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SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
AphA and LuxR/HapR Reciprocally Control Quorum Sensing in Vibrios
Steven T. Rutherford, Julia C. van Kessel, Yi Shao, Bonnie L. Bassler
Additional Materials and Methods
Supplemental Tables S1‐S4
Supplemental Figures S1‐S5
Supplemental References
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Mapping Tn5 insertions
The locations of the Tn5 insertions in 16 mutants were mapped. To do this, total DNA was
prepared from cells harboring Tn5 insertions, DNA was digested with KpnI, ligated and transformed into
E. coli S17λpir. The transposon contains an R6K ori allowing it to replicate in the pir+ E. coli. Plasmids
were isolated from kanamycin‐resistant transformants and the DNA flanking the transposon was
sequenced with primers VC029 and VC030 (Supplemental Table S4). Sequences were analyzed by BLAST
against the V. harveyi genome (BAA‐1116) to determine the locations of the insertions. Of the 16
insertions that were mapped, six exhibited high GFP production in the screen and of those six, three
mapped to VIBHAR_00046, aphA.
RNA isolation
For the Trizol approach, cell pellets (3 ml) were resuspended in 1 ml Trizol (Invitrogen) and
incubated for 5 min at room temperature. 200 μl chloroform was added, the preparation was mixed
vigorously, and incubated for 5 min at room temperature. Following centrifugation for 15 min at 4°C at
12,000 RPM, the aqueous phase containing nucleic acids was removed to a clean tube and incubated
with 500 μl isopropanol for 10 min. Nucleic acids were pelleted at 12,000 RPM at 4°C for 15 min,
washed with 750 μl 75% ethanol, pelleted again for 5 min, and the ethanol was removed. Dried pellets
were resuspended in DEPC‐treated dH2O, and treated with DNase using DNA‐free (Ambion). RNA was
further purified over a Qiagen RNeasy column and eluted in dH2O. For the Qiagen RNeasy Minikit with
RNAprotect, 500 μl of cells were added to 1 ml of RNAprotect and pelleted. RNA was prepared from the
pellet using the RNeasy Minikit protocol. The final elution was treated with RNase‐free DNaseI (Ambion)
2
which was inactivated with the Ambion DNaseI inactivation resin. The cleaned DNase‐free RNA was
quantified by spectrophotometry.
AphA purification
Plasmid pSTR0606 encoding a 6‐His‐tag, a thrombin cleavage sequence, and V. harveyi aphA
under the T7 promoter was transformed into BL21 (DE3) cells and grown overnight in LB medium
containing kanamycin. The overnight culture was diluted 1/100 into 1 L of fresh medium and grown to
an OD600 of ~0.5. The culture was shifted to 18°C for 1 h and then induced with 1 mM IPTG for 18 h. Cells
were collected by centrifugation and frozen at ‐80°C. The pellet was resuspended in 20 ml of 20 mM
sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 500 mM NaCl, 5 mM imidazole. Cells were disrupted using a cell
cracker at >1000 psi and the insoluble material was pelleted by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm. The
clarified supernatant was applied to a 5 ml nickel‐chelating column using the AKTA purification system
(GE Biosciences), washed with 5 column volumes of buffer, and eluted with an imidazole gradient.
Fractions from a homogenous peak were pooled, the thrombin site was cleaved and cleaned (Novagen),
and the final preparation was dialyzed against 10 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1
mM DTT, and 20% glycerol. Aliquots were stored at ‐80°C.
Fluorescence Anisotropy
DNA binding was assessed by fluorescence anisotropy. Oligonucleotides (Supplemental Table
S4) were purchased from IDT to be used as substrates for fluorescence anisotropy. One oligonucleotide
of a complementary pair was ordered containing a 5’ fluoroscein tag. Substrates were annealed in
annealing buffer (50 mM Tris‐HCl, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl) at 95°C for 1 min, followed by cooling 1°C per
min for 70 minutes. AphA protein was incubated with 1 nM annealed substrate and 10 μg/ml poly dIdC
3
in assay buffer (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 100 mM KCl, 2 mM DTT, 200 μM EDTA, and 100 μg/ml BSA) for
30 min at 30°C in triplicate for each concentration of AphA. Fluorescence anisotropy was performed as
described (Pompeani et al. 2008) except that reactions were incubated for 30 min at 30°C, and the
concentrations of AphA protein added are indicated in each graph. One‐site specific non‐linear binding
curves were fit to the data using GraphPad Software and the Kd were interpolated from the plots. Three
samples were averaged to obtain each point and the Kd and SD for the fit line are shown.
Microarray analysis
Microarrays were designed using Agilent software in a 4 x 44 grid format. Each array contained
three 60‐mer probes per open reading frame in the V. harveyi genome (Genbank strain BAA‐1116), each
spotted in duplicate, for a total of six probes per gene (Agilent custom array 2521087). cDNA was
synthesized from 10‐15 μg RNA and labeled with either Cyanine 3‐dUTP or Cyanine 5‐dUTP (de Lorenzo
and Timmis) at a final concentration of 100 μM using Superscript III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) in
a 30 μl reaction at 46°C for 3 h. RNA was degraded with 15 μl 0.1 M NaOH at 70°C for 30 min and
neutralized with 15 μl 0.1 M HCl. The labeled cDNA was purified over a Qiagen QIAquick column, eluted
in 30 μl DEPC‐treated dH2O, and quantified spectrophotometrically using a Nanodrop. Agilent gene
expression hybridization kits were used for hybridization. Approximately 30 pmol of Cy3‐ and Cy5‐
labeled cDNA were combined in equal concentrations (up to 1000 ng per cDNA) with 11 μl 10X blocking
agent in a volume of 55 μl, incubated 5 min at 95°C, and 5 min at room temperature. Agilent 2X Hi‐RPM
hybridization buffer (55 μl) was added to each reaction, and 100 μl was hybridized to each array for 17 h
at 65°C, rotating at 10 RPM. Slides were washed for 1 min in Agilent wash buffer 1 twice, for 1 min in
Agilent wash buffer 2, and then for 30 seconds in acetonitrile. Arrays were scanned on an Agilent
scanner using the extended dynamic range (PMT 5% and 100%) in the red and green channels at a
4
resolution of 5 microns, single pass scanning mode. Data were extracted with Agilent Feature Extractor
and analyzed on the Princeton University Microarray Database (PUMAdb; http://puma.princeton.edu/)
based on (Gollub et al. 2003). Data were retrieved for probes that were above background (p < 0.0001),
and differed more than 2‐fold. Probes were averaged for each gene. Four arrays were performed
comparing three independent cultures of each strain as well as a dye‐swap comparison for one set of
strains. Data are available on the PUMAdb website (http://puma.princeton.edu/)
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES
Supplemental Table S1. List of AphA‐regulated genes that displayed greater than two‐fold changes as determined by microarray analysis.
Function Fold change SD Type III secretion apparatus VIBHAR_01697 || hypothetical protein ‐2.3 0.3 VIBHAR_01698 || hypothetical protein ‐4.6 0.9 VIBHAR_01699 || hypothetical protein ‐6.4 1.1 VIBHAR_01700 || hypothetical protein ‐6.0 1.3 VIBHAR_01701 || hypothetical protein ‐5.4 1.0 VIBHAR_01702 || hypothetical protein ‐6.1 0.9 VIBHAR_01703 || hypothetical protein ‐6.3 1.0 VIBHAR_01704 || hypothetical protein ‐5.1 0.8 VIBHAR_01705 || hypothetical protein ‐4.7 0.9 VIBHAR_01706 || hypothetical protein ‐4.6 0.7 VIBHAR_01707 || hypothetical protein ‐7.3 1.1 VIBHAR_01708 || hypothetical protein ‐7.0 1.3 VIBHAR_01709 || type III secretion system protein ‐7.5 1.3 VIBHAR_01710 || hypothetical protein ‐6.1 0.5 VIBHAR_01711 || hypothetical protein ‐3.9 0.5 VIBHAR_01712 || hypothetical protein ‐6.5 0.6 VIBHAR_01713 || hypothetical protein ‐5.6 1.1 VIBHAR_01722 || transcriptional regulator 2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_01723 || Type III secretory pathway, component EscU ‐3.5 0.4 VIBHAR_01724 || Type III secretory pathway, component EscT ‐3.2 0.4 VIBHAR_01725 || Type III secretory pathway, component EscS ‐4.1 0.7
5
VIBHAR_01726 || type III secretion system protein ‐4.3 0.6 VIBHAR_01727 || type III secretion system protein ‐4.0 0.6 VIBHAR_01728 || hypothetical protein ‐4.9 0.7 VIBHAR_01729 || hypothetical protein ‐3.8 0.6 VIBHAR_01730 || type III secretion system ATPase ‐4.4 0.7 VIBHAR_01731 || hypothetical protein ‐4.7 0.8 VIBHAR_01732 || hypothetical protein ‐4.5 0.7 VIBHAR_01733 || hypothetical protein ‐4.7 0.7 VIBHAR_01734 || hypothetical protein ‐3.8 0.6 VIBHAR_01735 || hypothetical protein ‐4.7 1.0 VIBHAR_01736 || Type III secretory pathway, component EscV ‐4.1 0.6 VIBHAR_01737 || hypothetical protein ‐3.9 0.6 VIBHAR_01738 || hypothetical protein ‐4.7 0.9 VIBHAR_01739 || hypothetical protein ‐4.3 0.4 VIBHAR_01740 || hypothetical protein ‐3.7 0.6 VIBHAR_01741 || hypothetical protein ‐4.5 0.6 VIBHAR_01742 || hypothetical protein ‐5.0 0.6 Metabolism VIBHAR_00205 || lysine decarboxylase 38.7 7.6 VIBHAR_00210 || bifunctionalphosphoribosylamino‐ imidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase || purH 2.4 0.5 VIBHAR_00597 || phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2.2 0.3 VIBHAR_00767 || sulfate adenylyltransferase subunit 1 || cysN 2.2 0.0 VIBHAR_00829 || pyruvate kinase ‐2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_00912 || carbamoyl phosphate synthase small subunit 2.3 0.2 VIBHAR_00926 || glutamate synthase subunit alpha || gltB 2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_00928 || glutamate synthase, large subunit 2.1 0.0 VIBHAR_01077 || bifunctional GMP synthase/glutamine amidotransferase || guaA 2.5 0.3 VIBHAR_01205 || trehalose(maltose)‐specific PTS system components IIBC 2.2 0.3 VIBHAR_01246 || ribose‐phosphate pyrophosphokinase 2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_01843 || thymidine kinase 2.4 0.5 VIBHAR_02039 || phosphoribosylaminoimidazole‐succinocarboxamidesynthase 2.7 0.9 VIBHAR_02116 || cytidine deaminase ‐2.0 0.1 VIBHAR_02503 || ferredoxin 3.2 0.3 VIBHAR_02721 || protein disulfide‐isomerase 2.3 0.3 VIBHAR_03200 || phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase 2.5 0.6 VIBHAR_03225 || UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine acyltransferase ‐2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_03313 || glycerol kinase || glpK 2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_03331 || UDP‐glucose 4‐epimerase 2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_03430 || beta‐N‐hexosaminidase 4.1 1.4 VIBHAR_03432 || phosphoglucomutase/phosphomannomutase 2.9 0.8 VIBHAR_03463 || dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase || aceF ‐2.3 0.3 VIBHAR_03491 || pyruvate carboxylase subunit B 2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_03645 || ornithine carbamoyltransferase 2.2 0.2 VIBHAR_04752 || putative aldolase ‐3.9 0.6 VIBHAR_04753 || hydroxypyruvate isomerase ‐3.8 0.5 VIBHAR_04849 || maltodextrin phosphorylase 2.3 0.2 VIBHAR_05183 || mannose‐6‐phosphate isomerase 2.3 0.4 VIBHAR_05184 || PTS system fructose‐specific IIABC component 2.6 0.2
6
VIBHAR_05207 || undecaprenyl‐phosphategalactosephosphotransferase 2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_05227 || dihydroorotase 2.2 0.3 VIBHAR_05311 || 3,4‐dihydroxy‐2‐butanone 4‐phosphate synthase || ribB ‐2.2 0.2 VIBHAR_05495 || protoheme IX farnesyltransferase ‐2.2 0.2 VIBHAR_05734 || pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase || pntB 2.2 0.3 VIBHAR_06065 || diaminopimelate decarboxylase 2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_06845 || phosphatidylglycerophosphatase B ‐2.6 0.4 VIBHAR_06938 || beta‐glucosidase 2.8 0.3 Oxidoreductases VIBHAR_00037 || dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase 2.4 0.3 VIBHAR_00460 || multifunctional fatty acid oxidation complex subunit alpha || fadB 2.3 0.1 VIBHAR_00929 || Fe‐S oxidoreductase ‐2.6 0.1 VIBHAR_01076 || inositol‐5‐monophosphate dehydrogenase 3.0 0.8 VIBHAR_02280 || formate dehydrogenase, cytochrome b556 subunit ‐2.9 0.2 VIBHAR_02342 || glutamate dehydrogenase ‐2.0 0.1 VIBHAR_02638 || acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase 2.7 0.5 VIBHAR_02782 || coenzyme A disulfide reductase 3.1 0.4 VIBHAR_03270 || Na(+)‐translocating NADH‐quinone reductase subunit F ‐2.5 0.3 VIBHAR_03271 || Na(+)‐translocating NADH‐quinone reductase subunit E ‐2.4 0.3 VIBHAR_03273 || Na(+)‐translocating NADH‐quinone reductase subunit C ‐2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_03462 || dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ‐2.4 0.3 VIBHAR_04750 || 3‐hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase ‐3.7 0.4 VIBHAR_04751 || 4‐hydroxythreonine‐4‐phosphate dehydrogenase ‐3.1 0.1 VIBHAR_05341 || glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase 2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_06179 || choline dehydrogenase 2.4 0.2 Flagellar apparatus VIBHAR_01286 || flagellar basal body rod protein FlgB || flgB ‐2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_01287 || flagellar basal body rod protein FlgC || flgC ‐2.2 0.2 VIBHAR_01288 || flagellar basal body rod modification protein || flgD ‐2.2 0.2 VIBHAR_01289 || flagellar hook protein FlgE || flgE ‐2.7 0.3 VIBHAR_01291 || flagellar basal body rod protein FlgF || flgF ‐4.6 0.7 VIBHAR_01292 || flagellar basal body rod protein FlgG || flgG ‐4.2 0.7 VIBHAR_01293 || flagellar basal body L‐ring protein || flgH ‐3.8 0.6 VIBHAR_01294 || flagellar basal body P‐ring protein || flgI ‐3.9 0.7 VIBHAR_01297 || flagellar hook‐associated protein FlgK || flgK ‐4.3 0.6 VIBHAR_01298 || flagellar hook‐associated protein FlgL || flgL ‐4.1 0.6 VIBHAR_01300 || flagellin ‐4.4 0.3 VIBHAR_01301 || flagellin ‐2.9 0.5 VIBHAR_03155 || flagellar basal body‐associated protein FliL || fliL ‐2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_03173 || flagellin ‐3.1 0.9 Membrane associated VIBHAR_00206 || lysine/cadaverine antiporter || cadB 11.4 2.8 VIBHAR_00416 || inner membrane transport protein YdhC ‐3.9 1.7 VIBHAR_01268 || cation transport ATPase 4.5 0.5 VIBHAR_03084 || aquaporin Z ‐2.3 0.3 VIBHAR_04754 || H+/gluconate symporter ‐2.7 0.3 VIBHAR_05361 || preprotein translocase subunit SecD || secD 6.3 1.0
7
VIBHAR_05362 || preprotein translocase subunit SecF || secF 3.4 0.7 VIBHAR_05387 || histidine kinase ‐2.3 0.3 VIBHAR_06564 || glycine betaine ABC transporter ATP‐binding protein 2.6 0.2 VIBHAR_06904 || outer membrane protein W ‐8.5 2.6 VIBHAR_06937 || sugar ABC transportor ATP‐binding protein 2.2 0.1 Stress related VIBHAR_00085 || ribonuclease R 2.3 0.2 VIBHAR_00522 || cold shock protein ‐3.2 0.8 VIBHAR_00624 || prolyl oligopeptidase ‐2.4 0.7 VIBHAR_02509 || protease ‐4.8 0.3 VIBHAR_05034 || DnaK suppressor protein ‐3.6 0.2 VIBHAR_05096 || ATP‐dependent protease 2.3 0.2 VIBHAR_05656 || chitinase ‐2.3 0.2 VIBHAR_01627 || integrase 2.0 0.1 VIBHAR_01295 || peptidoglycan hydrolase || flgJ ‐3.3 0.7 Gene Expression VIBHAR_00046 || transcriptional regulator AphA 18.3 6.1 VIBHAR_00224 || DNA‐directed RNA polymerase subunit beta' ‐2.7 0.7 VIBHAR_00737 || 50S ribosomal protein L16 || rplP ‐2.2 0.3 VIBHAR_00823 || leucine transcriptional activator || leuO 2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_01182 || GcvB RNA ‐2.5 0.6 VIBHAR_02633 || DNA‐binding transcriptional regulator HexR ‐2.8 0.3 VIBHAR_02639 || transcriptional regulator 2.4 0.4 VIBHAR_02927 || methionyl‐tRNA synthetase || metG 2.2 0.1 Quorum sensing VIBHAR_04846 || small RNA qrr2 ‐2.8 0.7 VIBHAR_05322 || small RNA qrr3 ‐2.8 0.5 VIBHAR_06697 || small RNA qrr4 ‐3.1 0.4 Pilus VIBHAR_04793 || P pilus assembly protein ‐2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_06198 || prepilin peptidase CpaA ‐2.4 0.3 VIBHAR_06199 || Flp pilus assembly protein ‐3.5 0.9 Hypothetical VIBHAR_00076 || hypothetical protein 2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_00140 || hypothetical protein ‐2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_00454 || hypothetical protein 2.0 0.2 VIBHAR_00496 || hypothetical protein ‐2.7 0.5 VIBHAR_00521 || hypothetical protein ‐2.7 1.2 VIBHAR_00890 || hypothetical protein 2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_01084 || hypothetical protein 2.1 0.0 VIBHAR_01206 || hypothetical protein 2.6 0.3 VIBHAR_01267 || hypothetical protein 3.0 0.8 VIBHAR_01269 || hypothetical protein 2.6 0.3 VIBHAR_01272 || hypothetical protein ‐4.1 1.2 VIBHAR_01273 || hypothetical protein ‐5.4 2.8
8
VIBHAR_01276 || hypothetical protein ‐4.0 0.4 VIBHAR_01277 || hypothetical protein ‐3.5 0.5 VIBHAR_01278 || hypothetical protein ‐3.9 0.6 VIBHAR_01326 || hypothetical protein ‐2.4 0.3 VIBHAR_01372 || hypothetical protein ‐2.5 0.2 VIBHAR_01409 || hypothetical protein ‐2.5 0.6 VIBHAR_01539 || hypothetical protein 2.4 0.3 VIBHAR_01540 || hypothetical protein 2.3 0.2 VIBHAR_01547 || hypothetical protein ‐3.8 0.3 VIBHAR_01548 || hypothetical protein ‐3.3 0.4 VIBHAR_01558 || hypothetical protein ‐5.7 1.5 VIBHAR_01680 || hypothetical protein ‐2.3 0.3 VIBHAR_01691 || hypothetical protein 2.0 0.1 VIBHAR_01692 || hypothetical protein ‐3.9 0.4 VIBHAR_01693 || hypothetical protein ‐3.3 0.3 VIBHAR_01694 || hypothetical protein ‐2.5 0.4 VIBHAR_01857 || hypothetical protein 2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_01952 || hypothetical protein ‐2.1 0.0 VIBHAR_02153 || hypothetical protein ‐12.4 1.8 VIBHAR_02154 || hypothetical protein ‐7.6 1.3 VIBHAR_02190 || hypothetical protein ‐3.3 0.4 VIBHAR_02220 || hypothetical protein ‐2.8 0.3 VIBHAR_02260 || hypothetical protein 2.0 0.0 VIBHAR_02276 