4
Vol. 54 , No. 1 2 Production o f Succinic Acid from Citric Acid a n d Related Acids b y Lactobacillus Strains CHOJI KANEUCHI,'t* MASAKO SEKI,' AND KAZUO KOMAGATA2 Japan Collection o f Microorganisms, T h e Institute o f Physical a n d Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-01,' and Institute o f Applied Microbiology, T h e University o f Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113,' Japan Received 2 0 June 1988/Accepted 9 September 1988 A number o f Lactobacillus strains produced succinic acid i n d e Man-Rogosa-Sharpe broth t o various extents. Among 8 6 fresh isolates from fermented cane molasses i n Thailand, 3 0 strains (35%) produced succinic acid; namely, 23 o f 3 9 Lactobacillus reuteri strains, 6 of 18 L . cellobiosus strains, a n d 1 o f 6 unidentified strains. A l l of 10 L . casei subsp. casei strains, L . casei subsp. rhamnosus strains, 6 L . mali strains, a n d 2 L . buchneri strains d id n ot produce succinic acid. Among 5 8 known strains including 4 8 type strains of different Lactobacillus species, t h e strains o f L . acidophilus, L . crispatus, L . jensenii, a n d L . parvus produced succinic acid t o th e same extent a s t he most active fresh isolates, a n d those o f L . alimentarius, L . collinoides, L . farciminis, L . fructivorans ( 1 of 2 strains tested), L . malefermentans, a n d L . reuteri were also positive, t o lesser extents. Diammonium citrate i n de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe broth was determined a s a precursor of t h e succinic acid produced. Production rates were about 7 0 % on a molar basis with t w o fresh strains tested. Succinic acid was also produced from fumaric a n d malic acids b ut n o t from DL-isocitric, at-ketoglutaric, a n d pyruvic acids. T h e present study i s considered to provide th e first evidence on t h e production of succinic acid, an important flavoring substance i n dairy products an d fermented beverages, from citrate b y lactobacilli. During th e study o f lactic acid bacteria i n fermented cane molasses i n Thailand, a number of Lactobacillus strains were isolated which produced succinic acid when grown i n MRS ( d e Man-Rogosa-Sharpe) broth. There are f e w papers on t h e production o f succinic acid b y lactobacilli. Radler a n d Yannissis (17, 18 ) reported t h e conversion o f one-third o f t h e tartaric acid added t o a medium t o succinic acid through oxaloacetic acid, malic acid, a n d fumaric acid b y a Lacto- bacillus brevis strain. Whiting (20) observed t h e production of a n appreciable amount o f succinic acid from malate b y a f e w Lactobacillus strains isolated from ciders a n d perries. Cato e t a l. ( 3 ) reported t h e production o f a small amount o f succinic acid i n glucose broth b y L . crispatus. Succinic acid h a s a strong salty bitter flavor i n addition t o i t s acidic taste a n d becomes detrimental t o t h e flavor o f various fermented beverages a t different concentrations (20). I n ciders a n d wines, 0.1% succinic acid is commonly found, while 0.03% i n beers would b e considered a high concentra- tion (20). A t high concentrations, t h e succinic acid flavor may well become objectionable. I t i s well known that succinic acid i s a n important flavoring substance i n a fer- mented beverage, sake, i n Japan (14). Lactobacilli a r e widely distributed i n fermented beverages a n d dairy prod- ucts (19). I f lactobacilli produce succinic acid, t he presence o f lactobacilli may be closely related t o t h e flavors of t h e products. Whether production o f succinic acid is a positive or negative trait o f lactobacilli a s starter cultures o r spoilage microorganisms depends on t h e type o f product. Therefore, we were interested i n succinic acid production b y lactobacilli a n d i t s substrate. This paper deals with th e determination o f succinic acid production from presumed precursors b y Lactobacillus strains. * Corresponding author. t Present address: Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan. MATERIALS A N D METHODS Strains used. A total o f 1 4 4 Lactobacillus strains were used. O f these, 8 6 ( 2 L . buchneri, 1 0 L. casei subsp. casei, L . casei subsp. rhamnosus, 18 L cellobiosus, 6 L . mali, 39 L . reuteri, a n d 6 unidentified strains) were freshly isolated from fermented cane molasses i n Thailand, a n d 5 8 were known strains, mainly t h e type strains o f various Lactoba- cillus species, obtained from Japan Collection of Microor- ganisms (JCM), T he Institute of Physical a n d Chemical Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan (Table 1 ) . T h e known non-succinic acid-producing Lactobacillus strains used were a s follows: L. agilis JCM 1187T, L. amylophilus JCM 1125T, L . amylovorus JCM 1126T, L . bavaricus J C M 1129T, L . bifermentans J C M 1094T, L . brevis subsp. brevis JC M 1059T, L. brevis subsp. gravesensis JC M 1102, L. brevis subsp. otakiensis J C M 1183, L . buchneri J C M 1115T, L . casei subsp. alactosus J C M 1133T, L . casei subsp. casei JC M 1134T, L . casei subsp. pseudoplantarum J C M 1181T, L. casei subsp. rhamnosus J C M 1136T, L . casei subsp. tolerans JC M 1171T, L . catenaforme J C M 1121T, L . cellobiosus J C M 1137T, L . confusus JCM 1093T, L . coryni- formis subsp. coryniformis J C M 1164T, L. coryniformis subsp. torquens JCM 1166T, L . curvatus JCM 1096T, L . delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricius J C M 1002T, L . delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii J C M 1012T L . delbrueckii subsp. lactis JCM 1248T a n d JCM 1148, L . fermentum JCM 1173T, L . friuctivorans J C M 1117T, L . fructosus 1119T, L . gasseri J C M 1131T, L . halotolerans JCM 1114T, L . hilgardii JCM 1155T, L . homohiochii JCM 1199T,L. mali JCM 1116T an d J C M 1153, L. maltaromicus JCM 1154T, L . minor JC M 1168T, L . minutus JCM 1118T, L . murinus JCM 1717T, L . pastorianus J C M 1113, L . ruminis JCM 1152T, L . sake JC M 1157T, L . salivarius subsp. salicinius J C M 1150T, L . saliva- rius subsp. salivarius JC M 1231T, L . sharpeae JCM 1186T, L . vaccinostercus JCM 1716T, L . viridescens JCM 1174T, L . vitulinus JCM 1143T, a n d Lactobacillus s p . strain J C M 1162. Media used. MRS broth (p H 6.5) (6), Briggs broth ( p H 6.8) (1), an d extract (PY) broth ( p H 6.8) (11) were 3053 APPLIED AN D ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Dec. 1988, p . 3053-3056 0099-2240/88/123053-04$02.00/0 Copyright © 1988, American Society f o r Microbiology

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Vo l . 5 4 ,N o . 1 2

P r o d u c t i o no f S u c c i n i cA c i d f r o mC i t r i cA c i d a n d R e l a t e dA c i d s b yL a c t o b a c i l l u sS t r a i n s

CHOJI KAN E U C H I , ' t *MASAKO S E K I , ' AND KAZUO KOMAGATA2

J a p a n C o l l e c t i o no f M i c r o o r g a n i s m s ,T h e I n s t i t u t eo f P h y s i c a l a n d C h e m i c a lR e s e a r c h ,Wa k o - s h i ,S a i t a m a3 5 1 - 0 1 , ' a ndI n s t i t u t eo f A p p l i e dM i c r o b i o l o g y ,T h e Un i v e r s i t yo f To k y o ,Ya y o i 1 - 1 - 1 ,B u n k y o - k u ,T o k y o1 1 3 , 'J a p a n

R e c e i v e d2 0 J u n e 1 9 8 8 / A c c e p t e d9 S e p t e m b e r1 9 8 8

A number o f L a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n sp r o d u c e ds u c c i n i ca c i d i nd e M a n - R o g o s a - S h a r p eb r o t h t o v a r i o u se x t e n t s .Among8 6 f r e s hi s o l a t e sf r o mf e r m e n t e dc a n e m o l a s s e si n T h a i l a n d , 3 0 s t r a i n s( 3 5 % )p r o d u c e ds u c c i n i c a c i d ;n am e l y , 2 3o f 3 9 L a c t o b a c i l l u sr e u t e r is t r a i n s ,6 o f 1 8L . c e l l o b i o s u ss t r a i n s ,a n d 1 o f 6 u n i d e n t i f i e ds t r a i n s .A l lo f 1 0L . c a s e is u b s p . c a s e is t r a i n s ,5 L . c a s e is u b s p . r h a m n o s u ss t r a i n s ,6 L . ma l i s t r a i n s ,a n d 2 L . b u c h n e r is t r a i n sd i d n o t p r o d u c e s u c c i n i ca c i d .Among 5 8 known s t r a i n si n c l u d i n g 4 8 t y p e s t r a i n so f d i f f e r e n tL a c t o b a c i l l u ss p e c i e s ,t h e s t r a i n so f L . a c i d o p h i l u s ,L . c r i s p a t u s ,L . j e n s e n i i ,a n d L . p a r v u s p r o d u c e ds u c c i n i ca c i d t o t h e same e x t e n t a s t h e m o s t a c t i v ef r e s hi s o l a t e s ,a n d t h o s e o f L . a l i m e n t a r i u s ,L . c o l l i n o i d e s ,L .f a r c i m i n i s ,L . f r u c t i v o r a n s ( 1o f 2 s t r a i n st e s t e d ) ,L . ma l e f e r m e n t a n s ,a n d L . r e u t e r iwere a l s op o s i t i v e ,t o l e s s e re x t e n t s . Diammon iumc i t r a t ei n d e M a n - R o g o s a - S h a r p eb r o t h was d e t e r m i n e da s a p r e cu r so r o f t h e s u c c i n i ca c i d p r o d u c e d .P r o d u c t i o nr a t e s w e r e a b o u t 70% o n a m o l a rb a s i sw i t h two f r e s hs t r a i n st e s t e d .S u c c i n i ca c i dwas a l s op r o d u c e df r o mf u m a r i ca n d m a l i c a c i d s b u t n o t f r o mD L - i s o c i t r i c ,a t - k e t o g l u t a r i c ,a n d p y r u v i ca c i d s .T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i s c o n s i d e r e dt o p r o v i d et h e f i r s te v i d e n c eon t h e p r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i ca c i d ,an i m p o r t a n tf l a v o r i n gs u b s t a n c ei n d a i r y p r o d u c t sa n d f e r m e n t e db e v e r a g e s , f r o mc i t r a t eb y l a c t o b a c i l l i .

D u r i n gt h e s t u d y o f l a c t i ca c i d b a c t e r i ai n f e r m e n t e dc a n em o l a s s e s i n T h a i l a n d , a n u m b e ro f L a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n swere i s o l a t e dw h i c hp r o d u c e ds u c c i n i c a c i d when grown i nMRS ( d e M a n - R o g o s a - S h a r p e )b r o t h .T h e r ea r e a f e wp a p e r son t h e p r o d u c t i o no f s u cc i ni c a c idb y l a c t o b a c i l l i .R a d l e ra n dYa n n i s s i s ( 1 7 ,1 8 )r e p o r t e d t h e c o n v e r s i o no f o n e - t h i r do f t h et a r t a r i ca c i d a d d e d t o a medium t o succ in ic a c i d t h r o u g ho x a l o a c e t i ca c i d ,ma l i c a c i d ,a n d f u m a r i c a c i d b y a L a c t o -b a c i l l u sb r e v i ss t r a i n .Wh i t i n g( 2 0 )o b s e r v e dt h e p r o d u c t i o no f a n a p p r e c i a b l eamoun t o f s uc c i n ic a ci df r o mma l a t e b y af e w L a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n si s o l a t e df r o m c i d e r sa n d p e r r i e s .C a t o e t a l . ( 3 )r e p o r t e d t h e p r o d u c t i o no f a s m a l l am o u n t o fs uc c in ic a ci di n g l u c o s eb r o t h b y L . c r i s p a t u s .

S u c c i n i ca c i d h a s a s t r o n g s a l t yb i t t e rf l a v o ri n a d d i t i o n t oi t s a c i d i ct a s t e a n d b e c o m e sd e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e f l a v o ro fv a r i o u sf e r m e n t e db e v e r a g e sa t d i f f e r e n tc o n c e n t r a t i o n s( 2 0 ) .I n c i d e r s a n d w i n e s , 0 . 1 %s u c c i n i c a c i d i s commonly f o u n d ,w h i l e 0 . 0 3 %i n b e e r s w o u l db e c o n s i d e r e da h i g h c o n c e n t r a -t i o n( 2 0 ) .A t h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , t h e s uc c i n i c a ci d f l a v o rmay w e l l become o b j e c t i o n a b l e . I t i s w e l l known t h a ts uc c i n i c a ci d i s a n i m p o r t a n t f l a v o r i n gs u b s t a n c e i n a f e r -m e n t e d b e v e r a g e , s a k e , i n J a p a n ( 1 4 ) .L a c t o b a c i l l ia r ew i d e l yd i s t r i b u t e di n f e r m e n t e db e v e r a g e sa n d d a i r y p r o d -u c t s ( 1 9 ) .I f l a c t o b a c i l l ip r o d u c es u c c i n i c a c i d ,t h e p re senceo f l a c t o b a c i l l imay b e c l o s e l y r e l a t e dt o t h e f l a v o r so f t h ep r o d u c t s . W h e t h e rp r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i c a c i d i s a p o s i t i v eor n e g a t i v e t r a i to f l a c t o b a c i l l ia s s t a r t e r c u l t u r e s o r s p o i l a g em i c r o o r g a n i s m sd e p e n d son t h e t y p e o f p r o d u c t . T h e r e f o r e ,we were i n t e r e s t e di n s u c c i n i c a c i d p r o d u c t i o nb y l a c t o b a c i l l ia n d i t s s u b s t r a t e .

T h i s p ap e r d e a l s w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o no f s uc c i n i c a ci dp r o d u c t i o n f r o m p r e s u m e d p recu r so r s b y L a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n s .

* C o r r e s p o n d i n ga u t h o r .t P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : Azabu Un i v e r s i t y, S a g a m i h a r a ,Kanagawa

2 2 9 ,J a p a n .

MATERIALSANDMETHODS

S t r a i n su s e d . A t o t a lo f 1 4 4 L a c t o b a c i l l u s s t r a i n sw e r eu s e d . Of t h e s e ,8 6 ( 2L . b u c h n e r i , 1 0 L . c as ei s u b s p . c a s e i ,5L . c a s e i s ub sp . r h a m n o s u s ,1 8 L . c e l l o b i o s u s ,6 L . m a l i ,3 9L . r e u t e r i ,a n d 6 u n i d e n t i f i e d s t r a i n s )w e r e f r e s h l y i s o l a t e df r o m f e r m e n t e d c a n e m o l a s s e s i n T h a i l a n d , a n d 5 8 w e r eknown s t r a i n s ,m a i n l yt h e t y p e s t r a i n so f v a r i o u sL a c t o b a -c i l l u ss p e c i e s ,o b t a i n e d f r o m J a p a n C ol l ec ti o n o fM i c r o o r -g a n i s m s ( J CM ) , T h e I n s t i t u t eo f P h y s i c a l a n d C h e m i c a lR e s e a r c h ,Wa k o ,S a i t a m a , J a p a n ( Ta b l e 1 ) .T h e known n o n - s u c c i n i c a c i d - p r o d u c i n gL a c t o b a c i l l u s

s t r a i n s u s e d w e r e a s f o l l o ws : L . a g i l i sJCM 1 1 8 7 T , L.

