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THREE ELEMENTS OF SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS PURPOSE: “UNTIE” BUSINESSES SO ARE MOTIVATED TO INCREASE PRODUCTION AND HIRING FOCUS ON: * LITIGATION * REGULATION * TAXATION
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SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS
ALTERNATIVE TO KEYNESIANISM
RESPONSE TO THE “STAGFLATION” OF THE 1970S – BOTH HIGH INFLATION AND HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT
SOME ECONOMISTS SAID NEEDED A NEW MODEL OF THE MACROECONOMY
ELEMENTS OF SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS
KEYNES FOCUSED ON THE DEMAND SIDE – IMPROVING CONSUMERS’ ABILITY TO BUY
SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS FOCUSES ON THE SUPPLY SIDE – ON THE COST TO BUSINESSES TO PRODUCING AND HIRING
THREE ELEMENTS OF SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS
PURPOSE: “UNTIE” BUSINESSES SO ARE MOTIVATED TO INCREASE PRODUCTION AND HIRING
FOCUS ON: * LITIGATION * REGULATION * TAXATION
LITIGATION
FOCUS ON COSTS OF LAWSUITS
BALANCE BETWEEN PROTECTING THE CONSUMER AND ENCOURAGING “FRIVOLOUS” LAWSUITS
LAWS SHOULD CONSIDER THEIR COSTS AND BENEFITS
REGULATION
SAME IDEA – FOCUS ON THE BENEFITS AND THE COSTS OF REGULATION
“OHSA” – OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
“SMART” REGULATIONS
TAXATION
COULD HIGH TAX RATES DISCOURAGE SO MUCH ECONOMIC ACTIVITY THAT ACTUALLY BRING IN LESS REVENUE?
TAX REVENUE = TAX RATE * TAX BASE
TAX RATE AND TAX BASE MAY BE INVERSELY RELATED
THE “LAFFER” CURVE
SHOWS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TAX RATE AND TAX REVENUE
LEFT PART OF CURVE – TAX REVENUES RISE AS TAX RATES RISE
BUT BEYOND A CERTAIN TAX RATE, TAX REVENUES FALL BECAUSE SO MUCH BUSINESS ACTIVITY IS DISCOURAGED
QUESTION – WHERE IS THAT TAX RATE, BEYOND WHICH, TAX REVENUES FALL?
VARIES BY THE TYPE OF TAX, BUT A COMMON FINDING IS 60% - SO TAX RATES ABOVE 60% ARE COUNTERPRODUCTIVE
NOTE: THIS DOESN’T MEAN THE TAX RATE SHOULD BE 60% - JUST THAT 60% WOULD YIELD MAXIMUM TAX REVENUES
TERMINOLOGY USED IN TAX IMPACT STUDIES
STATIC ANALYSIS – ASSUMES NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TAX RATE AND TAX BASE
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS – ASSUMES A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TAX RATE AND TAX BASE
HOW TO MEASURE “TAX INCIDENCE”
TAX INCIDENCE: IMPACT OF TAX CHANGES FOR HOUSEHOLDS OF DIFFERENT INCOME LEVELS
ONE WAY: CHANGE IN AMOUNT OF DOLLARS PAID
SECOND WAY: CHANGE IN % OF TAX PAID
OFTEN DIFFERENT ANSWERS
AN ALTERNATIVE TAX FAVORED BY SOME “SUPPLY-SIDERS”
A BUSINESS TAX ON VALUE-ADDED
VALUE-ADDED = $ VALUE OF PRODUCT MINUS $ VALUE OF NON-LABOR INPUTS
DIFFERENT THAN PROFIT: PROFIT = $ VALUE OF PRODUCT MINUS $ VALUE OF ALL (NON-LABOR AND LABOR) INPUTS
SOME WANT TO REPLACE INCOME TAXES (INDIVIDUAL AND CORPORATE) WITH THIS
MIS-USE OF SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS
SOME WANT TO CLAIM TAX REVENUES RISE EVERY TIME TAX RATES ARE REDUCED
“CAKE AND EAT IT TOO”
ONLY HAPPENS IF BEGINNING RATE IS ABOVE THE RATE FOR MAXIMUM REVENUE
AGREEMENTS ABOUT SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS
THAT TAX RATES DO IMPACT ECONOMIC GROWTH
THAT TAX RATES CAN BE “TOO HIGH” – MEANING THEY RESULT IN LESS REVENUE THAN WITH LOWER RATES
THAT BOTH THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND COSTS OF LITIGATION AND REGULATION SHOULD BE CONSIDERED
BUT DISAGREEMENTS ABOUT SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS
WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM RATE?
HOW TO MEASURE BENEFITS AND COSTS
ACCOUNTING FOR THE BENEFICIAL IMPACTS OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING