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Irfan Arshad, Credit & Village Organization Help Officer, Crop Maximization Project-II, Rahim Yar Khan explains the innovation and latest technology to improve the production and yield of sugarcane crop. He syas that sugarcane is the only industrial and cash crop of Pakistan and National Program for Food Security & Productivity Enhancement of Small Farmers aims to increase the income of small farmers through dopting innovative technology packages.
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SUGARCANE PRODUCTIONSUGARCANE PRODUCTION
M.IRFAN ARSHADM.IRFAN ARSHADCREDIT & VO HELP OFFICERCREDIT & VO HELP OFFICER
CROP MAXIMIZATION PROJECT-IICROP MAXIMIZATION PROJECT-IIDISU, RAHIM YAR KHANDISU, RAHIM YAR KHAN
UNDERSTANDING SUGARCANE PLANTUNDERSTANDING SUGARCANE PLANT
Main parts are:
1. Leaf
2. Stalk
3. Root
Two parts:Two parts:
1.1. SheathSheath
2.2. BladeBlade
Sheath and blade are connected by blade jointSheath and blade are connected by blade joint Sheath is attached at node and covers Sheath is attached at node and covers
completely at least one internode of stalkcompletely at least one internode of stalk Mature sugarcane plant has about ten leavesMature sugarcane plant has about ten leaves
SUGARCANE LEAFSUGARCANE LEAF
Three Types of Tissue in leaf bladeThree Types of Tissue in leaf blade
1)1)Epidermis Epidermis (Protect mesophyll tissue and contain stomata)
2) 2) MesophyllMesophyll (Perform photosynthesis)
3) 3) Veins Veins (Fibrovascular bundles- (Fibrovascular bundles- Contain bundles of xylem Contain bundles of xylem and phloem)and phloem)
SUGARCANE LEAF…SUGARCANE LEAF…
Synthesis carbohydrates from COSynthesis carbohydrates from CO22 and H and H22O using sun energyO using sun energy
6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O (+sunlight)O (+sunlight) CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O22
Two molecules of glucose combine to form sucroseTwo molecules of glucose combine to form sucrose
CC66 H H1212 O O66 + C + C66 H H1212 O O66 CC1212 H H2222 O O1111 + H + H22OO
Consume OConsume O22 and release energy by disintegrating carbohydrates and release energy by disintegrating carbohydrates
The released energy is used by plantThe released energy is used by plant
CC66 H H1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O (+ usable energy)O (+ usable energy)
FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAFFUNCTIONS OF THE LEAF
PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION
• Functional life of a leaf is 60 to 75 daysFunctional life of a leaf is 60 to 75 days• Ideally leaf area index (LAI), ratio of leaf area Ideally leaf area index (LAI), ratio of leaf area
to corresponding land, during July, August to corresponding land, during July, August and September should be 3.1, 3.4 and 3.8 and September should be 3.1, 3.4 and 3.8 respectivelyrespectively
FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAF…FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAF…
Stalk consists of segments called joints Each joint is made of node and internode Node contains bud and root primordia
Joints at the base are short and length of internodes gradually increase
When seed cane is planted, each bud give rise to primary shoot which in turn produce secondary shoots (tillers)
STALK OF SUGARCANESTALK OF SUGARCANE
Top 1/3 of stalk contains many buds and good nutrient Top 1/3 of stalk contains many buds and good nutrient
supply, hence very good for use as seedsupply, hence very good for use as seed
Lower 2/3 is high in sucrose and good for millingLower 2/3 is high in sucrose and good for milling
The stalk contains vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)The stalk contains vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)
Xylem carries water and nutrients upwardXylem carries water and nutrients upward
Phloem conducts manufactured food to lower parts of the Phloem conducts manufactured food to lower parts of the
plantplant
STALK OF SUGARCANE…STALK OF SUGARCANE…
• Buds on sets become active within three days Buds on sets become active within three days after planting and set roots begin to grow from after planting and set roots begin to grow from root band at the base of the internoderoot band at the base of the internode
• Set roots grow at a maximum rate of 24 mm per Set roots grow at a maximum rate of 24 mm per day and stop elongating when these are 150 to day and stop elongating when these are 150 to 250 mm long250 mm long
• These turn dark, decompose and disappear These turn dark, decompose and disappear within 2 month after plantingwithin 2 month after planting
• Shoot roots begin to grow from short basal Shoot roots begin to grow from short basal internode of the shoot immediately after its internode of the shoot immediately after its emergence from soilemergence from soil
• Earlier shoot roots are much thicker than set Earlier shoot roots are much thicker than set roots and penetrate soil at a higher speed roots and penetrate soil at a higher speed keeping steep angle @ 40mm per daykeeping steep angle @ 40mm per day
• Shoot roots produced later are finer and branch Shoot roots produced later are finer and branch more freely than earlier shoot rootsmore freely than earlier shoot roots
ROOT OF SUGARCANE…ROOT OF SUGARCANE…
Anchoring support to the Anchoring support to the plantplant
Uptake of water and required Uptake of water and required food nutrientsfood nutrients
Excretion of unwanted Excretion of unwanted nutrients in the plantnutrients in the plant
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF ROOTMAIN FUNCTIONS OF ROOT
Soil temperature from 20 to 30 oC is ideal for germination
Germination is checked below 10 and above 40 oC
Eight months old cane is best for germination Sets with two nodes having viable buds should
be used Proper moisture contents of sets and soil is
required Less use of nitrogenous fertilizer at sowing
