sustainable development,

conservation of the environment.

Keywords: Construction; buildings; emission; energy; plastic



(November 08-09, 2016)

91

Installation, optimization and performance evaluation of solar photovoltaic

system for rural electrification

Faizan Majeed1, , Zahid Mehmood Khan1, Anjum Munir2, Adil Majeed3 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauaddin Zakariya University, Multan-

Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering

and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. 3Solar Energy Research Centre, Dalarna University, Sweden


Abstract

Photovoltaic’s (PV) is the name of a method of converting solar energy into direct current

electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a

phenomenon commonly studied in physics, photochemistry and electrochemistry. A system

employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells to supply usable power. It is used

for rural electrification for small industries and poor or leased land holders. At least a billion

people worldwide still lack household electric power (a population equal to that of the entire

world in the early 19th century). Energy is one of the issues that are causing the most

controversy as fossil fuels are the greatest pollutants and the greatest contributors to the

greenhouse effect. The increasing importance of environmental concern, fuel savings and

unavailability of power has led to the renewal of interest in renewable energies. It therefore

stands to reason that developing countries whose energy consumption rate is increasing at a

very fast rate should be investigating new energy systems based on renewable energies that

do not pollute and which are inexhaustible such as the Solar system. In this paper a simple,

reliable and effective solar panel charging system has been introduced consisting of a solar

panel of desired size and shape. This solar panel is integrated with an embedded system

(which contains two modules i.e. microcontroller/compiler module and charging output and

a battery system which can be used for any electronic device for home and office purposes).

This embedded system regulates the electricity produced between the storage battery and

charging output with the help of microcontroller which is programmed to combat the

situations in presence and in absence of input supply and able to supply stored energy at

night or in unavailability of solar source.

Keywords: Photovoltaic; energy; solar system; DC devices.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century


(November 08-09, 2016)

92

Performance evaluation of hybrid solar dryer under load and no-load

condition

Aamir Saeed1,*, Muhammad Faheem1, Naeem Saddique2, Umar Farooq3 1Department of Farm Machinery and power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

3Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture


Abstract

Pakistan is located in the sun-belt where solar energy is available in abundance. The mean

global irradiation in a day and sunshine hours in a year are about 200-250 W m-2 and about

1500-3000 respectively. Solar energy is particularly available in rich form in Baluchistan

province with an average daily global insolation and annual mean sunshine duration of 19-

20 MJ m-2 a day and 8-8.5 h respectively. These situations are best for various solar energy

applications. Drying needs large amount of heat to remove water to preserve the products.

Natural sun drying is the most common method of drying. The major restriction of using

this method is that the product undergoes unwanted changes due to high temperature. The

products needs be dried at low temperature but it increases the drying cost. Also, the

conventional fuel prices are increasing day by day along with reduction in availability. This

emphasis on the use of renewable resources of energy. This problem can be solved by using

solar assisted dryers because of various advantages. The overall objective of this study was

to investigate the drying behavior and performance evaluation of locally fabricated hybrid

solar dryer. The study was carried out in the month of August and September at University

of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Various parameters such as relative humidity, temperature,

velocity of air, moisture content, solar intensity and air flow rate were recorded. The

maximum efficiency of the dryer was obtained to be 71.68% at 12:00 hours under no-load

condition with minimum value of 47.53% at 09:30 hours. The efficiency of dryer was in the

range of 55.34 to 71.68% during maximum solar irradiance between 851 to 963 W m-2

under no load condition. The maximum efficiency of the dryer was obtained to be 59.38%

at 13:30 hours under loaded condition with minimum value of 10.20% at 10:30 hours. The

efficiency of dryer was in the range of 11.51 to 59.38% during maximum solar irradiance

between 809 to 860 W m-2 from 11:30 to 13:30 hours under loaded condition.

Keywords: Solar energy; hybrid solar dryer, no-load; under load; drying behavior.

mailto:saeed2755@


(November 08-09, 2016)

93

Fabrication and performance evaluation of dual tracking solar parabolic

tough for steam generation

Muhammad Faheem1,*, Manzoor Ahmad1, Anjum Munir2, Abdul Basit1, Aamir

Saeed1




Abstract

The 21st century the advancement of science and the usage of many electrical devices, life

becomes very difficult without electricity. Hence, full supply of electricity is necessary to

meet the power requirements of the country. Solar energy is an important renewable

energy/alternative source. The utilization of renewable energy cradle is charming

progressively more due to the rise in prices and also with the reduction of fossil fuels

resources. Most of the industrial process required a temperature level below 400 C which is

easily attainable by the use of sun as a font of energy. To overcome on such type of problem

a solar parabolic trough was designed, fabricated and analyzed for direct steam generation

in summer and for heating water in winter. Using solar energy a solar parabolic tough was a

sort of solar thermal energy collector. The parabolic trough was made up of glass mirror

coated with silver riveted with the help of GI sheet. The trough along with dual tracking

assembly was usually united on an east west as well as north south axes. The dual tracking

parabolic trough was analyzed and evaluated in the Farm Machinery and Power Workshop,

University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. The data collected was statistically

analyzed.

Keywords: Renewable energy; solar thermal technologies; glass strips; parabolic trough;

solar collector; dual tracking system.



(November 08-09, 2016)

94

Energy regeneration in milk pasteurization using high temperature short time

(HSTS) method

Usman Amin1,*, Syed Nabeel Husnain2, M. Azam Khan1, Abid Aslam Maan1 1Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology,

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering &

Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan


Abstract Pasteurization of milk is a process of heating milk up to a specific temperature and holding

at that temperature for specific time in which pathogenic micro-organisms kill. Not only the

killing of micro- organism is necessary, but the amount of energy used to move the product

to the pasteurization temperature is also need to be considered. The milk dairy processes are

fast growing business but high energy cost is a serious problem. Major emphasis of the

research is to utilize the waste heat of the process which otherwise goes to the atmosphere

and result in energy loss. Therefore, a continuous milk pasteurizer was designed to conserve

the energy by using regenerative heat exchanger. Regenerative heat exchanger allows the

cooled raw milk to absorb heat from pasteurized milk so as to cool down the hot milk and

pre-heat the cooled milk. Double pipe heat exchanger (counter flow) was designed to

conserve the energy as both pipes contain milk at different temperature. This pre-cooling

and pre-heating result in the conservation of energy. Continuous hot water at 950C was

supplied to heat the milk using water bath. Cooling of milk was done using latent heat of

ice. HTST process is used to make the process continuous. This result in a short time

required to achieve the pasteurization. Shell and tube heat exchanger was used to take the

temperature to pasteurization temperature. This heat exchanger was proven to be very good

to achieve pasteurization temperature. To avoid the heat loss in pasteurization process, pipes

were insulated with glass wool which is the best insulating material. The performance

evaluation was done by calculating the amount of heat conserved or saved during the

pasteurization and was found 125.73 kJ/kg. To ensure the pasteurization, negative

phosphatase test was applied. After pasteurization, the shelf life study of milk was done by

keeping different parameters like pH, COB, Fat separation and specific gravity etc. It was

concluded that continuous milk pasteurizer is most efficient pasteurizer by conserving the

energy and also the milk can be preserved for 4-5 days without change in pH and acidity.

Also, as the process is continuous, therefore less time consuming to achieve pasteurization.

Keywords: Pasteurization; energy conservation; HTST.