a m y l o p h i l u sJCM 1 1 2 5 T , L . a m y l o v o r u sJCM 1 1 2 6 T , L .b a v a r i c u sJ CM 1 1 2 9 T ,L . b i f e r m e n t a n sJ CM1 0 9 4 T ,L . b r e v i ss u b s p . b r e v i s J CM 1 0 5 9 T ,L . b r ev i s s u b s p . g r a v e s e n s i sJ CM1 1 0 2 , L . b r e v is s u b s p . o t a k i e n s i s J CM 1 1 8 3 , L . b u c h n e r iJCM 1 1 1 5 T ,L . c a s e i s u bs p. a l a ct o s u sJ CM 1 1 3 3 T ,L . c a s e is u b s p . c a s e i J CM 1 1 3 4 T ,L . c a s e i s u b s p . p s e u d o p l a n t a r u mJ CM 1 1 8 1 T ,L . c as ei s u b s p . r h a m n o s u sJ CM 1 1 3 6 T ,L . c a s e is u b s p . t o l e r a n s J CM 1 1 7 1 T ,L . c a t e n a f o r m eJ CM 1 1 2 1 T ,L .c e l l o b i o s u sJ CM 1 1 3 7 T ,L . c o n f u s u sJCM 1 0 9 3 T ,L . c o r y n i -f o r m i s s u b s p . c o r y n i f o r m i sJ CM 1 1 6 4 T , L . c o r y n i f o r m i ss u b s p . t o r q u e n s JCM 1 1 6 6 T , L . c u r v a t u s JCM 1 0 9 6 T , L .d e l b r u e c k i i s u b s p . b u l g a r i c i u sJ CM 1 0 0 2 T , L . d e l b r u e c k i is u b s p . d e l b r u e c k i i J CM 1 0 1 2 T L . d e l b r u e c k i i s u b s p . l a c t i sJCM 1 2 4 8 Ta n d JCM 1 1 4 8 , L . f e rmen t um JCM 1 1 7 3 T , L .f r i u c t i v o r a n sJ CM 1 1 1 7 T ,L . f r u c t o s u sJ CM 1 1 1 9 T ,L . g a s s e r iJ CM 1 1 3 1 T ,L . h a l o t o l e r a n s JCM 1 1 1 4 T ,L . h i l g a r d i iJCM1 1 5 5 T ,L . h o m o h i o c h i iJCM 1 1 9 9T , L .m a l i JCM 1 1 1 6 Ta n dJ CM 1 1 5 3 , L . m a l t a r o m i c u sJCM 1 1 5 4 T , L . m i n o r J CM1 1 6 8 T ,L . m i n u t u sJCM 1 1 1 8 T , L . mur inus JCM 1 7 1 7 T ,L .p a s t o r i a n u sJ CM 1 1 1 3 ,L . r u m i n i s JCM 1 1 5 2 T ,L . s a k e J CM1 1 5 7 T ,L . s a l i v a r i u ss u b s p . s a l i c i n i u sJCM 1 1 5 0 T ,L . s a l i v a -r i u ss u b s p . s a l i v a r i u s J CM 1 2 3 1 T ,L . s h a r p e a e JCM 1 1 8 6 T ,L . v a c c i n o s t e r c u sJCM 1 7 1 6 T ,L . v i r i d e s c e n sJCM 1 1 7 4 T ,L .v i t u l i n u sJCM 1 1 4 3 T ,a nd L a c t o b a c i l l u ss p . s t r a i n JCM 1 1 6 2 .M e d i au s e d . MRS b r o t h ( p H 6 . 5 )( 6 ) ,B r i g g sb r o t h ( p H 6 . 8 )

( 1 ) ,a n d p e p t o n e - y e a s te x t r a c t ( P Y ) b r o t h ( p H 6 . 8 )( 1 1 )we r e

3 0 5 3

A P P L I E DAND ENVIRONMENTALM I C R O B I O L O G Y,D e c . 1 9 8 8 ,p . 3 0 5 3 - 3 0 5 60 0 9 9 - 2 2 4 0 / 8 8 / 1 2 3 0 5 3 - 0 4 $ 0 2 . 0 0 / 0C o p y r i g h t© 1 9 8 8 ,Am e r i c a nS o c i e t yf o rM i c r o b i o l o g y

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3 0 5 4 KANEUCHIET AL.

TABLE 1 . P r od u ct i o n o fs u c c i n i c a c i di nMRSb r o t h b y knownL a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n s

R e l a t i v ea m t o fS t r a i n s u c c i n i c a c i d

p r o d u c e d '

None ( u n i n o c u l a t e dm e d i u m ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 4L . c r i s p a t u sJCM 1 1 8 5 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 7

L . c r i s p a t u sJCM1 0 2 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 . 7L . c r i s p a t u sJCM 1 0 3 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 0L .j e n s e n i iJCM 1 1 4 6 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . 7L . p a r v u s JCM 1 1 8 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 9L . a c i d o p h i l u sJCM 1 1 3 2 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 9L .m a l e f e r m e n t a n sJCM 1 1 6 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 9L . a l i m e n t a r i u sJCM 1 0 9 5 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 7L . c o l l i no i de sJCM 1 1 2 3 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3L .f a r c i m i n i sJCM 1 0 9 7 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3L .f r u c t i v o r a n sJCM 1 1 9 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3L . r e u t e r iJCM 1 1 1 2 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 0L . r e u t e r iM9 b. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 3L . r e u t e r iM 4 b. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 4

a E s t i m a t e da s t h er a t i oo f a p e a k a r e a f o rs u c c i n i ca c i dt o a p e a k a r e a f o ra n i n t e r n a ls t an d ar d ( m al o n i ca c i d ,3 2mM) i ng a s c h r o m a t o g r a m s ;v a l u e s a r ea v er ag es o ft h r e es e p a r a t e t e s t s .b F r e s h s t r a i n sf r o mf e r me n t ed c a n emo l a s s e s ,w h i c hw e r ea m o n gt h em o s t

a c t i v ei n s u cc i n ic a c i dp r o d u c t i o n .

p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g t o m e t h o d sd e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y .T o -m a t oj u i c ee x t r a c t f o rB r i g g s b r o t h w a s p r e p a r e d b y u s i n gc o m me r c ia l c a n n e dt o m a t oj u i c e .Mo d i f i e dMRSb r o t h sw e r ep r e p a r e d b y o m i t t i n gi n d i v i d u a lc o m p o n e n t st o d e t e r m i n ew h i c hc o m p o n e n ti s r e s p o n s i b l ef o rt h e s u c c i n i c a c i dp r o -d u c t i o n .F u m a r i ca c i d ,D L - i s o c i t r i ca c i d ,a - k e t o g l u t a r i ca c i d ,DL -m a l i ca c i d ,p y r u v i ca c i d ,a n d s o d i umc i t r a t ew e r e t e s t e df o rp r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i ca c i db y a d d i n g t h e mi n d i v i d u a l l yt oMRSb r o t h a t 2 g / 1 , 0 0 0m l i np l a c eo f d i a m m o n i u mc i t r a t e .B r o t hm e d i aw e r e d i s t r i b u t e di n t e s tt u b e s ( 3m l e a c h )a n ds t e r i l i z e da t 1 1 5 ° Cf o r 1 5m i n .