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.3 VIBHAR_02279 || hypothetical protein ‐2.4 0.2 VIBHAR_02281 || hypothetical protein ‐3.3 0.4 VIBHAR_02308 || hypothetical protein ‐3.0 0.3 VIBHAR_02309 || hypothetical protein ‐2.0 0.6 VIBHAR_02310 || hypothetical protein ‐2.5 0.1 VIBHAR_02311 || hypothetical protein ‐2.3 0.3 VIBHAR_02312 || hypothetical protein ‐2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_02313 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_02368 || hypothetical protein ‐2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_02500 || hypothetical protein ‐2.6 0.3 VIBHAR_02504 || hypothetical protein 2.7 0.0 VIBHAR_02505 || hypothetical protein 2.5 0.1 VIBHAR_02506 || hypothetical protein 2.7 0.2 VIBHAR_02507 || hypothetical protein 2.0 0.1 VIBHAR_02562 || hypothetical protein 2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_02584 || hypothetical protein 2.8 0.3 VIBHAR_02720 || hypothetical protein 2.3 0.2 VIBHAR_02739 || hypothetical protein ‐2.3 0.2 VIBHAR_02783 || hypothetical protein 2.3 0.4 VIBHAR_02785 || hypothetical protein 2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_02790 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_02791 || hypothetical protein ‐2.4 0.2 VIBHAR_02831 || hypothetical protein ‐5.0 0.7 VIBHAR_02832 || hypothetical protein ‐5.3 0.7 VIBHAR_02833 || hypothetical protein ‐5.5 0.7 VIBHAR_02956 || hypothetical protein 2.1 0.2
9
VIBHAR_02990 || hypothetical protein ‐4.2 0.5 VIBHAR_03015 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.3 VIBHAR_03055 || hypothetical protein ‐2.3 0.1 VIBHAR_03156 || hypothetical protein ‐3.0 0.3 VIBHAR_03269 || hypothetical protein ‐2.4 0.3 VIBHAR_03287 || hypothetical protein ‐2.4 0.5 VIBHAR_03408 || hypothetical protein ‐3.8 0.8 VIBHAR_03423 || hypothetical protein 7.2 2.1 VIBHAR_03424 || hypothetical protein 9.5 2.7 VIBHAR_03425 || hypothetical protein 11.8 3.0 VIBHAR_03426 || hypothetical protein 8.1 2.4 VIBHAR_03427 || hypothetical protein 6.9 2.1 VIBHAR_03428 || hypothetical protein 4.8 1.1 VIBHAR_03429 || hypothetical protein 4.6 1.0 VIBHAR_03431 || hypothetical protein 4.1 1.3 VIBHAR_03437 || hypothetical protein ‐3.3 0.6 VIBHAR_03693 || hypothetical protein ‐1.8 0.6 VIBHAR_03694 || hypothetical protein ‐2.6 0.3 VIBHAR_03696 || hypothetical protein ‐2.3 0.3 VIBHAR_04769 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_04844 || hypothetical protein ‐2.5 0.4 VIBHAR_04892 || hypothetical protein ‐2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_05010 || hypothetical protein ‐2.9 0.1 VIBHAR_05012 || hypothetical protein ‐2.9 0.4 VIBHAR_05013 || hypothetical protein ‐2.5 0.2 VIBHAR_05014 || hypothetical protein ‐2.5 0.2 VIBHAR_05015 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.2 VIBHAR_05017 || hypothetical protein ‐2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_05026 || hypothetical protein ‐2.8 0.4 VIBHAR_05027 || hypothetical protein ‐2.9 0.2 VIBHAR_05028 || hypothetical protein ‐2.8 0.2 VIBHAR_05029 || hypothetical protein ‐2.7 0.1 VIBHAR_05030 || hypothetical protein ‐2.9 0.3 VIBHAR_05031 || hypothetical protein ‐2.6 0.2 VIBHAR_05032 || hypothetical protein ‐2.7 0.2 VIBHAR_05033 || hypothetical protein ‐3.5 0.2 VIBHAR_05035 || hypothetical protein ‐3.4 0.2 VIBHAR_05036 || hypothetical protein ‐3.1 0.2 VIBHAR_05037 || hypothetical protein ‐2.9 0.1 VIBHAR_05038 || hypothetical protein ‐3.2 0.3 VIBHAR_05039 || hypothetical protein ‐2.4 0.1 VIBHAR_05040 || hypothetical protein ‐2.6 0.1 VIBHAR_05041 || hypothetical protein ‐2.6 0.2 VIBHAR_05042 || hypothetical protein ‐2.7 0.2 VIBHAR_05043 || hypothetical protein ‐2.4 0.1 VIBHAR_05044 || hypothetical protein ‐2.3 0.4 VIBHAR_05061 || hypothetical protein 2.3 0.4 VIBHAR_05068 || hypothetical protein 2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_05070 || hypothetical protein 2.1 0.1 VIBHAR_05115 || hypothetical protein 2.2 0.2
10