(November 08-09, 2016)

95

Establishing sustainable cities: A strategic illumination to improve urban food

security and encourage healthy societies

Hafiz Ihsan-ul-Haq Khan1,*, Abdul Nasir1, Syed Hamid Hussain Shah2, Imran

Shauket1, Umar Farooq1, Azlan Zahid3, Muhammad Ali3, Muhammad Muzammil2,

Mohsin Noor1 1Department of Structures and Environment Engineering, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad-Pakistan 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan



Abstract

Global population will reach up to 9.6 billion by 2050 and there would be an urgent need to

explore new techniques of making urban areas more sustainable and environment friendly.

Green infrastructure (green walls, roofs etc.) and urban agriculture (growing food in city) is

an economically and environmentally valuable approach, a new concept for water

management and natural resources protection. Green infrastructure is helpful to improve

urban water quality, reduce air pollution, improve community health, boost urban aesthetics

and safety, produce green collar jobs and contribution to urban food security. To make these

excellences of life and health benefits easily and rapidly available to urban people, it is

indispensable that leaders should remove both legal and policy barriers for the

implementation of green infrastructure projects in new and also in existing cities. Increased

public financing and other inducements are also necessary. Furthermore, legal structures

that promote green solutions must be put in place. Lastly, awareness and responsiveness of

green infrastructure solutions among policy makers and public must be highlighted so that

our nation's more worried urban population may realize the benefits that such solutions

yield.

Keywords: Green infrastructures; urban food security; sustainability; policy solution.


(November 08-09, 2016)

96

Evaluation and optimization of a solar pumping system in Pakistan

Adil Majeed1,*, Faizan Majeed2, Anjum Munir3 1Solar Energy Research Center, Dalarna University, Sweden

2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences and Technology,

Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan 3Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,

Pakistan


Abstract

Pakistan is rich with potential of solar water pumping having huge amount of solar

radiations all over the country. The present work aims to do a system evaluation of

monitored solar water pumping system and optimization of the system at the Punjab

District, Pakistan. Performance evaluation of PV powered water pumping unit was carried

out for different solar irradiance, ambient temperatures, water head and tilt angles of PV

array. The flow from pump started at irradiance of 100W/m² and flow rate was 0.5m³/hr.

The discharge increased with increase of solar irradiance and become constant at irradiance

level of 600W/m2 and flow rate was 2.95m³/hr. The further increase of irradiance had no

effect on flow rate and discharge from pump remained constant. However, the increase of

radiation also caused the rise of temperature which had adverse effect on voltage production

from PV module. The ambient temperature affected the flow rate, when temperature

increases performance also increases but after 300˚C rise of temperature causes the low

performance of pump. The pumping head effect on flow on flow rate, when head was

adjusted at 22m then discharge from pump was 2.5m³/hr (seven-day average), further

increased of head causes low flow rate, when head was 30m the flow rate is 1.5m³/hr. At

fixed head 22m and irradiance 500 W/m², the tilt angle effect on flow rate from pump was

observed. Maximum performance achieved at the tilt angle was equal to site latitude. The

simulation of pumping unit with PVSYST model was done. And the system evaluation was

done by comparing the monitored data and simulated data with PVSYST software. The

study found the main influential parameters of the system performance and suggested

measures for optimization.

Keywords: Solar water pumping; irrigation; renewable energy; PVSYST.


(November 08-09, 2016)

97

Energy saving through non-thermal processing tomato pulp

Abdul Moiz1,*, Abid Hussain1, Muhammad Iqbal1, Umer Maqsood1, Muhammad Usman

Khan2 1Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-

Pakistan


Abstract

Pakistan facing the significant energy crises as well as post harvest losses like other

developing countries. Demand of energy has been increased in food industry sector with the

increase of population. Energy efficient Food processing machinery is one of the most

important contributor that can reduce the post harvest losses in the food sector.The tomato is

one of the major cash crop of Pakistan with a potential to produce 26.840 tons/ha. The

remarkable feature of this commodity is its regular consumption in the fresh form and

processed type all over the world. There are numerous techniques for tomato processing,

including heat procesing methods and innovative food engineering technologies. Cold

pulping is one of the best choices that completely eradicate initial thermal pulping energy.

There is an adequate span of investigation to establish trouble-free machine by modification

to previous cold tomato Pulper, which may operate in ambient conditions to separate pulp;

seed and skin (peel) from fresh tomato avoiding thermal treatment. To achieve this target,

an effort was made to improve and modify the existing indigenous the cold tomato pulping

machine which can help to determine various mechanisms to establish the machine

parameters for the cold pulping of tomato. Since there is an energy crisis in Punjab,

consequently, thermal heating of tomatoes should be diminished, which otherwise will

increase costs due to heating of tomato at 70°C to unpeel the tomato. This energy saving

pulping machine will not only save energy, but will also conserve seed viability and the

bioactive antioxidant compounds.

Keywords: Non-thermal processing; cold tomato pulper; pulp process; energy saving.



(November 08-09, 2016)

98

Role of rural bioenergy in the energy sector of developing countries

Shahbaz Nasir Khan1,*, Muhammad Usman khan1, Muhammad Rizwan Khan2

1Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, USA 2Institue of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-


Abstract

The world future is directly related to the energy resources. In the developing countries

major portion of the population is living in the rural areas and bioenergy is considered as the

major source of energy, sharing its part around 15 % and 38 % in worlds and developing

countries respectively. Some of the developing countries are producing more than 90 %

bioenergy from rural sources. Exponential growth in industries in developing countries at

the time of limiting fossil fuel reserves have shifted the paradigm towards rural bioenergy.

The developed countries have already started working on developing modern and efficient

technologies for making biofuels, which are becoming competitor with fossil fuels.

Presently, the major focus is on the renewable energy alternatives in the developing

countries which can be future saving for the countries with limited fossil fuel reserves.

Rural areas could be benefited directly from bioenergy produced locally without taking care

of the factors associated with the fossil fuels like accessibility to remote locations and cost.

Renewable energy can facilitate in economic and social development in rural communities

unless projects are designed with proper planning and local input. In comparison rural

bioenergy is low cost solution with the other renewable energy sources like solar or wind

sources. It can be concluded from the discussion above that rural bioenergy could offer no.

of benefits like sustainability, ecofriendly, rural sector development and social structure.

Keywords: Rural bioenergy; fossil fuels; biofuels; sustainability.


(November 08-09, 2016)

99

Energy efficiency in lighting

M. Owais Manzoor1,*, Anjum Munir1, Umar Farooq1, M. Usman Khan1 1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan


Abstract

Energy efficiency is the basic block for all architectures, designers and lighting

professionals. From the threat of climate change and global warming to combustion of fossil

fuels along with the sustainability and availability of energy supplies as well as rapidly

increasing costs; efficient use of energy is second to none. This approach must be balanced

against the need for well-lit environment to ensure the productivity, well-being, safety and

health of the people it serves. This means that the issue of energy efficiency in lighting

should be approached by taking into account all the elements contributing to the design and

operation in a robust manner. The importance of exploring total chain between electricity

and illumination required for the specific situation means using the right lighting products in

a specific way. In a period of considerable changes and advances, both in lighting

technologies and in the area of lighting standards and regulations, the research on energy

efficiency and quality of lighting seems to be a interesting subject in both indoor and

outdoor lighting operations. To reduce energy consumption for lighting there are usually

three possibilities suggested: a greater use of day lighting combined with better controls on

electric lighting, the development of more energy efficient lighting technologies and a

change in the lighting design approach and standards. The research projects on energy

efficiency in lighting will consider the different aspects which influence the energy

consumption for lighting in both indoor and outdoor environments. For indoor

environments the challenge now is to address more critically the design, operation and

specification of electric lighting in combination with the design of the building for as long

as daylight is available. For outdoor environments the challenge is mainly concerned with

the adoption of advanced energy efficient lighting and control technologies.