because excessive use of N at sowing has adverse effect on germination
Sets should not have more than “2 soil cover Seed treatment with fungicide accelerate
germination process
SUGARCANE GERMINATIONSUGARCANE GERMINATION
It is development of secondary shoots from primary It is development of secondary shoots from primary
shootshoot
Early Tillering is necessary for good yieldEarly Tillering is necessary for good yield
Tillers produced during 40 to 50 days after planting Tillers produced during 40 to 50 days after planting
give best yieldgive best yield
Tillers formed after 120 days of planting reduce the Tillers formed after 120 days of planting reduce the
quality of the canequality of the cane
Profused sun light is necessary for TilleringProfused sun light is necessary for Tillering
Temperature from 20 to 30 Temperature from 20 to 30 ooC is requiredC is required
More Tillers are produced in September sowingMore Tillers are produced in September sowing
After having desired number of Tillers earthing up is After having desired number of Tillers earthing up is
must to stop unwanted Tillersmust to stop unwanted Tillers
It is development of secondary shoots from primary It is development of secondary shoots from primary
shootshoot
Early Tillering is necessary for good yieldEarly Tillering is necessary for good yield
Tillers produced during 40 to 50 days after planting Tillers produced during 40 to 50 days after planting
give best yieldgive best yield
Tillers formed after 120 days of planting reduce the Tillers formed after 120 days of planting reduce the
quality of the canequality of the cane
Profused sun light is necessary for TilleringProfused sun light is necessary for Tillering
Temperature from 20 to 30 Temperature from 20 to 30 ooC is requiredC is required
More Tillers are produced in September sowingMore Tillers are produced in September sowing
After having desired number of Tillers earthing up is After having desired number of Tillers earthing up is
must to stop unwanted Tillersmust to stop unwanted Tillers
SUGARCANE TILLERINGSUGARCANE TILLERING
• TilleringTillering
(Up to 120 DAP)(Up to 120 DAP)
• Stem ElongationStem Elongation
(121 DAP-195 DAP)(121 DAP-195 DAP)
• MaturityMaturity
(196 DAP-Harvesting)(196 DAP-Harvesting)
SUGARCANE DEVELOPMENT STAGESSUGARCANE DEVELOPMENT STAGES
DAP = Days after plantingDAP = Days after planting
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF
SUGARCANE
CROP MAXIMIZATION PROJECT-II
Rahim Yar Khan
Soil required: loam to heavy
loam with good drainage and
no salinity/sodicity problem
Rotavate remains of previous
crop to plough back the
biomass
Twice chisel cross-wise or once
furrow turning to break the
hard pan and increase root
zone
LAND PREPARATIONLAND PREPARATION
once or twice cultivate to once or twice cultivate to
pulverize the soil. Final seed pulverize the soil. Final seed
bed should have fine granular bed should have fine granular
shapeshape
Leveling If Required. After Leveling If Required. After
rough land leveling, precision rough land leveling, precision
land leveling should also be land leveling should also be
done with laser if time done with laser if time
permitspermits
LAND PREPARATION….LAND PREPARATION….
If possible apply 3 to 4 trolleys of FYM per acre before If possible apply 3 to 4 trolleys of FYM per acre before
sowingsowing
After having 2 to 3 crops of sugarcane, green manuring After having 2 to 3 crops of sugarcane, green manuring
is necessary (jantar, guara, berseem etc)is necessary (jantar, guara, berseem etc)
Add half bag of Urea per acre at the time of ploughing Add half bag of Urea per acre at the time of ploughing
back the green manureback the green manure
Sow sugarcane after at least 30 days of burrying green Sow sugarcane after at least 30 days of burrying green
manuremanure
Alternatively apply 2 to 4 trolleys of press mudAlternatively apply 2 to 4 trolleys of press mud
APPLICATION OF FARM YARD MANUREAPPLICATION OF FARM YARD MANURE
SPRING SOWINGSPRING SOWING
Last week of January to 1st week of March is Last week of January to 1st week of March is
idealideal
Yield is substantially reduced in sowings after Yield is substantially reduced in sowings after
1515thth March March
SEPTEMBER SOWINGSEPTEMBER SOWING
Entire month of September is recommended.Entire month of September is recommended.
Sowing during August results in over growth and Sowing during August results in over growth and
lodging.lodging.
TIME OF PLANTINGTIME OF PLANTING
VARIETIES OF SUGARCANEVARIETIES OF SUGARCANE
Early Maturing
Mid Maturing
Late Maturing
Banned
CP 77-400 BL - 4 L 118 Triton
L 116 BF -162 COJ 84 COL 54
CP 72-2086 SPSG - 26 - CO 1148 (Indian)
CPF 43-33 SPF -213 - COL 29
CPF 237 SPF - 234 - COL 44
HSF 240 SPF -245 - -
HSF 242 - - -
CPF 243 - - -
Seed should not be drawn from lodged Seed should not be drawn from lodged
fieldfield
Better if we grow separate seed block Better if we grow separate seed block
with intensive carewith intensive care
Damage to buds should be avoided Damage to buds should be avoided
during handling i.e., cutting, during handling i.e., cutting,
transportation, removing trash and transportation, removing trash and
preparation of sets etc.preparation of sets etc.
SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANESELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE
Trash should be removed completely failing Trash should be removed completely failing
which germination will be less and chances of which germination will be less and chances of
termite attack will increase.termite attack will increase.
Dipping of sets in fungicide solution for 5 Dipping of sets in fungicide solution for 5
minutes using 0.2% solution of benlate, or minutes using 0.2% solution of benlate, or
vitavex or Eglol or Aeretonvitavex or Eglol or Aereton
Seed should be sown as soon as possible after Seed should be sown as soon as possible after
cutting to avoid desiccation.cutting to avoid desiccation.
SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE…SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE…
Seed should be drawn only from healthy cropSeed should be drawn only from healthy crop
While preparing sets diseased and weak cane While preparing sets diseased and weak cane
should be discardedshould be discarded
For spring sowing seed must not be drawn from For spring sowing seed must not be drawn from
ratoon cropratoon crop
For September sowing seed can be obtained For September sowing seed can be obtained
from ratoon of last year September cropfrom ratoon of last year September crop
For spring crop sowing, seed from spring crop is For spring crop sowing, seed from spring crop is
betterbetter
Top 1/3 of cane is better for seedTop 1/3 of cane is better for seed
SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE…SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE…
Per acre 25 to 30 thousand sets each with two Per acre 25 to 30 thousand sets each with two
buds are requiredbuds are required
These can be obtained from 80 to 100 maunds These can be obtained from 80 to 100 maunds
of caneof cane
This much seed can be had from 12 to 16 marlas This much seed can be had from 12 to 16 marlas
depending on health of the cropdepending on health of the crop
In case of late sowing seed rate should be In case of late sowing seed rate should be
increasedincreased
SEED RATE OF SUGARCANESEED RATE OF SUGARCANE
After seed bed preparation After seed bed preparation
and leveling prepare 10 to 18 and leveling prepare 10 to 18
inches deep and four feet inches deep and four feet
apart trenches with apart trenches with
sugarcane ridgersugarcane ridger
Apply complete dose of Apply complete dose of
phosphatic and potash phosphatic and potash
fertilizers in trenchesfertilizers in trenches
PLANTING OF SUGARCANEPLANTING OF SUGARCANE
Put head to head single set Put head to head single set
row on both sides of the row on both sides of the
ridge in a trenchridge in a trench
Apply light soil cover Apply light soil cover
manually but do not plank manually but do not plank
Apply light irrigation, on Apply light irrigation, on
drying again apply till drying again apply till
sugarcane germinatessugarcane germinates
PLANTING OF SUGARCANE…PLANTING OF SUGARCANE…
1.1. More air, light and nutrients available to More air, light and nutrients available to
plantsplants
2.2. Interculture becomes easierInterculture becomes easier
3.3. Irrigation to alternate furrow can be applied Irrigation to alternate furrow can be applied
and we can save water and lodging of the cropand we can save water and lodging of the crop
4.4. Fertilizer use efficiency is increasedFertilizer use efficiency is increased
5.5. Pesticide application both granules and liquid Pesticide application both granules and liquid
becomes easierbecomes easier
6.6. Harvesting of the crop becomes easierHarvesting of the crop becomes easier
ADVANTAGES OF SOWING IN TRENCHES ADVANTAGES OF SOWING IN TRENCHES OVER TRADITIONAL METHODOVER TRADITIONAL METHOD
Common weeds of sugarcane are:Common weeds of sugarcane are:
1.1. Itsit Itsit (Trianthema Portulacastrum)(Trianthema Portulacastrum)
2.2. Moti Khabal Moti Khabal (Digitaria Sanguinalis)(Digitaria Sanguinalis)
3.3. Hazardani Hazardani (Euphorbia Granulata)(Euphorbia Granulata)
4.4. Jangli Palak (Jangli Palak (Rumex Obtusifolius)Rumex Obtusifolius)
5.5. Bhakra Bhakra (Tribulus Terrestris)(Tribulus Terrestris)
6.6. Deela Deela (Scirpus Maritimus )(Scirpus Maritimus )
7.7. Khabal Ghas Khabal Ghas (Cynodon Dactylon)(Cynodon Dactylon)
8.8. Mudhana Mudhana (Dactyloctenium Aegyptium)(Dactyloctenium Aegyptium)
9.9. Morak Morak (Cyperus Rotundus)(Cyperus Rotundus)
WEED CONTROL IN SUGARCANEWEED CONTROL IN SUGARCANE
PICTORIAL VIEW OF WEEDS OF SUGARCANEPICTORIAL VIEW OF WEEDS OF SUGARCANE
Spray Ametryne + Atrazine in furrows when soil is in good moist Spray Ametryne + Atrazine in furrows when soil is in good moist
(Tarwatar) condition after Ist irrigation using following dose(Tarwatar) condition after Ist irrigation using following dose
In case of application on entire area dose should be doubledIn case of application on entire area dose should be doubled
The weedicide is effective for 8 to 10 weeks provided no hoeing is The weedicide is effective for 8 to 10 weeks provided no hoeing is
done after its applicationdone after its application
Only Flat Fan nozzle should be usedOnly Flat Fan nozzle should be used
Control weeds on beds through intercultureControl weeds on beds through interculture
WEED CONTROL IN SUGARCANE…WEED CONTROL IN SUGARCANE…
Soil TypeSoil Type Dose per acre in furrows Dose per acre in furrows only (Kg. in 50 to 75 liter only (Kg. in 50 to 75 liter
water)water)
LoamLoam 0.80.8
Clay LoamClay Loam 1.01.0
Sandy loam or Sandy loam or salinesaline
0.50.5
Macro NutrientsMacro Nutrients
C, H, OC, H, O N, P, K, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Ca, Mg, SS
Micro NutrientsMicro Nutrients
Zn, B,Zn, B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, cl (Si, Na) Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, cl (Si, Na)
Elements of Nutritional ConcernElements of Nutritional Concern
N, P, K, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, SI, N, P, K, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, SI,
ZnZn
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANENUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE
Mobile NutrientsMobile Nutrients
N, P, K, Na, Mg, S, ClN, P, K, Na, Mg, S, Cl
ImmobileImmobile
B,B, Fe,Fe, CaCa
Partially mobilePartially mobile
Zn, Mn,Zn, Mn, Cu, MoCu, Mo
Deficiency symptoms of mobile nutrients first Deficiency symptoms of mobile nutrients first appear on older leaves and those of immobile on appear on older leaves and those of immobile on younger leavesyounger leaves