D e t e c t i o na n d d e te r mi n at i o n o fs u c c i n i ca c i d .S t r a i n sw e r eg r o w n i n MRS b r o t h o r mo d i f i e dMRS b r o t h s a t 3 5 ° C ,u s u a l l yf o r4 8 h . S u c c i n i ca c i dwas d e t e c t e db y t h e m e t h o do fH o l d e m a ne t a l .( 1 1 ) .T h e b r o t h c u l t u r e sw e r ec e n t r i f u g e da t1 , 5 0 0x g , a n d 0 . 5m l o f t h e s u p e r n a t a n twa s m i x e dw i t h 0 . 1m l o f 0 . 2 %m a l o n i ca c i d( a sa n i n t e r n a ls t a n d a r d ) ,0 . 2m l o f5 0 %H 2 S O 4 ,a n d 1 m l o f me t h a n o l .T h em i x t u r ewas h e a t e di n a w a t e r b a t h a t 6 0 ° Cf o r3 0 m i n f o rme t h y l a t i o no f a c i d s ,a n d t h e n 0 . 5m l o f d i s t i l l e dw a t e r a n d 0 . 5m l o f c h l o r o f o r mw e r e a d de d a n dm i x e db y g e n t l ei n v e r s i o no f t h e t u b e 2 0t im e s t o e x t r a c t m e t h y l a t e d a c i d s .I f a n e m u l s i o n wasf o r m e d ,t h e t u b e was b r i e f l yc e n t r i f u g e dt o b r e a k t h e e m u l -s i o n .T h e c h l o r o f o r me x t r a c t ( 1 R u )was s u b j e c t e dt o g a sc h r o m a t o g r a p h y( m o d e l GC - 7 A ;S h i m a d z uL t d . ,K y o t o ,J a p a n ) w i t h a h y d r o g e nf l am e i o n i z a t i o n d e t ec t o r ,a c o l u m np a c k e d w i t h FAL-M ( Wa k o C h em i c a l I n d u s t r i e s ,L t d . ,Os a k a , J a p a n ) ,a n d a d a t a p r o c e s s o r( C h r om a t o p a c ,m o d e lC - R l A ;S h i m a d z u ) .A s t an da r d c u r v e o ft h e p e a k a r e a f o rq u a n t i t a t i v ea n a l y s i so f s u c c i n i ca c i dwa s p r e p a r e d f r o mc h l o r o f o r me x t r a c t s o f a s e r i e so f known c o nc en t ra t i o ns o fm e t h y l a t e ds u c c i n i ca c i d .The p e a k a r e a w a s p l o t t e d a g a i n s tt h e o r i g i n a lc o n c e n t r a t i o ni n u n i n o c u l a t e dm e d i u m .

RESULTS

D e t e r m i n a t i o no f s u c c i n i c a c i dp r o d u c e d .On e o f t h em e t h -y l a t e da c i d si nMRSb r o t h c u l t u r e s s h o w e de x a c t l y t h e s a m er e t e n t i o nt i m e a s d i d t h e m e t h y l a t e ds t a n d a r d s u c c i n i c a c i di n g a s c h r o m a t o g r a m s ,a n d t h u s i t w a s c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d a ss u c c i n i ca c i d .

L a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n sw h i c hp r o d u c e ds u c c i n i c a c i di nMRSm e d i u m .O f 8 6 f r e s hs t r a i n si s o l a t e df r o m f e r m e n t e dc a n em o l a s s e s ,3 0 ( 3 5% )p r o d u c e ds u c c i n i ca c i di nMRS b r o t h t ov a r i o u s e x t e n t s . T h e y were 6 ( 3 3% )o f 1 8 L . c el l ob io su ss t r a i n s ,2 3 ( 5 9% )o f 3 9 L . r e u t e r is t r a i n s ,a n d 1 ( 1 7% )o f 6u n i d e n t i f i e dL a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n s .None o f t h ef r e s hs t r a i n so f L . b u c h n e r i ,L . c a s e i s u b s p .c a s e i ,L . c a s e i s u b s p .

r h am n o s u s ,a n d L . m a l ip r o d u c e ds u c c i n i ca c i d .A l ls u c c i n i c

a c i d - p r o d u c i n gs t r a i n si s o l a t e df r o m t h e f e r m e n t e d canemo l a s s e swere h e t e r o f e rm e n t a t i v ee x c e p tf o ra n u n i d e n t i f i es t r a i n .T h e amoun t s o f s u c c i n i c a c i dp r o d u c e dv a r i e d f r o ms t r a i nt o s t r a i n .Among 5 8 known s t r a i n s ,1 2 s t r a i n so f 1 0 s p e c i e sp r o -

d u c e ds u c c i n i ca c i di nMRS b r o t h ( Ta b l e1 ) .T h e amoun t s o fs u c c i n i c a c i dp r o d u c e dv a r i e df r o ms p e c i e st o s p e c i e s ,a n dt h r e eL . c r i s p a t u ss t r a i n swere among t h e most a c t i v e .B o t hh om o f e r m e n t a t i v ea n d h e t e r o f e rm e n t a t i v es p e c i e swe r e i n -c l u d e damong t h e p r o d u c i n gs t r a i n s .