Keywords: Energy efficiency; lighting; energy consumption; energy efficient buildings.


(November 08-09, 2016)

100

Solar energy driven liquid desiccant cooling systems

Naeem Saddique1,*, M. Irfan Asim1, M. Muzammil1, Aamir Saeed2, Umar Farooq3 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan


Pakistan

3Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture

Faisalabad, Pakistan; *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Solar energy is a sustainable source of energy with its availability harmonizing the demand

for air-conditioning. Solar thermal has emerged as an important field for progress, as it

provides opportunities for polygeneration including power, process heat, heating & cooling,

desalination of water etc. It can be used for direct generation of steam/ hot water and

cooling in several different configurations depending on the climatic conditions and

application. Heat sorption technologies are good alternatives to common vapor compression

systems for heat absorption. To improve indoor air quality (IAQ) and for large latent load

requirements out of the diverse sorption technologies, desiccant sorption systems are

appropriate. The main energy required for such kind of system is low grade thermal energy

for the regeneration of desiccants. Liquid desiccants are preferred over the solid ones due to

amalgamation of solar collector cum regenerator and easy handling of regenerated

desiccant. However, these have the limitations of corrosion, crystallization and carryover.

The desiccant solution can also be regenerated in an open type solar collector cum

regenerator. The absorber used in this technology is an indirect contact mass and heat

exchanger. This removes the carryover of desiccant droplet with the supply air stream,

unless it ruptures. Experimental studies have been conducted using Lithium Chloride (LiCl)

solution as desiccant. Two dimensionless parameters - moisture effectiveness- enthalpy and

the moisture removal rate are taken as the performance indicator of the absorber and the

desorber. The coefficient of performance (COP) of this system depends strongly on the

system configuration and climatic conditions. Few potential configurations of liquid

desiccant cooling systems have been explored. The presentation will highlight the

challenges and prospects of developing the desiccant technology.

Keywords: Polygeneration; desalination; desiccant sorption; solar collector; enthalpy.



(November 08-09, 2016)

101

Vibration amplitude increases due to ingression of foreign particles in the

compressor

Nisar Ahmed1,*, Syed Amjad Ahmed Shah2

Mechanical Engineering NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract The high vibration issues rise when the upsets occur at wellheads of gas fields, when the

water, oil and solid particulates carried out with the gas and flow through the pipeline

towards industry then there is also rust present inside of the pipeline walls and the ferrous

particles also flows with the gas. As we know that the compressors are designed for the dry

gas only, not for solid particles or moisture contents. These kind of particles are dangerous

for the machines which are highly sensitive so the gas before going into the compressor, it

passes through the filters and knockout drums for the filtration and removal of solid

particulates and moisture contents from the gas, first comes into knockout drum there is the

“impingement" plate installed which breaks the velocity of the gas flow and after breaking

of velocity the heavy particles from the gas drops down and then it goes to filters and the

small particles and moisture contents removed then it sent to compressor. When the sludge

carried out with the feed gas, it contains Fe2O3 particles (from pipe line), insoluble

particles, moisture, oil & silica (SiO2). Elements which chock the filters are silica, moisture

& oil. Due to chocking, suction starvation occurs at compressor. Due to suction starvation,

vacuum is created and ferrous, insoluble particles torn the filters. Several times, filters were

being replaced and this issue occurred repeatedly. So, research work had done how to

prevent the filters from sludge for long lasting life. Cartridge filters were being replaced by

“Pulse-clean filters”. And “Cyclone separator” introduced after a research. Pulse-clean

filters for huff & puff system are capable of containing some extent of sludge contamination

and after an interval of time, can spit it out. So, by using these filters and modifying the

filters with cyclone separator, the life of filters can be extended and to get rid of this issue

which causes high vibration at compressor after damaging filters.

Keywords: Vibration; gas fields; sludge; filters; compressor; pulse-clean filters; cyclone

separator.


(November 08-09, 2016)

102

The innovative approach to overcome the drinking water shortage problem in

arid regions of the world

Muhammad Muzammil1,*, Lubna Anjum1, Muhammad Arshad1, Azlan Zahid2,

Muhammad Ali2 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

2Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

About 768 Million people around the world have not easy access to the safe water. About

the 1500 hundreds children under the age of five die due to the water borne dieses. A warka

water technology has capability to fulfils the needs of the peoples living in the rural areas. A

prototype warka water collect the potable water from the air by the process of the

condensation. The specific type of the fabric used to pick up the water with maximum

efficiency. It is easily erected in less than a week by using biodegradable material. A 30 feet

tall prototype warka water tower can provide about the 100 litres of water per day. Its

effectiveness may be increased if it installed in desert, where the temperature range be huge.

Its costs about 500 dollars, but it could be reduced further when the local technicians and

operators will get necessary know to how.

Keywords: Safe water; water borne diseases; warka; potable water.


(November 08-09, 2016)

103

Comparative study of Cultivated Brassica Genotypes for yield related traits

with a focus of Bio-diesel Production potential under water stress condition

Muhammad Azam Khan*, Saira Abdul Aziz, Ehsan Ali, Saima Mirza, Habib ur

Rehman, Muhammad Tayyab, Hassan Haroon

Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Energy sector is an area of extensive research worldwide and the hunt for renewable energy

sources is the key focus both in developed and developing countries. Fossil fuels are

running out of supply and unable to meet the demand of ever increasing population. So

there is a dire need to explore new avenues of energy. Bio-fuels obtained from crop biomass

offer an alternate energy source as crops harvest sunlight to produce energy rich

compounds. Brassica species are oil based crops that are capable to grow on marginal lands

with low inputs. Despite of growing on marginal lands they have the potential to produce

high oil yields. It is reported that Brassica species have an oil content range of 33-45%.

Current study is based on growing Brassica types for oil yield potential aiming at bio-diesel

production. Three cultivated verities i.e. Aari Canola, Faisal Canola, Raya Anmol were

obtained from Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad and UAF-11 was

obtained from University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. These genotypes were sown in Rabi

season 2015-16 following RCBD design with three replications. After sowing three

irrigations were applied to control and only one irrigation was applied to drought

component of experiment. The data for Morphological traits i.e. plant height, number of

plants per square meter, number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per

pod, 1000 grain weight and oil yield was recorded. Significant variations were observed for

all the traits under study. In control experiment Raya Anmol exhibited highest values for the

traits viz. plant height and main branches while secondary branches and number of pods per

plant were equally good in Raya Anmol and Aari canola. Chlorophyll contents were higher

both in Raya Anmol and Faisal Canola but plants per square meter were highest in Faisal

Canola. Oil contents were highest in UAF-11 while lowest in Aari Canola. In drought

component of experiment Raya Anmol performed best for plant height, secondary branches,

number of pods per plant and chlorophyll contents while number of plants per square meter

were highest in Aari Canola. UAF-11 born highest number of seeds per pod and 1000 grain

weight both in control and water stress conditions. High oil yield is most desirable

component of experiment as it is directly related to amount of biodiesel to be produced. In

this experiment UAF-11 and Raya Anmol have higher oil yields not only under drought

stress but also in comparison to other genotypes at both irrigation levels. The results suggest

that non canola types i.e Raya Anmol and UAF-11 proved their worth to be used as energy

feedstock among genotypes under study for biodiesel production. These genotypes can be

grown on marginal lands with low inputs and after further genetic improvement, have

ability to be used as viable energy feedstock for biodiesel production in future.