MOBILITY OF NUTRIENTS WITHIN SUGARCANE PLANTMOBILITY OF NUTRIENTS WITHIN SUGARCANE PLANT
FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUGARCANEFERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUGARCANE
Fertility Fertility
of Soilof Soil
RecommendedRecommended
Nutrients Per Nutrients Per
AcreAcreRecommendationsRecommendations
in bags Per Acrein bags Per Acre
NN PP KK
PoorPoor 119119 6969 5050 4 Urea + 3 DAP + 4 Urea + 3 DAP +
2K2K22SOSO44
AverageAverage 9393 4646 5050 3.25 Urea + 2 DAP + 3.25 Urea + 2 DAP +
2K2K22SOSO44
RichRich 6767 2323 2525 2.5 Urea + 1 DAP + 2.5 Urea + 1 DAP +
1K1K22SOSO44
Entire PEntire P22OO55 and K and K22O should be applied in trenches O should be applied in trenches
at sowingat sowing
For September sowing 1/3 N in November after For September sowing 1/3 N in November after
completion of germination, 1/3 in March and 1/3 completion of germination, 1/3 in March and 1/3
in April just before earthing upin April just before earthing up
For spring plantation 1/3 in April, after complete For spring plantation 1/3 in April, after complete
germination, 1/3 in May and 1/3 in June just germination, 1/3 in May and 1/3 in June just
before earthing upbefore earthing up
METHOD OF APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERMETHOD OF APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER
For spring crop delta of water is 64 inchesFor spring crop delta of water is 64 inches
Keeping in view harshness of weather irrigations need to Keeping in view harshness of weather irrigations need to
be applied as under:be applied as under:
For September sowing 20 irrigations are requiredFor September sowing 20 irrigations are required
Every irrigation about Every irrigation about ““4 deep4 deep
IRRIGATIONS FOR SUGARCANEIRRIGATIONS FOR SUGARCANE
PERIODNO. OF
IRRIGATIONSINTERVAL OF IRRIGATIONS
March – April 2-3 20 to 30 DaysMay – June 5-6 10 to 12 DaysJuly – August 3-4 15 to 20 DaysSeptember – October 2-3 20 to 30 Days
November – February 2-3 40 to 60 Days
Total Irrigations 14-19 -
To save water irrigations can be give in alternate To save water irrigations can be give in alternate furrows.furrows.
IRRIGATIONS FOR SUGARCANE…IRRIGATIONS FOR SUGARCANE…
TOP BORERACTIVE PERIOD
March to OctoberMODE OF DAMAGE
Damage is caused by caterpillar which is
generally found in the top portion of
sugarcane. The shoots attacked by first two
broods (April-June) are killed. The
subsequent broods attacking the terminal
portions of canes, cause bunchy tops. Canes
affected by third brood (July) remain stunted
in growth and there is generally decrease of
14-15% in height of such canes
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANEMANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
TOP BORER…MANAGEMENT
– Cut and destroy the attacked tillers from April to
June.
– Destroy hibernating larvae by cutting attacked tops
before 15th of February.
– Use light traps to kill moths.
– Apply granular insecticide in early crop stage,
Furadan 3 GB @ 15 kg./acre.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…
STEM BORERACTIVE PERIOD
March to October
MODE OF DAMAGEThis is very injurious pest and its caterpillars destroy about 20% of the young shoots during April to June annually. The larvae after hatching from the eggs reach the plant base, bore into shoot and feed there. In years of severe infestation, damage may be as high as 67%. The caterpillars feed in the stem and cut off growing points (central whorl of the leaves). The central dead shoot is called “dead heart” and such plants never grow
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANEMANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
STEM BORER…MANAGEMENT
– Use light traps.
– Bio-control by Trichogramma.
– Apply granular insecticide in early crop stage,
Furadan 3 G @ 15 kg./acre
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…
ROOT BORERACTIVE PERIOD
April to November
MODE OF DAMAGE
The larvae bore into stem below
the soil surface. The attacked
plants dry up. In certain years the
young plants are killed
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANEMANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
ROOT BORER…MANAGEMENT
– Use light traps.
– Bio-control by Trichogramma.
– Apply granular insecticide in early crop, Furadan @
15 kg/acre
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…
GURDASPUR BORERACTIVE PERIOD
July to October
MODE OF DAMAGE
The first generation caterpillars appear in July
(Monsoon) when crop is established. Make
characteristic punctures in the aerial port of
the cane in a circular fashion that the cane is
cut in two parts those ultimately lodge. The
dried cane tops can be spotted in a field.
Later large patches of dried canes appear in
the fields which are clear indication of this
pest attack
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANEMANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
GURDASPUR BORER…MANAGEMENT
– Destroy infested tops.Destroy infested tops.
– Earthing up ratoon crop in May-June.Earthing up ratoon crop in May-June.
– Use light traps.Use light traps.
– Bio-control by Bio-control by TrichogrammaTrichogramma
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…
LEAF HOPPERACTIVE PERIOD
Through out the year
MODE OF DAMAGE
The insects feed on the underside of
leaves and desap the plants, Their feeding
produces honeydew which provides a
good medium for the growth of sooty
black mould. This black mould interferes
with plant photosynthesis and thus very
little sugar is obtained
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANEMANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
LEAF HOPPER…MANAGEMENT
– Destroy egg masses.Destroy egg masses.
– Bio-control with Bio-control with Epiricania melanoleucaEpiricania melanoleuca and and
Tetrastichus.Tetrastichus.
– Avoid insecticide spray and trash burning.Avoid insecticide spray and trash burning.
– Apply granular insecticide during early crop Apply granular insecticide during early crop
stage, Furadan 3 G @ 15 kg./acre. stage, Furadan 3 G @ 15 kg./acre.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…
SUGARCANE BLACK BUGACTIVE PERIOD
Through out the year
MODE OF DAMAGE
Both nymph and adult cluster in central leaf whorl,
sheath bases of lower leaves of young plants and suck
sap. The attacked leaves show pale, brown patches
and dry up gradually. Holes of their feeding are also
noticeable. In severe attack whole crop looks as if have
been burnt up.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANEMANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
SUGARCANE BLACK BUG…MANAGEMENT
– Destroy stumps to avoid over-wintering adults.Destroy stumps to avoid over-wintering adults.
– Avoid ratooing of heavily infested fields.Avoid ratooing of heavily infested fields.
– Frequent irrigations. Frequent irrigations.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…
SUGARCANE WHITEFLYACTIVE PERIOD
May to October
MODE OF DAMAGE
The nymphs damage by sucking cell sap that affect
keeping quality of “Gur”/sugar.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANEMANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
SUGARCANE WHITEFLY…MANAGEMENT
– Avoid insecticide spray.
– Avoid trash burning.
– Removal of severely infested leaves.
– Introduction of natural enemies (Chrysoperla and
Coccinellids)
– Apply granular insecticides, Furadan 3 G @ 15
kg/acre. .
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…
TERMITESACTIVE PERIOD
April to June and October
MODE OF DAMAGE
Termite attack results in poor
germination and drying up of shoots.
The termites live on cellulose which
they obtain from dead and living
vegetative matter.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANEMANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
TERMITES…MANAGEMENT
– Use well rotten FYM.
– Irrigation reduces attack.
– Apply chlorpyrifos @ 2 litre/acre with
irrigation from April to June
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…
SUGARCANE MITEACTIVE PERIOD
April to June
MODE OF DAMAGE
Both nymphs and adults suck sap from leavesMANAGEMENT–Clean cultivation.–Do not allow to grow “baru” grass in and around the sugarcane fields.
–Irrigation reduces pest incidence.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANEMANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…
RODENTS
• ACTIVE PERIOD–THROUGH OUT THE YEAR
• MODE OF DAMAGE
Cut the sugarcane stem at soil level
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…
RODENTS• MANAGEMENT
– Make wats and bunds afresh annually.
– Removal of weeds and wild plantation.
– Mechanical control through traps and cages etc.
– Avoid killing of jackals, cats and owls.
– Apply Zinc phosphide @ 5% bait.
– Fumigate the rat holes with Phosphin gas (Agtoxin)
@ 1-2 tablets per hole.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES…
•RED ROT–Casual organism:- Fungus - Physalospora
•Symptoms and mode of damage
The disease appear in the month of September and October. Basically affect the stalk. If stalk is splited lengthwise, dull red tissues throughout internode are seen. Redness travels to adjoining internode through the node. The pith gradually dries up and cane get shrivelled and looses its weight. Translocation of water and nutrients to leaves are hampered which result in dieing of leaves and ultimately whole field gets dried up and is visible from distance.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES…
RED ROT…
MANAGEMENT
1.Plant resistant varieties
2.Seed used for planting must be disease free
3.The diseased fields should not be ratooned
4.Sets should be dipped in vitavax (1:800) or
Dithane M-45 (1:400) or Benlate (1:1600) solution
before sowing
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES…
•SUGARCANE SMUT–Casual organism:- Fungus – Ustilago scitaminea
•Symptoms and mode of damage
–The disease is characterized by the emergence of a long whip like shoot from terminal bud. It is dull white at first and later become black and dusty. The whip is usually 60 to 90 cm long and may be coiled or curved back on itself. The infested plant before appearance of whip may be recognized by their small narrow leaves and slender stalk with widely spaced nodes. After production of the smutted top, the buds down below begin to sprout and every one of them produce black whip. The affected cane hardly give any yield.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES…
SUGARCANE SMUT…MANAGEMENT
1.Sow only resistant varieties
2.Use healthy seed
3.Diseased crop should not be ratooned
4.Diseased shoots should be covered with plastic bag and
removed carefully to check spread of spores
5.Sets before sowing should be dipped in 0.5% solution of
Agalol or 0.03% benlate solution or 0.1% solution of
Dithane M-45 or 0.05% solution of vitavax
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES…
•SUGARCANE MOSAIC
Casual organism:- Virus (Strains A, B, C, D, E, F
and G)
•Symptoms and mode of damage
–Leaves loose chlorophyll in patches and
yellowish areas appear on leaves. These
areas later elongate and take the shape of
irregular stripes. Their symptoms are more
distinct on actively growing basal portions of
young leaves. The disease spread very
rapidly and severely affect photosynthesis
process
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES…
SUGARCANE MOSAIC…
MANAGEMENT
Transmission from one crop to the next is through seed. Normally aphids are the vector. Control operations should include the following.
1. Use resistant varieties
2. Use healthy seed
3. Ratooning of diseased fields should be avoided
4. Tools used for cutting seed should be flamed periodically.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES…
SUGARCANE POKKAH BOENG
Casual organism:- Gibberella moniliformis
Symptoms and mode of damage
The disease is characterized by the presence of
chlorotic areas on the basal portions of some
leaves. As the affected leaves mature, irregular
reddish stripes and specks develop within the
chlorotic parts. The most advanced and serious
stage of Pokkah boeng is the top rot. The young
spindle is killed and the entire top of the plant
dies. Photosynthesis is seriously affected and
yield is reduced
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES…
SUGARCANE POKKAH BOENG…
MANAGEMENT
1. Cultivate only resistant varieties.
2. The diseased plants showing top rot. Symptom
should not be used for seed.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES…
•SUGARCANE RED STRIPE
–Casual organism:- bacterium - Xanthomonas rubriieans
•Symptoms and mode of damage
Red strips disease consists of two forms, leaf stripe and top rot. Leaf stripes have first a water soaked appearance but later brown dark red to maroon. Usually, the stripes appear midway in the leaf and near the midrib. Red stripe occurs mostly on the young and middle aged leaves, rather than oldest leaves of the plant. The disease may attack the leaves which are partially unrolled and if sufficiently severe, cause a top rot.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES…
SUGARCANE RED STRIPE…
MANAGEMENT
1. Cultivation of resistance varieties
2. Seed from the affected plants should not be used
Crop to be kept ratoon should be harvested from end January to 1st week of March. This is best time for tillering of ratoon crop
If early harvested crop is kept for ratoon the buds are damaged due to low temperature
For filling the gaps stubbles of the same variety may be transplanted from a field which is not to be kept as ratoon.
Stubble shaver or rotavator should be used for better germination but it must not go deeper than 1 to 1.5 inches
RATOON SUGARCANERATOON SUGARCANE
THANK YOU
PROPERTIES OF RECOMMENDED VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE
Variety
Year
of
releas
e
Achievable Yield
Potential(mds/acre)
Sugar
%age
Maturity
Period
Ratoon Tillering
Disease resistan
ce
BL-116 1968 1300 10.34 Dec. to Mar.
Average Low Suscepti
ble
L-116 1973 925 10.81 Nov. to Mar. Good High -do-
L-118 1975 1025 8.28 Feb. to Apr.
V. Good High -do-
BF-162 1990 1300 10.35 Dec. to Mar. Good Mid -do-
CP-77-400 1996 1300 11.90 Nov. to Mar. Good High Resistan
t
CP-77-2086
1996 1085 12.35 Oct. to Mar. Good High -do-
CP-43-33 975 11.60 Nov. to Mar.
V. Good
V. High -do-
PROPERTIES OF RECOMMENDED VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE...
Variety Year of release
Achievable Yield
Potential(mds/acre)
Sugar
%age
Maturity
PeriodRatoon Tillering Disease
resistance
CPF-237 2000 1400 12.50 Oct. to Mar. V. Good High Resistant
SPF-213 2000 1300 10.50 Dec. to Mar. V. Good V. High -do-
SPF-245 2004 1200 11.00 Dec. to Mar. V. Good High Tolerant
COJ-84 2000 1200 9.80 Jan. to Apr. V. Good V. High -do-
HSF-240 2002 1355 11.70 Nov. to Apr. V. Good V. High Resistant
HSF-234 2002 1450 11.60 Dec. to Apr. V. Good V. High Tolerant
SPSG-26 1999 1200 11.50 Dec. to Mar. Average Low Susceptible
For sugarcane green manuring is recommended
when fields are being replanted because it
does not result in loss of one crop year
Does not interfere with germination of the
cane
helps in control of weeds
Results in significant increase of yield
GREEN MANURING FOR SUGARCANE
Jantar, Guara, Berseem etc. can be used as green Jantar, Guara, Berseem etc. can be used as green
manure crop.manure crop.
Legume seed may be inoculated before sowing to Legume seed may be inoculated before sowing to
ensure good nitrogen fixationensure good nitrogen fixation
Legumes should be incorporated in soil when Legumes should be incorporated in soil when
approximately 50% of the plants are flowering. Going approximately 50% of the plants are flowering. Going
beyond this stage and earlier to this stage will result beyond this stage and earlier to this stage will result
in lower N return to soilin lower N return to soil
Sugarcane should be planted about 30 days after Sugarcane should be planted about 30 days after
incorporation of green biomass.incorporation of green biomass.
GREEN MANURING FOR SUGARCANE…
Increase microbial activity in soilIncrease microbial activity in soil
Increase soil water retentionIncrease soil water retention
Fixes atmospheric NFixes atmospheric N
Provides recycling of nutrients Provides recycling of nutrients
Controls weedsControls weeds
Controls soil erosionControls soil erosion
Some legumes used as green manure Some legumes used as green manure
help in control of plant parasitic help in control of plant parasitic
nematodesnematodes
ADVANTAGES OF GREEN MANURING
NUTRIENT PERCENTAGE IN DIFFERENT FERTILIZERS
FertilizerNutrient% age
Total Nutrients Per Bag (Kg)
N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O
Urea 46 - - 23.0 - -
Nitrophos 23 23 - 11.5 11.5 -Ammonium Nitrate 26 - - 13.0 - -Single Super Phosphate - 18 - - 9.0 -Triple Super Phosphate - 46 - - 23.0 -Diammonium phosphate 18 46 - 9.0 23.0 -Mono ammonium Phosphate 11 52 - 5.0 23.7 -Potassium Sulphate - - 50 - - 25Potassium Chloride - - 60 - - 30
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PRESS MUD
COMPONENT PERCENTSugar 0.85Organic matter 69.15Inorganic matter 19.165Iron 0.006Copper 0.004Zinc 0.002Sulphur 5.8Phosphorus 1.00Potash 0.80Nitrogen 2.00Calcium 1.00Chloride 0.163Magnesium 0.04Manganese 0.02
Taken up as NoTaken up as No33, NH, NH++44 and Urea and Urea
Used in synthesis of amino acids, which are used Used in synthesis of amino acids, which are used for protein and nucleic acid formationfor protein and nucleic acid formation
Integral part of chlorophyllIntegral part of chlorophyll Adequate N availability is necessary for vegetative Adequate N availability is necessary for vegetative
growth.growth. N application is required in all types of soilsN application is required in all types of soils Split doses required to increase use efficiency.Split doses required to increase use efficiency. Adequate N supply at critical growth stages is must.Adequate N supply at critical growth stages is must. Inadequate supply of N can result in stunted plants, Inadequate supply of N can result in stunted plants,
premature ripening, reduced biomass and less premature ripening, reduced biomass and less sugar yields.sugar yields.
NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Applied N is converted to NoApplied N is converted to No33 which is taken up by which is taken up by
sugarcane plantsugarcane plant
Since NoSince No33 is negatively charged, it cannot be is negatively charged, it cannot be
absorbed on exchange complex having negative absorbed on exchange complex having negative
charge. So it is more prone to leaching losses and charge. So it is more prone to leaching losses and
are required to be applied when it is most required are required to be applied when it is most required
by plants (grand growth period)by plants (grand growth period)
NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE..
NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE..
Deficiency of N results in uniformly pale green to yellow leaf blade of older leaves. Internodal growth is reduced and stalk becomes short. If deficiency continues, the tips and margins of older leaves become necrotic.
Taken up as HTaken up as H22POPO44-- , HPO, HPO44
---- (Orthophosphate ions). (Orthophosphate ions).
HH22POPO44-- and HPO and HPO44
-- -- are absorbed better at low and high are absorbed better at low and high
pH respectively. Some phosphorus is also absorbed pH respectively. Some phosphorus is also absorbed
in its organic form i.e. Nucleic acid and phytin. in its organic form i.e. Nucleic acid and phytin.
Integral part of ADP and ATP (Adenosine di and tri Integral part of ADP and ATP (Adenosine di and tri
phosphate) which are energy storage and transfer phosphate) which are energy storage and transfer
agents. The energy basically generated through agents. The energy basically generated through
photosynthesis, stored and transported by ADP and photosynthesis, stored and transported by ADP and
AT P is used in vegetative and reproductive growth.AT P is used in vegetative and reproductive growth.
PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Important component of nucleic acid coenzymes, Important component of nucleic acid coenzymes, nucleotides, phosphoproteins, phospholipids and nucleotides, phosphoproteins, phospholipids and sugar phosphatessugar phosphates
Helps in seed formation and reproductive growthHelps in seed formation and reproductive growth Adequate P availability is necessary for root Adequate P availability is necessary for root
development, high yield of sugarcane and development, high yield of sugarcane and sucrosesucrose
P application for sugarcane is required in all types P application for sugarcane is required in all types of soilsof soils
Deficiency of P results in inadequate use of Deficiency of P results in inadequate use of moisture, and nutrientsmoisture, and nutrients
Deficiency of P is more prominent in ratoon cropDeficiency of P is more prominent in ratoon crop
PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE….
PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE….
Deficiency symptoms first
appear on older leaves,
which turn bluish green in
colour. Red and purple colour
is also seen. Internode
length, total stalk length and
stalk diameter are reduced. In
acute deficiency leaf foliage
dies back from leaf tip and
along leaf margins.
Potassium is taken up as KPotassium is taken up as K++ ion. ion.
In plants mostly it exists as KIn plants mostly it exists as K++ ion and does not react ion and does not react
with other substance to form coordinated with other substance to form coordinated
compounds.compounds.
Being in ionic form helps to maintain Turgidity of cells Being in ionic form helps to maintain Turgidity of cells
and plants. Deficiency of K results in malfunctioning and plants. Deficiency of K results in malfunctioning
of stomata; hence reduction in photosynthesisof stomata; hence reduction in photosynthesis
80% enzymes inside plants require K80% enzymes inside plants require K++ for their for their
activation.activation.
POTASH REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Provides osmotic pull that draws water into plant roots. K deficient plants are less able to use available soil moisture.
K regulates stomatal opening and hence decide rate of transpiration.
K helps in formation of ATP and ADP which are store houses and transporting agents of energy.
Uptake of N is also reduced in K deficient plants. This is also due to less production of ATP and ADP.
K application for sugarcane is required for all types of soils
POTASH REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…
POTASH REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…
Deficiency of K results in Deficiency of K results in
depressed growth, slender depressed growth, slender
stalk, and distortion of leaves to stalk, and distortion of leaves to
orange or reddish brown, orange or reddish brown,
Symptoms first appear on older Symptoms first appear on older
leaves. Severe deficiency cause leaves. Severe deficiency cause
distortion of leaf spindle distortion of leaf spindle
producing bunchy top.producing bunchy top.
Due to K deficiency use Due to K deficiency use
efficiency of other nutrients and efficiency of other nutrients and
water also goes down.water also goes down.
Sulfur is absorbed as So4++
Small quantities of So2 can also be absorbed
through leaves, but high concentrations are toxic.
Elemental S can also be absorbed in limited
quantity through leaves.
Required for synthesis of S – containing amino
acids which are essential components of protein.
S is also needed for synthesis of other
metabolites like Co enzyme A and vitamin B1
SULFUR REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE
Sulfur as nutrient is not required to be added as sufficient quantity is present in some N, P and K
fertilizers. It is also present in atmosphere as SO2
and SO3 which is added to soil along with rain
water
Sulfur when added help in reducing soil pH and improve availability of micronutrients which is best at 7 to 7.5 pH whereas normally soils in R.Y.Khan have pH above 8. Its addition as soil ameliorator in furrows is recommended.