P r o d u c t i o no fs u c c i n i ca c i d i nd i f f e r e n tm e d i a .T h ep r o d u ct i o no f s u c c i n i ca c i di nMR S ,B r i g g s ,a n d PY b r o t h sw i t h a n dw i t h o u tg l u c o s ewas t e s t e db y u s i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v ef r e s hi s o l a t e s .T h e r e l a t i v eamoun t s o f s u c c i n i ca c i dp r o d u c e dw e r e e s t i m a t e db y t h e r a t i oo f a p e a k a r e a f o rs u c c i n i ca c i dt o a p e a ka r e a f o ran i n t e r n a ls t a n d a r d( m a l o n i ca c i d ,3 2mM)i n g a s c h r om a t o g r am s .L . r e u t e r iM4 a n d M9 a n d L . c e l l o -b i o s u sM6p r o d u c e dr e l at i v el y l a r g eamoun t s o f s u c c i n i ca c i di nMRSb r o t h w i t h a n d w i t h o u tg l u c o s e ,m o d e r a t eamoun t si n B r i g g sb r o t h ,a n d s m a l lamoun t s i n PY b r o t h .I n MRSb r o t h w i t h g l u c o s e ,p r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i c a c i dr e a c h e da l m o s t t h emax imuml e v e l a f t e ri n c u b a t i o nf o r2 d a y s ,b u tw i t h o u tg l u c o s e ,i t a t t a i n e dt h e max imuml e v e lo n l ya f t e ri n c u b a t i o nf o r7 d a y s .S u c c i n i ca c i dwa s n o t p r o d u c e db y L .c a s e i s u b s p .c a s e i M44 i n t h e t h r e em e d i at e s t e d .C om p o n e n t sr e s p o n s i b l ef o rt h e p r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i ca c i d

i nMRSb r o t h . C om p o n e n t si nMRSb r o t h r e s p o n s i b l ef o rt h ep r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i ca c i dwere i n v e s t i g a t e dw i t h s u c c i n i ca c i d - p r o d u c i n gL . r e u t e r iM4 a n d M9 a n d n o n - s u c c i n i ca c i d - p r o d u c i n gL . c a s e i s u b s p .c a s e i M 44 . T h e s es t r a i n s

were g r o w ni n a s e r i e so f mod i f i e dMRSb r o t h s .D i a m m o -n i u mc i t r a t ewa s c l e a r l yf o u n dt o b e r e s p o n s i b l ef o rt h emostp r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i c a c i dw i t h L . r e u t e r iM4 a n d M 9 .

P r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i ca c i df r o m s u b s t a n c e s r e l a t e dt odiammonium c i t r a t e .S o d i u mc i t r a t ea n d DL - i s o c i t r i c ,f u m a -r i c ,D L - m a l i c ,a - k e t o g l u t a r i c ,a n d p y r u v i ca c i d swe r e e x am -i n e d f o r t h ep r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i ca c i db y u s i n gL . r e u t e r iM4a n dM9a n dL . c as eis u b s p .c a s e i M 4 4 .O f t h es u b s t a n c e st e s t e d ,s o d i u mc i t r a t e ,f um a r i ca c i d ,a n d DL -m a l i ca c i dwe r ec o n v e r t e dt o s u c c i n i ca c i da t t h e p e r c e n t a g e so f 3 0 t o 57%( o na m o l a rb a s i s )b y L . r e u t e r iM4 a n d M9 ( Ta b l e2 ) .T h ep e r c e n t a g e swere a l i t t l el o w e r t ha n6 7 t o 74% w i t h d i a m m o -n i u m c i t r a t e .P e r c e n t a g e sf o rDL - i s o c i t r i c ,a - k e t o g l u t a ra n d p y r u v i ca c i d swe r e 0 t o 8 % . L . c a s e i s u b s p .c a s e i M44d i dn o t c o n v e r t a n y o f t h e a c i d s t o s u c c i n i c a c i d .

DISCUSSION

Diammoniumc i t r a t ewa s f o u n dt o b e d e g r a d e dt o s u c c i n i ca c i db y t h eL a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n s .T h ef e r me n ta t io n o fc i t r a t ei t s e l fi s a f a i r l yg e n e r a lp r o p e r t y w i t h i n t h e s t r a i n si n t h eg e n u sL a c t o b a c i l l u s .B o t h h o mo f e r me n ta t i v e a n dh e t e r o f e rme n t a t i v ec i t r a t e - f e r m e n t i n gl a c t o b a c i l l ih a v e b e e n i s o l a t e df r o ms i l a g e( 1 2 ) ,f e c e s( 1 0 ) ,l a m bs t o m a c h( 5 ) ,s h e e pm i l k( 5 ) ,P e c o r i n o Romano c h e e s e ( 5 ) ,a n d d a i r yp r o d u c t s( 8 ) .I nsome c a s e s , t h e p r e s e n c eo f l a c t o b a c i l l ih a s b e e n c o r r e l a t ew i t h " b l o w i n g "o f t h e c h e e s e s d u e t o t h e p r o d u c t i o no fc a r b o n d i o x i d e f r o m c i t r a t e( 4 ) .H o w e v e r ,t h e m a i n e n d

A P P L .E N V I R O N .M I C R O B I O L .