Keywords: Biodiesel; brassica; 1000 grain weight; oil yield.



(November 08-09, 2016)

104

Utilization of tomato waste for generation of electricity

Abdul Moiz1,*, Eyad Damara2, Mohammad Ali Shariati3, Muhammad Aslam Mughal4 1Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

2Department of the Science of Agriculture Food And Environment, University in Foggia,

Italy 3All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow, Russia 4 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy


Abstract

In Pakistan, significant burden of waste tomatoes from agri-food industries have negative

effects on the environment and economic loss as well. Characterization of these residues

shows their potential suitable for their electricity generation in microbial-electrochemical

systems (MESs). The impedance behavior of wasted tomatoes was observed in microbial-

electrochemical systems (MESs) and its spectra of impedance compared with soluble

substrates like dextrose, acetate and wastewater. The waste tomatoes have superior

execution with compared to pure substrates under the series of AC and DC diagnostic tests.

During this research activity it was found that tomato based microbial-electrochemical

systems (MESs), which function by saddling the electrons produced when bacteria

decompose organic matter, hold potential for generating electric power. The results of

cyclic voltammetry come with an indication of the active role of indigenous resources,

though the overall electricity production extremely depend of diffusible redox-active

pigments in the wasted tomatoes. According to the results of Electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy the most significant contribution made by peel and seed on the oxidation

behavior of wasted tomatoes will be able to produce electricity.

Keywords: Tomato waste; microbial-electrochemical system; impedance; voltammetry.



(November 08-09, 2016)

105

Identification of renewable energy sources: only possible way for sustainable

agriculture

Faisal Shahzad1,*, Azlan Zahid2, Abdul Ghafoor2 1Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan



Abstract

Agriculture is the backbone of country for providing food security in Pakistan. In

agriculture, the major source of energy is coming from fossil fuels which is resulting

greenhouse gas emissions thus causing climate change issues. These environmental

damages can be mitigated using innovative and environmental friendly renewable energy

sources viz. solar, wind, tidal, biomass, biogas, mini/micro hydel, geo-thermal energy,

biofuels and tidal energy. and wave generated power. Farmer communities can be

encouraged to subsidies the use of renewable energy technology. The concept of sustainable

agriculture relates with the balance amount of inputs and energy supply for maximizing net

crop productivity and income. It is therefore dire need to explore and promote renewable

energy for sustainable agriculture in Pakistan. Solar energy can be successfully employed in

ground water pumping, solar drying to reduce moisture of the products, post-harvesting

processes, greenhouse technologies. In remote agricultural lands, underground fitted

submersible solar PV operated water pumps are viably used and also considered as eco-

friendly option in comparison with a diesel generator. In case of adverse climatic conditions

for plants grown in clod climatic zones, there is a need for renewable energy technology

like greenhouse for maintaining optimum plant ambient temperature for growth of plants,

fruits and vegetables. The economics in employing greenhouses for growing of vegetables

and plants, the regular use of PV water pumps involved in maintaining sustainable

agriculture. The clean development can provide the industrialized countries with potential

of an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects for developing countries to achieve a

reducing trend in CO2 emission to a lowest possible extent. This explains a complete

training for contribution of RE in farming by integrating all aspects of agriculture with

ecology, economics, the environment and society.

Keywords: Sustainable agriculture; renewable energy; solar pumping; greenhouse

emissions.



(November 08-09, 2016)

106

Development and indigenization of solar assisted milk powder machine

Zuhair Qamar1,*, Anjam Munir2, Muhammad Zaman3, Kashif Mahmood4


Pakistan 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-

Pakistan 3Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

Corresponding Author’s Email:[email protected]

Abstract

Pakistan has been facing energy crisis from last few decades. The essential science relating

key substantial and efficient goods for solar assisted milk powder for plant operating

conditions is composite and mostly anonymous. Currently in the production of milk

powders, the main challenges were to reduce variations in the product properties and the

reduction of processing costs. We proposed a newly technique for drying milk powder by

using solar system after the simulation of CFD model. The manufacturing capability of the

proposed system is increased and the minimum fouling of equipment’s are observed in the

milk powder processing with minimum production losses and declination of energy

utilization. Quality control system is not implemented yet for the milk production

processing system. The computational fluid dynamics models (CFD) are found best for the

optimization of milk quality as they predict the effect of every plant variable for the

Nutritive values of milk. In the present study the CFD model is used for quality control

system and for the simulation and evolution of huge number of commercially used milk

powder while the solar system uses for drying the milk powder. Furthermore, spray driers

and pilot plant evaporator is used in this study for investing the characteristics of the spray

drying process. The CFD model was used to estimate the heat-mass transfer in the spray

dryer while its dimensions were calculated according to available solar energy. CFD model

in combination of the solar system has proven best for the drying process of milk powder.

Keywords: Milk powder machine; CFD model; quality control; pilot plant.


(November 08-09, 2016)

107

Designing of solar peltier refrigerator to determine the freezing time of the

droplets of different solutions

Zia Ahmad Chatha1, Syed Ahmad Raza Zaidi1,*, Shahzad Farooq1, Umer Farooq1,

Syed Nabeel Husnain2

1Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad


Abstract

Now a day, we have to face many problems such as energy crises and environment

dilapidation due to the increasing CO2 release and ozone layer depletion has become the

main alarm to both developed and developing countries. Our project utilizes the solar

energy for its operation. Solar refrigeration using thermoelectric module is going to be one

of the most cost effective, clean and environment friendly system. This project does not

need any kind of refrigerant and mechanical device like compressor, prime mover, etc for

its action. The main purpose of this project is to provide refrigeration to the distant areas

where power supply is not possible and also to determine the freezing time of droplets of

different solutions to develop a new technique of freeze encapsulation for food and other

applications. We designed and constructed a peltire refrigerator with an interior cooling

volume of 3.45 cubic meters (1.5m x 1.0m x 2.3m). The peltier refrigerator was equipped

with on/off control which was found to be adequate to meet the required precision of +/- 15

degrees Celsius put forth in the project requirements. One liter of water was placed inside

the cooler to test the performance of the device. We tested the maximum performance of the

device by cooling a sample down to -5 degrees Celsius. Temperature control was also tested

by cooling droplets of different solutions from room temperature down to -5 degrees

Celsius. On/off control was found to give adequate performance and we met or exceeded all

of our project requirements.

Keywords: Refrigeration; peltier effect; thermo-electric module; solar energy;

encapsulation.