VIBHAR_05162 || hypothetical protein ‐1.8 0.6 VIBHAR_05185 || hypothetical protein 2.3 0.1 VIBHAR_05206 || hypothetical protein 2.0 0.1 VIBHAR_05355 || hypothetical protein ‐2.4 0.1 VIBHAR_05392 || hypothetical protein ‐4.3 0.5 VIBHAR_05607 || hypothetical protein ‐2.3 0.4 VIBHAR_05673 || hypothetical protein ‐4.6 0.4 VIBHAR_05674 || hypothetical protein ‐4.5 0.8 VIBHAR_05722 || hypothetical protein ‐4.6 0.8 VIBHAR_05738 || hypothetical protein ‐2.1 0.3 VIBHAR_05763 || hypothetical protein ‐5.3 0.8 VIBHAR_05777 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_05778 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_05779 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.9 VIBHAR_05780 || hypothetical protein ‐2.1 0.7 VIBHAR_05871 || hypothetical protein ‐4.4 0.3 VIBHAR_05906 || hypothetical protein 2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_05912 || hypothetical protein 2.3 0.3 VIBHAR_06091 || hypothetical protein 2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_06124 || hypothetical protein ‐2.7 0.6 VIBHAR_06125 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.2 VIBHAR_06130 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.3 VIBHAR_06194 || hypothetical protein ‐1.8 0.6 VIBHAR_06197 || hypothetical protein ‐2.4 0.5 VIBHAR_06262 || hypothetical protein ‐2.8 0.6 VIBHAR_06321 || hypothetical protein ‐2.9 0.1 VIBHAR_06327 || hypothetical protein 2.5 0.2 VIBHAR_06364 || hypothetical protein 2.9 1.7 VIBHAR_06365 || hypothetical protein 3.6 0.8 VIBHAR_06366 || hypothetical protein 3.5 0.6 VIBHAR_06410 || hypothetical protein ‐2.1 0.2 VIBHAR_06418 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.4 VIBHAR_06567 || hypothetical protein 2.9 0.4 VIBHAR_06628 || hypothetical protein ‐2.3 0.2 VIBHAR_06684 || hypothetical protein ‐4.3 0.4 VIBHAR_06685 || hypothetical protein ‐6.0 1.1 VIBHAR_06741 || hypothetical protein ‐5.4 2.0 VIBHAR_06846 || hypothetical protein 2.4 0.3 VIBHAR_06939 || hypothetical protein 2.5 0.2 VIBHAR_06940 || hypothetical protein 2.2 0.1 VIBHAR_06942 || hypothetical protein 2.5 0.3 VIBHAR_06943 || hypothetical protein 2.2 0.2 VIBHAR_07080 || hypothetical protein ‐2.2 0.3 VIBHAR_07099 || hypothetical protein ‐2.6 0.2
11
Supplemental Table S2. Strains used in this study. Strain Relevant genotype Figure Source E. coli strains MC4100 wild‐type 2,5 (Casadaban 1976) STR0018 MC4100 with luxO D47E at λatt site 2 this study S17λpir wild‐type (de Lorenzo and Timmis 1994) V. harveyi strains BB120 wild‐type BAA‐1116 s2,s5 (Bassler et al. 1997) JAF78 BB120 ΔluxO::cm 5,s6 (Freeman and Bassler 1999) JAF548 BB120 luxO D47E::kan 6,s1,s5,s6 (Freeman and Bassler 1999) JV48 BB120 ΔaphA::cm s5 this study JV50 JAF548 ΔaphA::cm 6,s1,s5,s6 this study JV55 KM810 ΔaphA::cm 2,6 this study JS202 KT282 ΔluxR 5 J. Schaffer, unpublished KM83 BB120 luxO D47E::cm 5 (Tu and Bassler 2007) KM806 JAF78, ΔluxR 5 K. Mok, unpublished KM810 JAF548, ΔluxR 2,6 K. Mok, unpublished KM812 KM83, ΔluxR 4, 5 K. Mok, unpublished KT282 BB120 Δqrr1‐5 4,s2 (Tu and Bassler 2007) STRVh0095 TL45::Tn5 2 this study TL45 ΔluxM, ΔluxS, ΔcqsS, ΔluxR, Δqrr4::gfp 2 (Long et al. 2009) V. cholerae strains C6706str2 El tor wild‐type (Thelin and Taylor 1996) JC1796 C6706str2 luxO D47E, ΔhapR 7 W. Ng, unpublished WN863 CW2035 (C6706str2 luxO D47E) s4 (Waters et al. 2008) WN865 CW2037 (C6706str2 ΔluxO) 7 (Waters et al. 2008) WN868 C6706str2 ΔluxO, ΔhapR 7 W. Ng, unpublished STRVc0044 JC1796 ΔaphA 7 this study
12
Supplemental Table S3. Plasmids used in this study. Plasmid name Description Source pASK75 empty vector (Skerra 1994) pDL1711 pBBR11MCS with vpsT‐lux D. Lenz, unpublished pET28 empty vector EMD Biosciences pEVS143 empty vector (Dunn et al. 2006) pJV17 empty vector this study pJV137 pLAFR2 ΔaphA::cm this study pKT1111 empty vector (Tu and Bassler 2007) pKT1136 pKT1111 with qrr4‐gfp (Tu and Bassler 2007) pLAFR2 empty vector (Friedman et al. 1982) pRHA109 empty vector (Giacalone et al. 2006) pRL27 R6K origin, Tn5 mutagenesis plasmid (Larsen et al. 2002) pSTR0227 pRHA109 with qrr4 this study pSTR0502 pKT1111 with aphA (‐315 to +603)(StuI and BamH1) this study pSTR0504 pEVS143 with aphA (‐22 to +606) (StuI and BamH1) this study pSTR0538 pASK75 with aphA (‐315 to +603) (StuI and BamH1) this study pSTR0606 pET28 with aphA between NdeI and XhoI this study pSTR0612 pEVS143 with V. cholerae aphA (StuI and BamH1) this study pSTR0615 pSTR0504 with aphA K63E mutant this study pTL18 IPTG inducible FLP recombinase (Long et al. 2009) pYS069 pEVS143 with aphA‐gfp (AvrII and KpnI) this study pYS100 pEVS143 with mutant aphA‐gfp (deletion in Figure 5C) this study pZD46 pKAS‐ΔaphA Z. Donnell, unpublished
13
Supplemental Table S4. Primers used in this study.
Primer name Sequence Use JV034 GGAGATATACATATGGCTAGCAAAGGA pJV17 (insert) JV035 GGCTGCCTGACTCTAGAAGCATTGGT PJV17 (insert) JV036 ACGTTCTAGAGAGCTGTTGACAATTAATCATC pJV17 (vector) JV037 TAAAATATCGAGGCTAGCCATCTTGTTGTTACCTTA pJV17 (vector) JV345 AAAGTGTAGATAGCTTGTTTACAAGTTTATTGACCATTTG
GATTGAAGACGTGTAGGCTGGAGCTGCTTCGAAGT pJV137 JV346 AAAAGGCTTGCCCAACGGCAAGCCTTTTTCGTTTTATTTA
AAGTGACGAAATGGGAATTAGCCATGGTCCATATGAAT pJV137 STR0067 CAGACGGTACCATATGCGGTGTG pSTR0227 (vector) STR0068 GTATCGTATACGACCAGTCTAAAAAGCG pSTR0227 (vector) STR0075 AGACCCTTATTAAGCCGAGGGTCAC pSTR0227 (insert) STR0076 CAGTGGTACCGCTCTAGAAAGAAAAAACGCCAATC
ACAATAAAGTTG pSTR0227 (insert) STR0210 GTGTAGGCCTCAACCACTTCTACTATTTGGAC pSTR0502 STR0211 GTGTAGGCCTCACATTAAAAAACTTAAGCGTCATG pSTR0504/0538 STR0213 GTGTGGATCCTTAGCCGATCACTTCAAGTT pSTR0502 STR0213 GTGTGGATCCTTAGCCGATCACTTCAAGTT pSTR0502/0504/0538 STR0244 CTATCTCGAGATTAGCCGATCACTTCA pSTR0606 STR0245 CTGTCATATGTCATTACCACACGTAATTC pSTR0606 STR0255 GTGTAGGCCTACTTAATTTTTGGATTGAAGACATGTCA pSTR0612 STR0256 GTGTGGATCCTTATGCCATCGCGTTCAATTC pSTR0612 STR0261 CCTCAAGAAGGCGAGCCAGACCGTAAGGT QuickChange for pSTR0615 STR0262 ACCTTACGGTCTGGCTCGCCTTCTTGAGG QuickChange for pSTR0615 VC029 CAGCAACACCTTCTTCACGA sequencing Tn5 insertion VC030 AACAAGCCAGGGATGTAACG sequencing Tn5 insertion YS086 GCGCCTAGGCCTGCTGGAAGCTCACAAAT pYS069 (insert) YS099 GCGGGTACCTACAGTTAGAATTACGTGTGGTAA pYS069 (insert) YS100 GCGGGTACCGCTAGCAAAGGAGAAGAACTC pYS069/100 (vector) YS101 GCGCCTAGGGTCGAGCTGTTTCCTGTGT pYS069/100 (vector) YS163 GATAAACGGCTTTAAGGTGACTATCTACACATTAAAAAAC pYS100 (insert) YS164 GTTTTTTAATGTGTAGATAGTCACCTTAAAGCCGTTTATC pYS100 (insert) Anisotropy probes qrr4 probe 4
STR0342 TTTGCATCATTTTGCATTTTGCAAATGCGATTTGCAAAATGCGTGCTCAAA STR0343 TTGAGCACGCATTTTGCAAATCGCATTTGCAAAATGCAAAATGATGCAAA
luxR probe 1 JV436 TTAAGCAACTATTAAAATAATCAATTAGGGGA JV437 TCCCCTAATTGATTATTTTAATAGTTGCTTAA
aphA probe 2 STR0348 CTATTCCACTTCCACTTCATGCTTATTATTTATATACTACTTCCCTGCTGGAAGCT STR0349 AGCTTCCAGCAGGGAAGTAGTATATAAATAATAAGCATGAAGTGGAATAG
14
qRT‐PCR primers VIBHAR_06904
STR0269 ACAATCAGCAGTTTAGCAGTGGTT STR0270 GTCGTTTGGTACAACCGATGC
VIBHAR_01726 STR0279 TGATGAACTGAACCTCATCGTTACA STR0280 AGAGAAAACCACGGCCAGTTTA
VIBHAR_05035 STR0332 GGAACGCTCTTTATCGAGCATG STR0331 CGTCAAGGCACCGGATTCAT
aphA STR0381 ATCCATCAACTCTAGGTGATAAACG STR0382 CGTCGCGAGTGCTAAGTACA luxR STR0383 ACATCAACTCAAATGGCAAGG STR0384 GCAAACACTTCAAGAGCGATTT qrr1 STR0129 CTCGGGTCACCTATCCAACTGA STR0130 TCGGATCTATTGGCTCGTTCTG qrr2 STR0131 CTTAAGCCGAGGGTCACCTAGC STR0132 CAATTAGGGCGATTGGCTTATGT qrr3
STR0036 CTTAAGCCGAGGGTCACCTAGC STR0037 ACAAATTCGAGTCCACTAACAACGT
qrr4 STR0038 CCTTATTAAGCCGAGGGTCAC STR0039 GTTGATTGGCGGTATATACTTGTG
qrr5 STR0133 GACGTTGTTAGTGAACCCAATTGTT STR0134 CACAAGGTTTGTGATTGGCTGTATA hfq STR0040 CGTGAGCGTATCCCGGTATCTAT STR0041 TTGCAGTTTGATACCGTTCACAAG qrr2(Vc) STR0385 TGACCCTTGTTAAGCCGA STR0372 CCGCGATTGGCTTATATATG qrr3(Vc) STR0386 TGACCCTTAATTAAGCCGAGG STR0374 GGTGATTGGCTGATAAAACAA qrr4(Vc) STR0387 TGACCCTTCTAAGCCGAG STR0376 AGTGTGATTGGCCGTCTATAAG hfq(Vc)
15
STR0382 CTAAGGGGCAATCTCTACAAG STR0383 AATTGATCAAATGATTCGATCTGA
SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURES
LCDLCD, ΔaphA
relative
qrr
tran
script level
qrr1 qrr2 qrr3 qrr4 qrr5
