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Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

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Page 1: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Succession

“An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.”

Eugene P. Odum

Page 2: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Ecological Succession

Bare land usually does not stay bare for long.

Plants will colonize forming a community

Other communities replace that

This is Succession

Succession: a natural increase in the complexity of the structure and species composition of a community over time

Page 3: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

• Occurs when there are no traces of the original community remaining,including vegetation and soil

• Pioneer species, such as lichens, are the first to colonize.• The environment changes as new species move in, adding nutrients andgenerating habitat.

Primary Succession

Page 4: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Primary Succession Cont.

Primary succession occurs after new land is either created or uncovered Examples: River Deltas, volcanic lava fields, sand dunes or 

glacial deposits

Each stage of succession adds something that the next stage needs, allowing one stage to flow into the next

Pioneer Species: first to colonize adapted to live in limiting environments

Climax Community: Final stage of succession Stable and self perpetuating

Page 5: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Primary Succession

Page 6: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Northern Europe Example

Ecological Period Years ago Community

Pre‐Boreal 10000‐9500 Tundra with patches of willow, birch and pine

Boreal 9500‐7500 Hazel, pine

Atlantic 7500‐5000 Hazel, oak, elm, lime ash alder

Sub‐Boreal 5000‐2500 Mixed oak wit many cleared areas either being farmed or abandoned and returned to woodland

Page 7: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Secondary Succession Occurs when an already established community is suddenly destroyed

Following flood, or fire or after human activity, such as ploughing

Secondary Succession: occurs in soils already developed and ready to accept seeds carried by wind Often some seeds left from previous community Shortened number of stages

Page 8: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Secondary Succession

Page 9: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Changes Occurring During a Succession

Size of organisms increase, with trees creating more hospitable environment

Energy flow becomes more complex as simple food chains form webs

Soil depth, soil fertility, water‐holding capacity, mineral content and cycling all increase

Biodiversity increases (more niches), fall as climax is reached

Productivity rises and then falls

Page 10: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Species Diversity in Successions

Early stages have few species in the community

Number of species found increases and succession moves through the stages

Pioneer species usually are not totally replaced

Diversity increases and then levels out once niches are filled

Mt. St. Helens Example: species diversity increased for 10 years, leveled after 20

Page 11: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Disturbance

Even climax communities are subject to periods of disturbance

In forests, trees age, die and fall over leaving gaps

Communities can also be affected by natural hazards Flood, fire, landslides, earthquakes, hurricanes, etc Make gaps that can be colonized within the surrounding 

community Adds to productivity and diversity

Some ecosystems never reach climax due to frequent disturbance (Equilibrium Communities or Subclimax Communities)

Page 12: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Arrested and Deflected Successions

Succession can be stopped by: Abiotic factors: soil conditions, water logging Biotic factor: heavy grazing

Causes Subclimax community, will only continue development if limiting factor is removed

Plagioclimax Community: succession arrested by humans Pasture, arable farmland or plantations (reduced 

biodiversity) Can still develop into climax community if our 

activity ceases

Page 13: Succession - WordPress.com · 2017. 4. 24. · Succession “An understanding of succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature.” Eugene P. Odum

Significance of Changes

Agriculture conflicts with succession

We want high productivity, simple system and maximum yield

Natural System wants increased complexity and biodiversity

Changes if we value ecosystem services