(November 08-09, 2016)

108

Energy efficiency analysis of wheat crop under different climate and soil

based irrigation schedules

Rubina Ansari1,*, Hafiz Ihsan Khan2, Usman Liaqat1, Sumra Mushtaq1 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

2Department of Structure and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Use of energy in agriculture sector directly or indirectly has been intensified to increase

crop production to fulfill the food demand of the growing population. Considering the

energy and water scarcity in Pakistan, the present study was carried out to assess wheat

production efficiency with regard to energy consumption. For the purpose, a field

experiment was conducted at Water Management Research Centre (WMRC), University of

Agriculture Faisalabad to compare two irrigation scheduling techniques (climatic and soil

moisture based) and farmer’s practice. All the inputs except volume of irrigation water were

same for all treatments. Energy equivalents (extracted from scientific source) were used to

calculate energy balance and indices (Energy use efficiency, Energy Productivity (kg MJ-1),

specific energy (MJ.kg-1), Net energy (MJ ha-1) and Water productivity (kg m-3)). Results

shows that the soil moisture based treatment (at 30% MAD) gave 7.94% and 27.94% more

yield compared to climate based treatment’s (20 mm CPE) and farmer’s practice

respectively. The pumping water for irrigation was the highest energy consumption input

for wheat production after chemical fertilizers. Soil moisture and climate based treatments

saved 33.72% and 35.72% energy respectively due to water saving over farmer practice.

The highest net energy (78855.35 MJ ha-1), energy use efficiency (4.643011), energy

productivity (0.200964 kg MJ-1) and water productivity (1.875 kg m-3) was achieved with

soil moisture based irrigation schedule at 30% MAD however highest specific energy

(7.097692 MJ.kg-1) was achieved with farmer practice.

Keywords: Energy; climate; soil moisture.


(November 08-09, 2016)

109

Optimization of biomass briquettes from different crops residue and the

development of a biomass compacting system

Hafiz M. Safdar, Abdul Nasir , Faizan-Ul-Haq Khan, Haroon Rasheed, Mohsin Noor,

Umer Farooq, Imran Shaukat and Hafiz Ihsan-Ul-Haq

Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture



Abstract

Biomass (mainly crops residue) is available in Pakistan almost everywhere in the country. It

is reported that about 225,000 tonnes of biomass from different crops is generated in

Pakistan on daily basis. Diverse type of biomass is available round the year depending on

crop type, season, location, agriculture machinery used, trend of the local people to utilize

the biomass etc. It is present in huge amount and it is very difficult to handle this

heterogeneous material. Utilization of this massive source of energy in a better way is need

of the hour. There is requisite to produce briquettes having different ratios of diverse crop

residues, not only depending on their availability but also having high breaking strength and

higher energy contents value. Locally available crops residue like wheat straw, rice husk,

maize straw, cotton sticks are to be ground before briquettes formation. Optimization on the

basis of burning characteristics like calorific value, burning rate and exhaust gases analysis

may lead to the energy solution to some extent. It is required to develop biomass

compacting machines which really work according to our environmental conditions. In this

regard, department of Structures and Environmental Engineering has taken the initiative to

develop an indigenous piston press biomass compacting machine to manufacture the 60 mm

diameter briquetting rods with the above mentioned heterogeneous crops residue funded by

the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. A shredder to decrease the size of the crop

residue to 8mm - 12mm is also prepared for input material to the machine.

Keywords: Biomass; briquetting machine; optimization; energy contents.



(November 08-09, 2016)

110

POSTER

PRESENTATIONS


(November 08-09, 2016)

111

Biodiesel production by using different feedstocks

Sana Sadaf*, Javed Iqbal, Ehsan Ali

Punjab Bio-Energy Institute (PBI), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

The current energy crisis has compelled the scientists and researchers to explore alternate

energy resources which are renewable, sustainable and environment friendly. Biodiesel has

become an attractive option as alternate transportation fuel due to its compatibility with

existing vehicle engines. No engine modification is required for using biodiesel. Punjab

Bio-Energy Institute is a newly established institute and Bio-analytical Chemistry

laboratory is mainly focusing on the utilization of different feedstocks for biodiesel

production. For this purpose, the research work was conducted with mustard oil as a 1st

generation feedstock and we have successfully obtained 98 % biodiesel yield. Among 2nd

generation feedstocks, we have utilized waste cooking oil and insect biomass. Waste

cooking oil was successfully converted into good quality biodiesel which meets all the

ASTM standards with 94 % yield. Now our group is focusing on utilization of some insects

with high lipid content for use as a source of biodiesel. Extensive research work on

microalgae is also in progress. We have collected different algae samples from different

locations in Faisalabad and Kallar Kahar Lake, Chakwal. We have successfully isolated 5

microalgae strains from these collections and now we are working on large scale algae

cultivation. We are using different growth media for algae cultivation and our main focus is

to find some economic growth media suitable for cultivation on large scale. We are also

working to explore the potential of isolated strains as a source of biodiesel. Since so far, we

have established good infrastructure for lab scale studies and we are hopeful that we will

establish the pilot scale set up very soon.

Keywords: Biodiesel; 1st generation feedstock; 2nd generation feed stock; 3rd generation

feedstock; pilot scale studies.




(November 08-09, 2016)

112

Fabrication and performance evaluation of solar tunnel dryer

Bushra Sana Idress, Ayesha Israr, Yasir Jamil*, Imran Shaukat, Hafeez Anwar,

Ramiza, Iqra Aslam

Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

In this research the fabrication and performance of a solar tunnel dryer has been

investigated. The performance of the dryer is analysed by varying different parameters and

their effect on inner temperature and base temperatures has been studied for different values

of ambient temperature. The performance of dryer for drying of the various food items like

onion, chillies and mangoes etc. has been studied. A comparison between time and inner

temperature, ambient and base temperatures of the moisture removed by the solar tunnel

dryer and open sun for various food items shows that the moisture removed in solar tunnel

dryer is significantly higher as compared to the open sun drying. In case of the onion for the

prepared weight of 103 gm, the moisture removed in solar tunnel dryer is 79% and by the

open sun dryer is 44% and likewise in other food items. The food items dried in solar tunnel

dryer takes less time than the open sun and maintain their properties like colour, taste,

flavour. It is very effective for small scale food preservation. The solar tunnel dryer is

economically quite favourable than the open sun or an electric dryer which makes it very

effective for drying purposes.

Keywords: Dehydrator; solar heating; dryer; food preservation.


(November 08-09, 2016)

113

Effective use of solar energy in the synthesis of nanostructured material

Tamveel Mujahid, Yasir Jamil*, Urva, Memoona Naz, Hafeez Anwar, Yasir Javed,

Bushra Chand Rana, Ayesha Younis and Zia ul Haq

Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by utilizing solar energy. Zinc sulphate was

mixed with sodium hydroxide solution in appropriate ratios. The final solution was exposed

to solar radiation in place of usual digestion under isothermal static conditions. The

formation of ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed using X-ray diffraction analysis of the

synthesized samples. The solar irradiation resulted in the formation of single phase. The

particle size was estimated using the line broadening of the characteristic peaks by applying

Scherer’s formula. The samples were also synthesized using conventional methods. The

calculated experimental values of particle sizes were found to be 27.69, 27.73, 27.75, and

27.79 by drying through electric oven, solar cone cooker, solar dehydrator and solar oven.

The comparison of analyzed data shows that solar irradiation can be an effective alternative

of conventional oven heating for the synthesis of nanomaterials.

Keywords: Solar irradiation; nanomaterials; solar digestion.