Supplemental Figure S1. Qrr sRNA levels were measured by qRT‐PCR in locked LCD V. harveyi with (JAF548: luxO D47E) and without (JV50: JAF548, ΔaphA) aphA. This experiment is identical to the one shown in Figure 2B except that LuxR is present in the strains shown here. Means and SEMs for RNA collected from three independent cultures are shown.
16
A
Δqrr1‐5
relative
aph
Atranscript level
B
vector
relative
luxR
transcript level
paphA
wild‐type
Supplemental Figure S2. AphA represses luxR and aphA. (A) luxR expression was monitored by qRT‐PCR in wild‐type V. harveyi (BB120) carrying an empty vector (pJV17) or a vector expressing V. harveyi aphA driven by an IPTG‐inducible pTac promoter (paphA; pSTR0504). This experiment is identical to the one shown in Figure 4A except that the Qrr sRNAs are present in the strains shown here. Means and SEMs for RNA from three cultures are shown. (B) Expression of chromosomal aphA was monitored as described in Figure 4B except, that in the strain shown here the qrr genes have been deleted (Δqrr1‐5; KT282: Δqrr1‐5), which results in reduced aphA expression. The strain carried an empty vector (pJV17), or a vector expressing aphA (paphA; pSTR0504) or an aphA mutant defective for DNA binding (paphA*; pSTR0615). Means and SEMs for RNA isolated from three independent cultures are shown.
17
Supplemental Figure S3. AphA DNA binding curves for the qrr4, luxR, and aphA promoters. Three replicates of fluorescence anisotropy binding curves for each promoter fragment exhibiting AphA binding are shown. Method and Kds are described and shown in Figure 3 and the Figure 3 legend.
18
relative
qrr4
tran
script level
BB120
ΔaphA
LCD
ΔaphAaphAwtaphAwt
Supplemental Figure S4. qrr4 expression is regulated by AphA only at LCD. qrr4 expression was measured in wild‐type V. harveyi containing (BB120) or lacking aphA (JV48: ΔaphA) and in LCD‐locked V. harveyi containing (JAF548: luxO D47E) or lacking aphA (JV50: JAF548, ΔaphA). Cultures were grown as described in (Kovacikova et al. 2005). Briefly, overnight cultures were diluted, grown to an OD600 of 0.5, diluted back to OD600 of 0.1 and then grown to an OD600 of 0.3 prior to RNA collection. RNA from three separate cultures was analyzed by qRT‐PCR and the means and SEMs are shown.
19
relative
aph
Atranscript level
HCDA
B
relative
aph
Atranscript level
Supplemental Figure S5. aphA over‐expression and deletion. (A) aphA expression was measured in a HCD‐locked strain (JAF78: ΔluxO) carrying an empty vector (pJV17), a vector expressing aphA driven by an IPTG‐inducible pTac promoter (paphA; pSTR0504), or the same vector expressing an aphA mutant defective for DNA binding (paphA*; pSTR0615) following induction with IPTG. Measurements of aphA mRNA were made using the QuantiGene Plex Reagent System with beads specific to the aphA coding region in order to measure expression of both chromosomally‐ and plasmid‐encoded aphA expression. (B) aphA expression was measured in a LCD‐locked strain (JAF548: luxO D47E) and a LCD‐locked strain lacking aphA (JV50: JAF548, ΔaphA) using the QuantiGene Plex Reagent System with beads specific to the aphA coding region. RNA was measured from triplicate cultures and means and SEMS are shown. The level measured in the LCD, ΔaphA strain was the same as background.
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