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SUCCINATE PRODUCTIONFROM CITRATE BY LACTOBACILLI

TABLE 2 . P r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i c a c i df r o mv a r i o u ss u b s t a n c e sr e l a t e dt o d i a m m o n i u mc i t r a t e "

Am t mM ( % ) bs u c c i n i ca c i d p r o d u c e db y :

S u b s t a n c et e s t e d C o n t r o l L . r e u t e r i L . r e u t e r i L . c a s e ig / l i t e r mM ( u n i n o c u l a t e d ) M4 M9 s u b s p .

casei

B a s a l m e d i u m c 0 . 5 2 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 1Diammon iumc i t r a t e(MRS) 2 . 0 8 . 8 0 . 5 8 . 4( 6 7 . 0 ) 9 . 1( 7 3 . 9 ) 1 . 2S o d i u mc i t r a t e 2 . 0 6 . 8 0 . 5 6 . 0( 5 1 . 5 ) 5 . 8( 4 7 . 1 ) 1 . 1F u m a r i ca c i d 2 . 0 1 7 . 2 0 . 4 1 1 . 2( 5 0 . 6 ) 1 2 . 4( 5 7 . 0 ) 1 . 1DL -M a l i ca c i d 2 . 0 1 5 . 3 0 . 6 7 . 2( 3 0 . 7 ) 7 . 3 ( 3 0 . 7 ) 1 . 0x - K et o g l u ta r ic a c id 2 . 0 1 3 . 7 0 . 7 3 . 6( 8 . 0 ) 3 . 2( 4 . 4 ) 1 . 6D L - I s o c i t r i ca c i d 2 . 0 1 0 . 4 0 . 6 2 . 6( 1 . 0 ) 2 . 8( 1 . 9 ) 1 . 3P y r u v i ca c i d 2 . 0 2 2 . 7 0 . 5 2 . 5( 0 . 0 ) 2 . 6( 0 . 0 ) 1 . 3

a Mediumw a s i n c u b a t e df o r 2d a y s .b P e rc e nt p ro d u ct i on o fs u c c i n i ca c i d w a s c a l c u l a t e da s : [ (mM p r o d u c e d- mM p r o d u c e di n b a s a lmedium) /mMo f t e s ts u b s t a n c ea d d e d ] x 1 0 0 .c MRSb r o t h f r o m w h ic hd i a m m o n i u mc i t r a t ew a s o m i t t e d .

p r o d u c t si n t h e c i t r a t eb r e a k d o w nb y l a c t o b a c i l l ir e p o r t e d s of a ra re a ce t at e ( 4 ,2 0 ) ,f o r m a t e( 8 ) ,d i a c e t y l( 2 ,8 , 9 , 1 3 ) ,a n dc a r b o n d i o x i d e ( 4 ) , d ep e nd in g o nt h e s t r a i no r s p e c i e s .S t r e p t o c o c c u sd i a c e t i l a c t i sa n d L e u c o n o s t o cs p e c i e s a l s of e r m e n t c i t r a t eb u t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l yp r o d u c ed i a c e t y la n da c e t o i n( 4 , 9 ) .T h e r e f o r e ,t h ep r e s e n t w o r ki s c o n s i d e r e dt op r o v i d et h e f i r s te v id en c e o nt h e p ro d u ct i o n o fs u c c i n i c a c i df r o mc i t r a t eb y l a c t i ca c i d b a c t e r i a ,a l t h o u g ht h e r e a r e a f e wr e p o r t s a b o u t t h e p r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i ca c i df r o mt a r t a r a t e( 1 7 ) ,m a l a t e ( 2 0 ) ,a n d f u m a r a t e ( 2 0 )b y some L a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n s .T h e i m p o r t a n c eo f s u c c i n i c a c i da s a f l a v o r i n gcompound

i n d a i r yp r o d u c t s i s w e l l known ( 1 7 ) .F o r a f e r m e n t e db e v e r a g e , s a k e ,i n J a p a n , s u c c i n i c a c i di s a n i mpo r t an tf l a v o r i n gs u b s t a n c e( 1 4 ) .I n c i d e r sa n d w i n e s , 0 . 1 %s u c c i n i ca c i di s commonly f o u nd , w h i l e0 . 0 3 %i n b e e r s i s c o n s i d e r e da r a t h e rh i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n( 2 0 ) .A t a h ig hc o n c e n t r a t i o n ,t h es t r o n g b i t t e rf l a v o ro f s u c c i n i ca c i dmay b e c o m eo b j e c t i o n -a b l e .C i t r i ca c i di s d i s t r i b u t e di n a w i d e v a r i e t yo f r a wm a t e r i a l sf o rd a i r yp r o d u c t s( 4 ,7 ) a n d f e rm en t edb e v e r a g e s

( 1 6 ,1 7 ) .L a c t o b a c i l l ia l s oa r e w i d e l yf o u n di n d a i r y p r o d u c t sa n d f e r m e n t e db e v e r a g e s( 1 9 ) .A c c o r d i n g l y ,i f t h e c i t r i ca c i di s c o n v e r t e d t o s u c c i n i ca c i d b y l a c t o b a c i l l id u r i n g t h ef e rm e n t a t i o np r o c e s s , t h e f l a v o ro f t h ef e r m e n t e dp r o d u c t sw i l lg r e a t l yb e i n f l u e n c e d .Among t h eL a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n si s o l a t e df r o m f e r m e n t e d