(November 08-09, 2016)

114

Usage of biogas plant in socio-economic community development of district

Faisalabad

Nabeela Farah*, Izhar Ahmad Khan, Naveed Farah

Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture


Abstract

In developing countries, the households of rural areas mainly dependent on agricultural

residues, wood and animals dung to fulfill their energy demand. 2.4 billion people from all

over the world rely on it and half of its part covered from south Asian countries in which

Pakistan majorly included. The use of biomass in cooking and heating directly related with

health hazards. Animal’s dung which use in biogas plant produces purified energy for rural

households in various communities. Transformation of biomass traditional use into modern

and cleaner use (biogas plant) improving the domestic environment, increasing health

status, saving time and uplifting standard of living of rural people. In this way a study was

conducted in rural areas of district Faisalabad which aim to identify the usage of biogas

plant in socio-economic community development. For this purpose, a cross sectional survey

was conducted in rural areas of District Faisalabad for data collection. The sampling was

consisted on four stages. The total sample size of respondents was 80. A questionnaire was

developed in the light of research objectives. Data were collected with the help of an

interview schedule. Field work activities were done by the researcher herself. Descriptive

analysis was used to describe the socio-economic development. Chi square and Gamma

tests were applied to examine the relationship between independent and dependent

variables. It is come to the conclusion that biogas plant works without health hazard effects

in which mainly included lungs and heart disease, allergies and burning issues and it gives

50% better quality in heating and cooking. There was found the improved domestic

environment by the use of biogas plant in various communities where research was

conducted. Biogas plant also puts the energy from unsustainable to stainable form and

simply raises efficiency of fuel which expels lot of smoke and heat.

Keywords: Biomass; biogas; energy; hazards; efficiency; sustainable.


(November 08-09, 2016)

115

Synthesis and Characterization of CuO nanoparticles and its applications in

solar cells

Saira Saeed, Muhammad Yaseen*, Asima Rashid

Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan


Abstract

Copper oxide (CuO) is a p-type semiconductor with thin band gap and low electrical

resistance values. CuO nanoparticles are well-known because of their various applications

in solar cells, nanofluids, superconductors, photocatalytic degradation, optical, biosensors,

electrical, gas sensors and in catalysis. In current research, the precipitation method was

used to prepare CuO nanoparticles. The structural characterization, morphology and optical

properties of the synthesized materials were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction technique,

Scanning electron microscope and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. CuO nanoparticles with

monoclinic crystalline structure were verified by XRD spectrum. SEM results showed that

the CuO nanoparticles were systematically distributed and spherical in shape. The results of

UV-Vis spectrophotometer revealed that the band gap of CuO nanoparticles was found to be

2.6 eV. The particle size calculated by using Sharrer’s formula was found to be ≈14.54 nm

and it was intensely depended upon calcination temperature and reaction time. We also

show that the as-prepared CuO nanorod arrays are promising hole-transport media of dye-

sensitized hetero-junctions for solar energy conversion.

Keywords: Cuo; nanoparticles; solar cells; XRD.


(November 08-09, 2016)

116

Effect of doping on the structural and optical properties of Zinc Oxide for

energy applications

Muhammad Irfan Hussain, Rabia Arshad, Yasir Javed*, Yasir Jamil, Muhammad

Yaseen

Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Nanoparticles based on ZnO has their own vast area of applications such as gas sensors,

optical and electrical devices, solar cells and many more. ZnO nanocrystals belong to

wurtzite structure, showing hexagonal unit cell and P63mc space group. At nanoscale,

subsitition of a pure material atoms drives the properties of the nanoparticles drastically.

Therefore, doped material has gained an increased research due to their ehnhanced

properties and their emerging applications in bio- photonics, LED and laser etc. The

synthesis of these doped nanomaterials demonstrated much more better efficiency as

compare to conventionally employ macroscopic particles/pure one type of nanoparticles

focusing on this view. In present research work, We try to enhance the ZnO nanoparticles’

effiencey for solar cells and other energy related applciations. For this purpose, metal (Fe,

Al) doped ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method. In this method

clear and homogeneous metal doped ZnO precipitates were obtained. Various quality

assurance tests including XRD, UV- visible spectrophotometer and SEM techniques were

employed for its necessary characterization. X-ray diffraction shows well define and sharp

peaks for metal doping in ZnO and doped materials. SEM analysis has been done to observe

the morphology of the nanostructures. The UV-Vis spectrometer studies show peaks around

typical ZnO band of 380 nm.

Keywords: Doping; structural and optical properties; zinc oxide; energy applications.


(November 08-09, 2016)

117

Theoretical investigation of electronic and optical properties of Mn doped

CdS

Maryam Zia, Tehreem Naik, Muhammad Yaseen*

Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Manganese doped Cadmium Sulfide semiconductors have many exclusive and important

chemical and physical properties. Nanocrystals of cadmium sulfide play an extraordinary

role in preparation of many electronic devices like field emitters, photoconductors and

quantum dot laser. They are being used in solar cell applications. Various experimental and

theoretical inspections have been executed on these compounds. The implementation of Mn

on CdS influenced the electronic and optical properties of CdS. In this proposed work, we

discussed and investigated the effect of doping on these properties theoretically. The

computation on Mn doped CdS compounds are executed through full potential-linearized

augmented plane waves and local-orbital’s (FP-LAPW+lo) using the Wien 2k code which is

a fundamental way for the solution of the Kohn–Sham equations specified by density

functional theory (DFT).

Keywords: Electronic and optical properties; Mn doped CdS; DFT.

[email protected]


(November 08-09, 2016)

118

Designing and fabrication of a forced convection hot box

Suniya Iftikhar*, Kh. Altaf Hussain, Kiran Khurshid, Amna Amir Rana Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan


Abstract

The design and construction of a hot box was aimed to determine quality warming of

eatables. The research work was done to design and fabricate a forced convection hot box

by incorporating a blower and interlock switch. The assembling techniques and handling of

the equipment for optimum usage are detailed. The AUTOCAD design, pictorial views and

dimensions for its mass production are placed. The forced convection hot-box was put to

test in order to determine its functionality and effectiveness through some food items and

heat transfer coefficient, power calculation and cost estimation were done. It is energy

efficient as it operates at 500W whereas other forced convection ovens consume 1600W.

Therefore, it can be deduced that the designed hot-box is efficient and thus effective when

compared with other available units.

Keywords: Hot box; blower; AutoCad; heat transfer coefficient; power calculation.


(November 08-09, 2016)

119

Extractive desulfurization of coal by deep eutectic solvents

Naila Hameed1, Muhammad Zahid1,*, Nasir Saqib2, Zubera Naseem1, Asif Hanif1 1Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

2Coal Technology Section,Mineral Processing Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories

Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore -54600, Pakistan

Corresponding Auther’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are similar to the ionic liquid (IL) because they share various

properties and characteristics with ionic liquids. The presence of sulfur compounds in coal

restricts its industrial application mainly due to environmental impacts. In present research

work, various deep eutectic solvents were prepared by heating and evaporating methods,

and applied for the desulphurization of coal. The DES has been prepared using

combinations of choline chloride with urea, malic acid and glycerol. The coal samples were

obtained from the coal mines situated in the Chakwal (sample A) and Khushab (sample B)

districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The sulphur contents (sulphate sulphur, pyritic sulphur,

organic sulphur and total sulphur) determination were carried out according to ASTM

International standard methods (D-2492, D-3177) for the samples before and after the

extraction. The calorific values have also been determined and compared before and after

desulphurization. The sulphate, pyritic and organic sulphur contents are 0.7 %. 2.06% and

0.18% sample A, respectively. The sulphate, pyritic and organic sulphur contents are 0.08

%, 1.26 % and 0.21 % sample B, respectively. The total sulphur contents for the sampple A

and Sample-B have been determined by following Eschka method, and are found to be 0.18

and 0.23 %, respectively. The extractive desulphurization of coal samples is carried out

using DESs and is done by maceration, ultra-sonic assisted and microwave assisted

extraction. It has been observed that the sulphur contents has been removed considerably

(upto 70 %) by applying choline chloride and maleic acid mixture (2:1) for both the samples

A and samples B. The calorific values (before sulphur extraction) are found 3,598 Kcal/Kg

and 5,185 Kcal/Kg for sample-A and sample B, respectively. It has been observed that there

is negligible change in the calorific values after extractive desulphurization using different

DESs. This study has shown that the DESs are potential candidates for the desulphurization

of the coal.

Keywords: Deep eutectic solvent; desulphurization; coal; calorific values.


(November 08-09, 2016)

120

Water energy and food linkages with sustainable agricultural development

future challenges and prospectus

Saliha Mehboob1,*, Saima Nazir1 1University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-campus Burewala-Vehari, Pakistan


Abstract

Water, Energy and food are essential for agro-ecological system and for sustainable

agricultural development. Trends in availability of natural resources show that freshwater,

energy and food are experiencing significant stress and shortfalls. Increasing agricultural

productivity, the pressure of population growth, economic development, urbanization,

culture and technological changes anticipate the increasing demand of these resources. The

significant quantity of water is used in food production for irrigation, forestry, and fishery

along the entire agri-food supply chain and is also used for energy processing activities. As

demand grows, there is increasing competition for resources between water, energy,

agriculture, fisheries, livestock, forestry, mining, transport and other sectors with

unpredictable impacts for livelihoods and the environment. The Water, Energy and food

linkages have rejuvenated the complex and interrelated nature of our global resource

system. In practical terms, it presents a conceptual approach to better understand and

systematically analyses the interactions between the natural environment and human

activities, and to work towards a more co-ordinated management and use of natural

resources across sectors and scales. This linkage will help to better understand the complex

and dynamic interrelationship between water, energy and food. This approach will help to

use and manage the limited resources sustainably and will help to understand the wider

implications for water, energy and food. The purposed research will be conducted at

Burewala, Pakistan.

Keywords: Urbanization; agricultural productivity; population growth; livestock.


(November 08-09, 2016)

121

Conversion from food waste to energy: future directions

Huda Farooq1,*, Komal Nida Khan2

1,2 University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub Campus Burewala-Vehari, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Food waste represents a significant fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). The amount

of MSW generated by the world is expected to grow much higher due to rapid urbanization,

industrialization and population growth, which is projected to reach 9.5 billion t/yr by 2050.

These wastes lead to a waste of resources used in food production and distribution,

including land, water, energy, fertilizers, pesticides, labor and capital. In recent years, it has

been recognized that food waste is an untapped resource with great potential for generating

energy. In Pakistan proper management and recycling of huge volumes of food waste is

required to reduce its environmental burdens and to minimize risks to human health.

Utilization of food waste for energy conversion currently represents a challenge due to

various reasons. These include its inherent heterogeneously variable compositions, high

moisture contents and low calorific value, which constitute an impediment for the

development of robust, large scale, and efficient industrial processes. Alternatively, food

waste can be converted to energy by using several methods. Food wastes can be converted

to ethanol by fermentation with ethanol producing microorganisms such as S. cerevisiae.

Technological option like Anaerobic Digestion (AD) can be used to break down the organic

matter into biogas, which can be burnt for heat and electricity production. Biological

treatment methods possess advantages such as simplicity and low capital cost. Among

thermal and thermochemical techniques, Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) is an attractive

option. HTC converts food waste into hydrochar and crude oil which can be considered as

easily stored energy-rich resources. Compared to other waste-to-energy conversion methods

using biological processes, HTC has various advantages including smaller treatment

footprints, greater waste volume reductions and no process-related odors. Additionally,

HTC reaction takes only a few hours compared to days or months needed for biological

processes. Furthermore, the high process temperature helps to eliminate pathogens and

inactivates other potential organic contaminants. The process results in the production of a

sterile, hygienic, easily stored and transported energy-rich resource. By using HTC in

Pakistan the heavy burden of food wastes can be reduced to a minimal level.

Keywords: Municipal solid waste; hydrothermal carbonization; hydrochar; energy.


(November 08-09, 2016)

122

Maximum power point tracking in solar energy system

Muhammad Usman Shahid Butt1, Abubaker Ijaz2,* 1Trainee Engineer, WASA Faisalabad-Pakistan

2School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The main purpose of this project is to design an inverter that is enabling the inversion of a

DC power source, supplied by Photovoltaic (PV) Cells, to an AC power source that will

either be used to supply a load or connected directly to the utility grid depending upon the

power output voltage. A separate microcontroller is used which is playing its role for this

automatic Power system operation. The system is controlled to operate at maximum

efficiency using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm. MPPT solar charge

controllers allow the solar panels to operate at their optimum power output voltage, hence

improving the overall performance of the system from 30-40% as compared to the

traditional PWM solar projects. Beside MPPT algorithm, a buck converter and power

booster is used that works in the event when the light intensity is low or due to cloudy

weather. The buck converter steps down the voltage hence activating the power booster and

gives 12-14 volts, which is enough to charge battery. Current transformer and potential

transformer (CT-PT) are also used for calculating current and voltage. The benefit of this

project is to give access to an everlasting and pollution free source of energy hence giving

the user the option to use the system in two possible operating modes; the stand alone mode

which is used to satisfy its needs, and the grid connected mode which is used to sell

electricity to utility when in excess; thus eliminating the need of battery storage.

Keywords: DC power; PV cells; MPPT; converter; CT-PT; battery.


(November 08-09, 2016)

123

Solar and wind 3-phase grid tie inverter

Muhammad Farhan Javed1,*, Makhdum Sarfraz2

+1MSEE, FAST, NUCES Faisalabad -Pakistan 2MS Engineering Project Management, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan


Abstract:

A grid tie inverter is a power inverter that converts Direct Current (DC) electricity into

Alternating Current (AC) with an ability to synchronize with a utility line. Its application is

to convert DC sources such as solar panels or small wind turbines into AC for tying with the

grid. Residence and business that have a grid tired electrical systems are permitted in many

countries to sell their energy to the utility grid. Electricity delivered can be compensated in

several ways. In Smart Metering System entity that owns the renewable energy power

sources receives compensation from the utility for its net outflow of power. For example, if

during a given month a power system feed 500 kilowatt-hours into grid and uses 150

kilowatt-hours from the grid, it would receive compensation for 350 kilowatt-hours. In

United States of America, these policies vary by jurisdiction. Another policy is a feed-in

tariff, where the producer is paid for every kilowatt delivered to the grid by a special tariff

based on a contract with Distribution Company or other power authority. A grid tie inverter

is a basic tool for all this working that converts the renewable source power into AC three

phase and enable it to interface/synchronize with the utility line. So, with the increasing

demand of electricity and with increased CO2 omission (global warming), grid tie inverter

plays an important role to promote environmental friendly renewable energy. Moreover, as

Pakistan is facing a huge power shortfall since many years’ utility must have an alternative

reliable power source solar or wind and be self-dependent in case of power production. In

that case, three phase grid tie inverter is the need of time.

Keywords: 3-phase grid tie inverter; solar energy; wind energy.


(November 08-09, 2016)

124

Bulk power transmission techniques in renewable energy: comparative analysis

between HVAC and HVDC

Muhammad Farhan Javed1,*, Usman Yousaf1

1MSEE, FAST, NUCES Faisalabad-Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract Electricity is the basic need of everyone and its demand is increasing day by day worldwide.

One the other hand, CO2 emission global warming is a big challenge for all the countries. In

that scenario, we have to meet the demand of electricity with a quit environment friendly

manner. Renewable energy (solar, wind, bio-fuel, geo thermal and hydro) is the best

solution. In renewable energy resources, we often have to transmit power over a long

distance from offshore power station to onshore grid. We transmit power in the form of high

voltage to reduce losses over a large distance. For this purpose, two techniques are used viz.

high voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC). In direct

current, we apply a constant electric current; while, as in alternating current scheme, the

voltage oscillates as a function of time-usually at the rate of 50 or 60 cycles per second.

Alternating current is the basic tool for industries and houses. Comparative analysis of these

two techniques in case of bulk transmission from offshore power plant to onshore grid

(more than 400 miles) promotes DC technique more. Long distances are technically

unreachable by HVAC line without intermediate reactive compensations. The frequency

and the intermediate reactive components cause stability problems in AC line. On the other

hand, HVDC transmission does not have the stability problem because of absence of the

frequency, and thus, no instance limitation. The cost per unit length of a HVDC line is

lower than that of HVAC line of the same power capability and comparable reliability, but

the cost of the terminal equipment of a HVDC line is much higher than that of the HVAC

line. The breakeven distance of overhead lines between AC and DC line is range from 500

km (310 miles) to 800 km (497 miles). The HVDC has less effect on the human and the

natural environment in general, which makes it environment friendly. Moreover, HVDC

transmission is preferable on HVAC due to many of its qualities like increase power

transmission capacity, decrease losses, environment friendly nature, less expensive and best

for integrating more intermittent form of renewable energy to the grid.

Keywords: HVDC; bulk power transmission; HVAC and HVDC; technical; environmental;

economical.


(November 08-09, 2016)

125

Development of 30W solar bag with wireless power transmission unit

Muhammad Farhan Javed1,*, Annus Hashmi2

1MSEE, FAST, NUCES Faisalabad-Pakistan 2MSEE, University of Gujarat, Pakistan


Abstract Our developed Prototype “30 W solar’’ can be used for solar energy through photovoltaic

(PV) cells to charge all kind of tablets, smart phones, Digital cameras and all types of

batteries without any wired connection to the device. It weighs less than 400 grams

excluding solar panels. Net Weight could be reduced to less than 800 grams by using

lightest foldable solar cells, Battery backup and solar panels of solar bag could be

increase/decrease according to the requirements. The estimated battery standby time is 120

minutes with 30 W load. After modification and advancement, it is very suitable for Army,

Mountain Climbers, Bike Riders, Workers and on the places with no electricity. This

Prototype “Wireless power transmission unit” is transferring Electricity Free from wires up

to the Distance of 1 ft with 45% efficiency, using “Resonant inductive coupling method” at

the frequency of 700 kHz. It can successfully transfer power through all kind of solids,

liquids, Gases and even through the living organisms without harming the tissues. After

modification and advancement our WPT unit could bring revolution for embedded medical

devices. It can be install as WPT unit in solar bag for the sake of future patients and doctors

need of charging their embedded medical devices like artificial heart, arms, legs, insulin

pumps etc. without wires and it will decrease the risk of infection caused due to the direct

penetration of wires.

Keywords: 30 W solar bag; charging; batteries; power transmission unit.


(November 08-09, 2016)

126

By using nano-fluid enhance the efficiency and decrease the corrosion in a

heat exchanger

Muhammad Ali1,*, Syed Amjad Ahmed Shah2

Mechanical Engineering NFC-IEFR Faisalabad affiliated with UET Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract

A recent work on anti-corrosive properties and enhanced heat transfer properties of

carboxylated water based nanofluids. The Sebacic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic

acid with a structure of (HOOC)(CH2)8(COOH) is a derivative of castor oil which can also

be used as lubricants. Water mixed with sebacic acid from 20% to 25% as carboxylate

additive found to be resistant to corrosion and suitable for automotive environment. The

carboxylated water is dispersed with very low mass concentration of carbon nanotubes. The

stability of nanofluids in terms of zeta potential is found to be good with carboxylated water

compared to normal water. The heat transfer performance of nanofluids is carried out on a

shell & tube heat exchanger. The flow Reynolds number of water is in the range of 2500 to

6000 indicating developing flow regime. The corrosion resistance of nanofluids is found to

be good indicating its suitability to industrial environment. There is a slight increase in

viscosity and marginal decrease in the specific heat of nanofluids with addition of

carboxylate as well as carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Significant improvement is observed in

the thermal conductivity of nanofluids dispersed with CNTs. During heat transfer

experimentation, the inside heat transfer coefficient and overall heat transfer coefficient has

also improved markedly. It is also found that the flow rate of coolant plays an important role

in enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient and overall heat transfer coefficient.

Keywords: Nano-particles; multi-walled carbon nano tubes; thermal conductivity

enhancement; heat transfer enhancement; overall heat transfer coefficient.


(November 08-09, 2016)

127

Half-metallic ferromagnetism in Mg0.75Ti0.25 X (X = S, Se, Te) Alloys by an Ab-

initio method

M. Yaseen1,*, Q. Mahmood2

1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan 2Department of Physics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, 54590

Lahore, Pakistan *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Simulation techniques for computing complex structural, electronic properties, optical

properties, mechanical, nonmagnetic and magnetic of solids have been widely used for

studying advanced electronic applications. Mentioned properties are very hard to be studied

through experiments. For the application of dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) based

on II–VI and III–V semiconductor compounds practically, it is necessary that these

compounds possess a unique combination of structural, electronic, and magnetic properties.

In this type of semiconductors, cations are usually replaced by magnetic transition metal

and/or rare-earth anions. Doping does not change the semiconducting properties of the

compound but it adds the magnetic effects in the host material. In this work, Ti is doped in

the zinc-blend structure MgTe, MgS and MgSe. The full-potential linear-augmented-plane-

waves plus local-orbitals (FP-LAPW+lo) method has been employed to explore the

mechanical and half-metallic ferromagnetic properties. Poisson’s and Pough ratios are used

to study the ductile and partial ionic natures of subjected compounds. Two different

formalism of exchange and correlation (XC) effects have been applied in the form of

generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and orbital independent modified Becke-

Johnson potential combined with local density approximation (mBJLDA). To check the

stability of ferromagnetic (FM), enthalpy of formation and energetic comparison has been

used. Premeditated electronic properties divulge that the Ti-doping induces ferromagnetism

in MgS, MgSe, and MgTe which appear to show half-metallic (HM) gap at Fermi level

(EF). Electronic properties are studied by the terms of exchange constants (N0α and N0β) that

are found to be comparable with typical magneto optical experiment.

Keywords: Dilute magnetic semiconductors; bandgap; density functional theory;

ferromagnetic.


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