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Sustainable Sustainable Aquaculture Aquaculture
Texas Envirothon-Aquatics-
Teacher WorkshopJanuary 11 2014
Jenny OakleyEnvironmental Scientist
Aquatic Resource Aquatic Resource
Consumption Consumption • In the US, 16 ½ lbs of
seafood/person/yearo US population (2012):
~314million = ~5.2billion lbs/year
• US imports over half of the seafood it consumes.
• Global total production =148.5 million tons in 2010.
Fish is good for you…Fish is good for you…right?right?
• Institute of Medicine: recommends a diet rich in seafood. • Lean, heart healthy source of protein
• But, Is all seafood safe to eat?
o PCBso Heavy metalso DDTo Hormones o Radiation?
OverfishingOverfishing• Definition: Catching too much fish for the system
to support by reproduction. o Economically extinct fisherieso Fishing down the food-chaino Bycatcho Irreversible consequences
• Overfishing Video LINK
OMG, we are doomed! OMG, we are doomed! • Wait, is this some kind of fish
story? o Sample methodso Population numbers = a guesso Middle Ground
• Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act -1976-o Sustainable fisheries act of 1996o National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA)o U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serviceo State Parks and Wildlife Department
So… how do we provide So… how do we provide food?food?
• Aquaculture production = avg. growth of 6.3 % per year
• 2010, value of aquaculture production ~ at $119.4 billion.
Producer
Million Metric Tons
China 36.7India 4.6Viet Nam 2.7Indonesia 2.3Bangladesh 1.3Thailand 1.4Norway 1Egypt 0.9Myanmar 0.8the Philippines 0.7
• Top 10 aquaculture producers In 2010, contributed 87.6 % of world production by quantity.
AquacultureAquaculture
• Output of Aquaculture:
o Consumption• Direct: fish market• Indirect: fish meal or byproducts
o Stock wild populations• TPWD = 40 million fish in public
lakes, ponds, and saltwater bays
• Definition: the farming of aquatic organisms.
What is being What is being produced?produced?
• Major cultured species: o Freshwater Fishes: 56.4%o Molluscs: 23.6% o Crustaceans: 9.6%o Diadromous Fishes: 6.0 %o Marine Fishes: 3.1% o Other: 1.4%
Aquaculture TypesAquaculture TypesFarm/Tank vs Ranch/Cage
Aquaculture ProductsAquaculture ProductsFish Amphibians Invertebrates Reptiles Plants
Is Aquaculture the Is Aquaculture the Answer? Answer?
Environmental Environmental Impacts Impacts
• Loss of natural habitato Water needs
• Coastal areas: Mangroves• Riparian zone: Rivers
• Loss of genetic diversityo Brood Stock
Environmental Impacts Environmental Impacts Cont. Cont.
• Water Usageo Intake screenso Water rights
• Pollution o Eutrophication o Thermal pollutiono Disease and Pathogenso Antibiotics, steroids, & drug resistant
pathogens
Environmental Impacts Environmental Impacts Cont. Cont.
• Escapeeso Invasive species
• Asian Carp LINKo Genetic pollution
• Predator Controlo Permitted and Unpermitted control of birds, marine mammals, etc.
• Physical removal• Sonar
Environmental Impacts Environmental Impacts Cont. Cont.
• Feeding Fish with Fish?o Wild caught fish used to feed
aquacultureo Farming carnivores LINK
Sustainability of Sustainability of AquacultureAquaculture
• Proper site selectiono Permitting requirements
• Reduce overfeedingo Cuts costs of foodo Reduces nutrient buildupo Helps maintain D.O. levels
• Polyculture/Aquaponicso Utilizes natural foods efficientlyo But is it possible large-scale?
Sustainability of Aquaculture Sustainability of Aquaculture Cont. Cont.
• Grow vegetarian fish & feed vegetarian food LINK
• Closed Loop/Recirculating Systemso Addresses: Water needs, outfall pollutiono Increase costs with expensive and complex filtration systems
Sustainability of Aquaculture Sustainability of Aquaculture Cont. Cont.
• Avoid overstockingo Reduced stresso Reduced disease/pathogen outbreak
• Minimize antibiotic use
• Sell and Buy Locallyo Reduce transportation footprint
• Stock native specieso Temperature requirements
What What can you can you
do? do? • Make ocean-
friendly seafood choiceso Avoid unsustainable
seafood in the grocery store or restaurants
o Ask, where your seafood came from!
o Try to eat locally grown seafood (Regional)
o Spread the word!
Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key