c a n e mo l a s s e s , t h es t r a i n so f L . r e u t e r ia n d L . c e l l o b i o s u sp r o d u c e ds u c c i n i ca c i d .T h e t y p e s t r a i no f L . r e u t e r ia l s op r o d u c e ds u c c i n i ca c i d ,b u t t h a to f L . c e l l o b i o su s d i dn o t .T h e t y p e s t r a i na n d t w oo t h e r s t r a i n so f L . c r i s p a t u s ,b yw h i c h C a t o e t a l . ( 3 ) r e p o r t e d t h e p r o d uc t i o n o fa s l i g h tamount o f s u c c i n i ca c i di n g l u c o s eb r o t h ,a l s op r o d u c e ds u c c i n i ca c i df r o mc i t r i ca c i d .T h e t y p e s t r a i no f L . b r e v i sd i dn o t d e g r a d ec i t r i ca c i dt o s u c c i n i ca c i d ,a l t h o u g hR a d l e r( 1 7 )o b s e r v e ds u c c i n i c a c i dp r o d u c t i o nf r o m t a r t a r t i ca c i db y as t r a i no f L . b r e v i s .T h e p r e s e n c eo f f e r me n t ab l e c a r bo h y d r at e ss u c h a s g l u -

c o s e a n d l a c t o s ema y i n f l u e n c e t h ee x t e n t o f c i t r i ca c i du t i l i z a t i o n( 5 ) .E v i d e n c ep r e s e n t e d b y C am pb e l la n d G u n -s a l u s( 2 )i n d i c a t e st h a tl a c t o b a c i l l ima y u t i l i z ec i t r i ca c i di nt h ea b s e n c e o f c a r b o h y d r a t e sa s a n e n e r g y s o u r c e . I n t h ep r e s e n tw o r k ,t h ep r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i ca c i df r o mc i t r i ca c i dwas s l i g h t l ye n h a n c e di n t h e p r e s e n c eo f g l u c o s ea t 2 d a y s o fi n c u b a t i o n b u t n o t a t 7 d a y s o f i n c u b a t i o n .T h e s l i g h te n h a n c e m e n to f s u c c i n i ca c i dp r o d u c t i o nw i t h g l u c o s ea f t e ri n c u b a t i o n f o r 2 d a y s s e e m e d t o b e a s c r i b a b l et o f a s t e rg r o w t h o f t h e L a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n su s i n gg l u c o s e a s a ne n e r g ys o u r c e . Ac c o r d i n g l y ,t h e p r e s e n c eo f g l u c o s ed i d n o t

a c t u a l l yi n f l u e n c e t h ep r o d u c t i o no f s u c c i n i ca c i d ,a n d c i t r i ca c i dd i dn o t a l w a y ss e e mt o b e u t i l i z e da s a n e n e r g ys o u r c e .T h e p r o d u c t i o nr a t e so f s u c c i n i c a c i df r o md i a m m o n i u m

c i t r a t ew e r e a p p r o x im a t e l y70% o n a m o l a rb a s i sw i t h t h et w o L . r e u t e r is t r a i n s ,a n d t h o s e f r o m ma l i c a n d f um a r i c

a c i d sw e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y60% ( Ta b l e 2 ) . T h e s e r a t e s a r ec o n s i d e r e dt o b e r e l a t i v e l yh i g h ,c o m p a r e dw i t h t h e p r o d u c -t i o nr a t e so f s u c c i n i ca c i df r o mt a r t a r a t e( 1 7 ,1 8 )a n d m a l a t e( 2 0 )a n d i n g l u c o s eb r o t h ( 3 )b y some L a c t o b a c i l l u ss t r a i n s .R a d l e r a n d Ya n n i s s i s ( 1 8 )r e p o r t e d t h a tt a r t a r i ca c i di s

c o n v e r t e dt o s u c c i n i c a c i dt h r o u g hma l i c a n d f um a r i ca c i d sb y a n L . b r e v i ss t r a i n .I n t h e p r e s e n t w o r k , ma l i c a n df u m a r i ca c i d sa l s ow e r e c o n v e r t e dt o s u c c i n i ca c i db y t h es t r a i n si s o l a t e df r o m f e r m e n t e dc a n e mo l a s s e s . I t i s , h o w -e v e r , u n k n o w nw h e t h e rc i t r i ca c i di sm e t a b o l i z e dt o s u c c i n i ca c i dt h r o u g ht h e s a m eb i o c h em i c a lp a t h w a ya s t h a tu s e d b yt h eL . b r e v i ss t r a i n .T h em e c h a n i s mo f s u c c i n i ca c i dp r o d u c -t i o nf r o m c i t r i ca c i db y l a c t i ca c i db a c t e r i ar em a i n s t o b ei n v e s t i g a t e d .I t s e e m si n t e r e s t i n gt o s t u d y t h em e c h a n i s mi nc o n n e c t i o nw i t h t h e t r i c a r b o x y l i ca c i dc y c l e( 1 5 )b e c a u s e

c i t r i c ,f u m a r i c ,m a l i c ,a n d s u c c i n i ca c i d sa r e a l lm e m b e r so ft h e t r i c a r b o x y l i ca c i dc y c l e .LITERATURECITED

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S .A r r i z z a ,

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9 . F r y e r , T . F . ,M. E . S h a r p e ,a n d B . R e i t e r .1 9 7 0 .U t i l i z a t i o no fm i l k c i t r a t eb y l a c t i ca c i db a c t e r i aa n d " b l o w i n g "o f f i l m -

3 0 5 5O L . 5 4 ,1 9 8 8

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3 0 5 6 KANEUCHIET AL. A P P L .E N V I R O N .M I C RO B I O L .

w r a p p e dc h e e s e . J . D a i r yR e s . 3 7 : 1 7 - 2 8 .1 0 .G a s s e r , F . 1 9 6 4 . I d e n t i f i c a t i o nd e s L ac t o ba ci l l u sf e c a u x .A n n .

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