SULFUR REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE…
SULFUR REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE…
Sulfur deficiency is
characterized by general
chlorosis and yellowing of
leaves, especially younger
leaves. The young leaves
may develop a faint purplish
ting on their margins.
Leaves become small and
narrow.
Ca is absorbed as Ca++
Important for structure and permeability of cell membrane.
Ca enhances up take of No3 - N.
Our soils are basically calcareous and there are remote chances of its deficiency.
Shortage of Ca, if any , will lead to rapid deterioration of plant health
CALCIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE
CALCIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE…
Ca deficiency result in
limited top and root
growth, older leaves
acquire rusty appearance
and show signs of
mottling and chlorosis.
Young leaves are
distorted
Mg is absorbed as MgMg is absorbed as Mg++++
Primary constituent of the chlorophyll molecule – Primary constituent of the chlorophyll molecule –
15 to 20 % w/w of chlorophyll15 to 20 % w/w of chlorophyll
Very important for protein synthesisVery important for protein synthesis
Magnesium is important component of the Magnesium is important component of the
chlorophyll molecule and is essinal for chlorophyll molecule and is essinal for
photosynthesisphotosynthesis
So for this element is not deficient in our soilsSo for this element is not deficient in our soils
MAGNESIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE
MAGNESIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE…
Its deficiency, if any,
is distinguished by
rust like red bricking
(light brown spot) on
older leaves.
Absorbed by plants as boric acid (H3 BO3)
Very important for the development of
meristematic tissues
Helps in flowering and fruit development
Helps in translocation of sugars, starches, N and P
Boron is readily leached from root zone
Its application in furrows at sowing is
recommended @ 1 lb B per acre in case it is found
deficient in any field after soil test
In B deficient plants young leaves contain clear
lesions or water sacks.
BORON REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE
Absorbed by plants as CuAbsorbed by plants as Cu++++
Absorption of Cu is decreased with increase Absorption of Cu is decreased with increase
in pHin pH
Can be applied through soil and foliageCan be applied through soil and foliage
So far it is not deficient in our soilsSo far it is not deficient in our soils
Copper deficiency, if any, is characterized by Copper deficiency, if any, is characterized by
dark green spots on slightly chlorite and dark green spots on slightly chlorite and
wilted leaf blade.wilted leaf blade.
COPPER REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Iron is absorbed by plant roots as FeIron is absorbed by plant roots as Fe++++ and and
FeFe++++++
Very important for some metabolic Very important for some metabolic
processesprocesses
Important for oxidation and reduction Important for oxidation and reduction
reactions within the plantsreactions within the plants
Important for chlorophyll synthesisImportant for chlorophyll synthesis
So far it is not deficient in our soils for So far it is not deficient in our soils for
sugarcane growing sugarcane growing
IRON REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
IRON REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…
Deficiency of Iron
result in new leaves
bearing yellowish
intervenous chlorosis
while mid rib may
remain green.
MANGANESE REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
It is absorbed by plants as It is absorbed by plants as
MnMn++++
Helps in photosynthesis Helps in photosynthesis
Takes part in oxidation - Takes part in oxidation -
reduction processesreduction processes
Deficiency of manganese result in Intervenous chlorosis of newer leaves which progresses into grey-brownish lesions.
Zn is important for chlorophyll formationZn is important for chlorophyll formation
Zn deficiency is mostly due to anaerobic conditions Zn deficiency is mostly due to anaerobic conditions
and high P contents.and high P contents.
Zn is less available in alkaline soils as compared to Zn is less available in alkaline soils as compared to
neutral and acids soilsneutral and acids soils
Zn deficiency effect ability of plants to regulate P Zn deficiency effect ability of plants to regulate P
accumulation.accumulation.
ZINC REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
ZINC REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…
Deficiency of Zn result Deficiency of Zn result
in Plants having a in Plants having a
reduced development reduced development
and a smaller leaf and a smaller leaf
area formation with a area formation with a
possible intervenous possible intervenous
cholorisis which cholorisis which
begins at the new begins at the new
leaves.leaves.
Absorbed by plants as monosilicic acid - Si(OH)Absorbed by plants as monosilicic acid - Si(OH)44
It contributes to the structure of the cell wallsIt contributes to the structure of the cell walls
Reduces water loss from the plantReduces water loss from the plant
Retard fungal infectionRetard fungal infection
SILICON REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Absorbed by plants as NaAbsorbed by plants as Na++
Important for maintaining turgorImportant for maintaining turgor
Help in CoHelp in Co22-fixation-fixation
SODIUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
It is absorbed by plants as ClIt is absorbed by plants as Cl- -
Concentration in plants is 0.2 to 10%Concentration in plants is 0.2 to 10%
It plays role in cation neutralizationIt plays role in cation neutralization
Maintain turgor of leavesMaintain turgor of leaves
Suppress many diseases in plantsSuppress many diseases in plants
CHLORIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Absorbed as molybdate (MoOAbsorbed as molybdate (MoO44++++))
Have a role in iron absorption and its Have a role in iron absorption and its
translocation within plantstranslocation within plants
Molybdenum deficiency is not frequent. However, Molybdenum deficiency is not frequent. However,
a low level of this nutrient in the tissues affects a low level of this nutrient in the tissues affects
the nitrogen assimilation of the plant. Blotchy the nitrogen assimilation of the plant. Blotchy
appearance may occur on lower leaves.appearance may occur on lower leaves.
MOLYBDENUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE