ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208 024

Successful pulse production technologies:

Strategies to mainstreaming pulses for food

and nutritional security in India

N. P. Singh Director

Global Status 2014-15

Countries Area

(mha)

Production

(m.ton)

Yield

(Kg/ha)

India * 23.55 17.15 728

Myanmar 3.76 4.99 1324

Brazil 3.20 3.30 1030

China 2.91 4.51 1550

Canada 2.86 5.82 2030

Australia 2.18 3.07 1407

USA 1.23 2.40 1943

Others 45.93 36.35 791

TOTAL 85.62 77.59 906

Source:- http://faostat3.fao.org/ * DAC& FW, New Delhi

Major Pulses Producing Countries

Crops Area

(mha)

Production

(m.ton)

Yield

(Kg/ha)

Beans Dry 30.13 25.09 832

Chickpea 14.80 14.23 962

Lentil 4.52 4.88 1080

Pea dry 6.86 11.33 1650

Pigeonpea 6.66 4.85 728

Total

pulses

85.62 77.59 906

Major Pulse Crops Grown

SAARC Status: Major Pulse Producing Countries

Countries Area

(000’ ha) Production (000’ ton)

Yield (Kg/ha)

India * 23552.70 17151.80 728

Pakistan 1432.20 1032.30 721

Nepal 292.47 310.49 1061

Bangladesh 266.4 260.88 979

Afghanistan 79.75 60.00 752

Sri Lanka 31.02 27.28 1298

Bhutan 4.39 4.65 1059

Maldives 0.12 0.10 869

Source:- http://faostat3.fao.org/ * DAC& FW, New Delhi

Pulse Scenario in India

Items/Years 2006-

07

2007-

08

2008-

09

2009-10 2010-11 2011-

12

2012-13 2013-

14

2014-15 2015-16

Area (mha) 23.19 23.63 22.09 23.28 26.28 24.78 23.47 25.21 23.55 23.50

Production 142.0 147.6 145.7 147.0 182.4 172.10 183.4 190.27 172.0 164.7

Export 2.64 1.82 1.45 1.29 2.06 1.75 2.01 3.45 2.22 2.55

Import 25.04 29.45 25.8 37.64 27.80 34.96 38.36 31.78 45.85 57.98

Total

availability

164.4 175.23 170.05 183.35 208.14 205.31 219.75 218.16 215.63 220.13

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Area (mha) Production (mton) Yield (q/ha)

Status of Different Pulse Crops

Grown in India (2014-15)

Crops

Area

(mha)

Production

(mt)

Yield

(kg/ha)

Chickpea 8.25 7.33 889

Pigeonpea 3.55 2.78 783

Mungbean 3.02 1.50 498

Urdbean 3.24 1.96 604

Lentil 1.47 1.03 705

Fieldpea 0.97 0.89 912

Lathyrus 0.49 0.45 921

Cowpea 0.15 0.12 814

Horsegram 0.50 0.26 520

Mothbean 0.88 0.34 393

Other minor pulses - 0.49 -

Total 23.55 17.15 728

Percent contribution

Important Pulse Growing States in

India (2013-14 & 2014-15)

States Area (000 ha) Production (000 tone) Yield (Kg/ha)

2013-14 2014-15 2013-14 2014-15 2013-14 2014-15

Andhra Pradesh 1108.8 1043.1 1061.8 950.0 958 911

Bihar 500.0 575.0 522.0 493.9 1044 859

Chhattisgarh 846.3 903.0 484.5 738.5 573 818

Gujarat 813.0 591.0 729.0 574.5 897 972

Jharkhand 566.8 594.7 578.6 597.1 1021 1004

Karnataka 2498.0 2313.0 1600.5 1390.0 641 601

Madhya Pradesh 5394.1 5511.2 4644.3 4828.3 861 876

Maharashtra 3953.0 3409.0 3169.0 2053.0 802 602

Odisha 780.8 826.4 419.3 439.3 537 532

Punjab 45.4 49.2 39.6 41.6 872 846

Rajasthan 4197.7 3362.3 2490.9 1951.8 593 580

Tamil Nadu 815.8 883.9 613.8 753.2 752 852

Telangana 563.2 408.1 489.2 263.0 869 644

Tripura 12.2 11.7 8.7 8.4 719 718

Uttar Pradesh 2305.0 2350.0 1697.4 1438.7 736 612

Uttarakhand 65.0 66.5 56.5 54.6 869 821

West Bengal 286.7 251.2 241.7 236.5 843 941

Others 466.0 403.4 408.7 339.4 877 841

All India 25217.8 23552.7 19255.5 17151.8 764 728

Nutrients in Pulses

Pulses (Dals) Energy

(K.Cal)

Protein

(g.)

Carbohydrate

(g.)

Fat

(g.)

All values are per 100 g of edible portions.

Chickpea 360 17.1 60.9 5.3

Pigeonpea 335 22.3 57.6 1.7

Greengram 334 24.0 56.7 1.3

Blackgram 347 24.0 59.6 1.4

Cowpea 323 24.1 54.5 1.0

Lentil 343 25.1 59.0 0.7

Horse gram 330 23.6 56.5 1.1

Peas (dry) 315 19.7 56.5 1.1

Rajmash 346 22.9 60.6 1.3

Beans 347 24.9 60.1 0.8

Rice 365 7.13 80.0 0.6

Wheat 360 13.7 71.0 2.4

Pulses Ca P Fe Mg

Chickpea 114 387 6.2 168

Pigeonpea 124 304 5.8 133

Mungbean 124 326 7.3 171

Urdbean 154 385 9.1 185

Pea 75 298 5.1 124

Lentil 69 293 4.8 94

Wheat 34 508 3.52 144

Rice 28 115 0.8 25

Mineral Content in Pulses

mg/100 g)

Vitamin Content in Pulses vs Cereals ( mg/100g)

Crop Carotene Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin

Chickpea 0.19 0.30 0.15 2.9

Mungbean 0.94 0.47 0.27 2.3

Lentil 0.27 0.45 0.20 2.6

Wheat 0.02 0.45 0.12 6.74

Rice 0.01 0.07 0.015 1.62

Amino Acids Composition (mg/100 g of protein)

Pulses Animal Cereals Pulses

Isoleucine 46.7 39.8 45.3

Leucine 79.6 86.3 78.9

Lysine 84.3 30.5 67.1

Methionine & Cystine 37.7 41.1 25.3

Tryptophan 11.4 12.1 12.3

Constraints in pulse

production

• Inadequate supply of quality seeds and low SRR

• Less input use

• Cultivated mostly under rainfed conditions

• Biotic and abiotic stresses

• Technology gap

• Lack of attractive Market Price

• Lack of proper procurement

• Poor storage facilities of the farm produce

Major focused research programs

in pulses

Pre-breeding and genetic enhancement for breaking yield barriers

Development of pod borer resistant transgenic in chickpea & pigeonpea

Development of hybrids in pigeonpea

Enhancing resource use efficiency in pulses under rice fallows

Functional genomics in chickpea

Climate resilience in major pulses

Improving heat tolerance in chickpea and lentil

Transgenics- Pod borer resistance in pigeonpea and Chickpea

CGMS- hybrids in pigeonpea

Pre-breeding: Chickpea, lentil, Mungbean

Pulses in Rice Fallows- Varieties for Rice-fallow condition

Crops At IIPR, Kanpur At NBPGR, New Delhi

Chickpea 4,000 14,585

Pigeonpea 1,000 11,130

Mungbean 570 4,126

Pea 870 4,165

Urdbean 340 -

Lentil 3000 -

Rajamsh 65 3,519

Lathyrus 450 -

Cowpea - 3,765

Clusterbean - 4,309

Horsegram - 3,022

Ricebean - 2,072

Others - 13, 727

Total 10,295 64,420

Status of Pulse Genetic Resources

in India

Major Research Achievements

Reduction in crop duration: Mungbean duration reduced from 75 to 55 days, lentil from 140 to 120 days and chickpea from 135 to 100 days

Seed size of Kabuli chickpea increased from 35 to 55 g and lentil from 3.2 to 4.0 g per 100 seed weight

MYMV resistant, non shattering and synchronous maturing varieties developed in mungbean and urdbean

High input responsive, wilt resistant varieties developed in chickpea

Early maturing varieties developed in pigeonpea which fit in multiple cropping

Green seeded variety of field pea for diversified food uses

High yielding varieties developed in the country since 1992

Chickpea Varieties

Most popular variety of the decade: JG 11, Vijay, JG 16, GNG 1581, JG 130

Varieties Special feature

JG 14, JAKI 9218, RVG 202, RVG 203, Rajas, Pusa 547, JG 11,

JG 16, Subhra

Short duration

MNK 1, PKV Kabuli 4-1, Phule G 0517 (Kripa) Extra Large seeded Kabuli

JG 14 , RVG 202, RVG 203 Heat tolerant

RSG 888, Vijay Drought tolerant

GNG 1581, JG 16, Digvijay, Gujarat Gram 2, BG 391, BGD 78,

Ujjawal, GLK 26155, HK 05-169

Wilt resistant

PBG 5, GNG 469, Himachal chana 1 Ascochyta blight tolerant

NBeG 47, GBM 2, HC 5 Machine Harvestable

Pigeonpea Varieties

UPAS 120 Early

Bahar Late

Narendra Arhar 1 Late

Asha (ICPL 87119) 1993

Maruthi (ICPL 8863) 1985

Most popular variety of the decade

Varieties Special feature

Maruthi, Asha, BDN 2, BSMR 736, MA 6 , Vipula, Wilt resistant

Bahar, BSMR 736, Asha, Sharad, Pusa 9 , IPA 203 Sterility Mosaic Disease

Asha, BSMR 736, BSMR 853, Rajeev Lochan, BDN

711

Wilt and SMD

JKM 189 Drought tolerant

GTH-1 Hybrid

BRG 4 Suitable for both timely and

delayed sowings

About 30% Yield increase over conventional varieties

GTH 1

Hybrids in Pigeonpea

Mungbean Varieties

Varieties for Rice-fallow condition: CO 7,Vamban 3, ADT 3

SML 668, HUM 12, Meha, IPM 02-3 & Samrat

Most popular variety of the decade

Varieties Special features

IPM 205-7 Extra early summer mungbean (After

harvest of the wheat)

HUM-16, IPM 410-3, IPM 02-3, SML 832,

Pusa 9972, MH 421

Short duration varieties for

spring/summer

TM 96-2, WGG-2, Vamban-4 Rabi season varieties

MH 2-15, IPM 02-3, KH 2115, IPM 2-14,

Pusa 0672

Resistant for MYMV

TM 96-2, TJM -3, TM 200-2 Resistant to Powdery mildew

Urdbean Varieties

Varieties for Rice-fallow condition: CO 6, ADT 5, Vamban 6

Most popular variety of the decade

PU 31, Uttara , Shekar 2, Azad U 3, TAU 1

Varieties Special features

LBG 685, LBG 752, TU 40 Suitable for rabi cultivation

Vamban 5, TU 40 Varieties for rice-fallow

WBU 109, OBG 17, KUG 479 Short duration varieties for

summer/spring

IPU 02-43, PU 31, LU 39, KUG 479 Resistant for MYMV

VBG 04-008, TU 40, NUL 7 Resistant to Powdery mildew

Lentil Varieties

Lentil for rice fallow

Varieties: Pusa Vaibhav, KLS 218, Pant L 639, DPL 62, Pant L 5

Most popular variety of the decade

NDM 1, Pant L 8, Noori, HUL 57, KLS 218, DPL 62

Varieties Special feature

VL 126, HM-1, WVL-77, Pant lentil 6, KLS 09-3 Small seeded

VL-507, IPL 406, Pant Lentil-7, IPL 316, Shalimar

Massor-2, RVL-31, KLB 345, KLB 2008-4, IPL 526

Large seeded

VL-507, IPL 316, RVL-31, KLB 345, KLB 2008-4,

KLS 09-3, IPL 526

Rust resistant

VL-126, HM-1, IPL -406, WVL-77, Pant L-6, Pant L

7, LL931

Wilt resistant

Fieldpea Varieties

Most popular variety of the decade

HUDP 15, KPMR 400, Rachna, Adarsh

Varieties Special feature

Paras, Pant Pea 25, Prakash (IPFD 1-10), HFP

9907B, Pant Pea 42, HFP 9426, IPF 5-19, TRCP-

8, SKNP 04-09, HFP 529, IPFD 10-12, IPFD 11-5

Resistant to powdery

mildew

Pant Pea 25, Prakash and Pant Pea 42 Resistant to Rust

IPFD 10-12, HFP 9426 Green seeded

Vigna aconitifolia

Area 10-12 Lakh ha

Production 2.5-4.0 Lakh tones

Major States Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Haryana

Popular Varieties

RMO-40, RMO-435, CAZRI Moth-2, RMB-25, RMO-423, RMO-257, CAZRI Moth-3

Area 4-5 Lakh ha

Production 2-2.5 Lakh tones

Major States Karnataka, A.P., Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, M.P., Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Hilly regions

Popular Varieties CO-1, Madhu, Birsa kulthi-1, VL Gahat-15, VL Gahat-19

Draft Genome Sequence: Pigeonpea Becomes

the First Sequenced Pulse Crop

Paradigm shift from orphan legume to a resource rich crop

Provides access to

1. ~45000 predicted genes 2. large set of SSR and SNP markers 3. Candidate genes for drought

tolerance and disease resistance

Insights into the evolutionary history Opened new avenues for re-sequencing of landraces and wild relatives, WGS and GWAS

Pigeonpea Genome Sequence

First Draft Genome Sequence of Pigeonpea cv. Asha

(Singh et al 2012)

Circular map of syntenic relationship between 11 pairs of pigeonpea chromosomes with 20 pairs

of soybean chromosomes.

Chickpea Sequence Information/Resources

Genome Assembly and Annotation Report

Kabuli type: CDC Frontier (ca. 738 Mb)

Varshney et al. 2013

Desi type: ICC 4958 (ca. 520 Mb)

Jain et al. 2013

Chloroplast Genome Annotation Report

Seeds from IARI, New Delhi (ca. 125 kb)

Jansen et al. 2008

Resources (SNPs and INDEL) will

assist genomics-based breeding

approaches such as genotyping by

sequencing, genome-wide association

studies and genomic selection.

Identify regions (and candidate

genes) across the genome that might

have been greatly affected by selection

during domestication and/or breeding.

Draft genome sequence of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) provides a resource

for trait improvement

12/8/2016

TA

A1

70

GA

24

ST

MS

11

ICC

M0

24

9

F1

BC1F1

P1 x P2

x 2012 (main season)

DCP 92-3/K850

x 2012 (off season at

Dharwar)

Drought QTL linked region used for foreground selection BC2F1

Introgression of drought QTLs in elite

chickpea cultivars

Donor: ICC 4958 Recipients: DCP 92-3, Pusa 362, Pusa 372, ICCV 10

1. Mapping of targeted traits and harnessing the germplasm diversity using Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS)

Traits

Activities:

1. Multilocation phenotyping of global collection

2. Genotyping of 3000 global composite collection

using WGRS/GBS approaches

3. Establish marker/haplotype gene-trait

association

Genotype information:

Includes 1044 Kabuli type

2058 desi type

Utilization of chickpea genome

sequence for crop improvement

Transgenic Chickpea

Trait: Insect (Pod borer) resistance Gene: Bt

Genotype: DCP92-3

A

D

C

E

B

I

F

HG

Development of transgenic chickpea plants. A. Inoculated seeds in SIM, B. Germinated seedlings,

C. AMEs preparation, D. AMEs in Agrobacterium suspension, E. AMEs containing multiple shoots,

F. AMEs in Kanamycin selection, G. Elongated shoots in Kanamycin selection, H. Micrografting of

Kanamycin resistant Shoot, I. Mature fertile transgenic plant

Transgenic Pigeonpea

A

IHG

FED

CB

Transgenic development in Pigeon pea : A. Inoculated seeds, B.

Germinated seedlings, C.AMEs ready for cocultivation , D. Explants in

Agrobacterium suspension, E. Explants in Kanamycin selection, F.

Kanamycin resistant shoot, G. In vitro grafting of shoot, H. Acclimatization

of plant, I. Mature fertile transgenic plant.

Trait: Insect (Pod borer) resistance Gene: Bt

Genotype: Asha

Binary Vector harboring

cry1Ac

LB CaMV 35S Cry1Ac ocsA nosA nptII Pnos RB

EcoRI (0) BamHI (542) Sal I (2656) Hind III (2856)

Agrobacterium strain: EHA104 Binary Vector: pBinAR Courtesy: NRCPB, New Delhi

2.0 kb

3.0 kb

M 1 2

M: 1.0 kb DNA ladder;

Lane 1: EcoRI and HindIII fragment (2.8 kb)

Lane 2: BamHI and SalI fragment (2.1 kb)

Year T0 T1 T2 T3 T4

2011-12 72

2012-13 32 58

2013-14 93 32 20

2014-15 43 93 16 17

2015-16 4 41 7 9 7

Summary of transgenic events

produced

Pigeonpea

Year T0 T1 T2 T3 T4

2011-12 157

2012-13 211 157

2013-14 122 160 12

2014-15 38 18 2 2

2015-16 15 6 4 2 2

Events advanced based on protein expression (20-50 ng/mg TSP) and insect mortality >85%

Chickpea

Molecular Analysis of transgenic

lines

LB

Cry1Ac nos nos

RB

P1F P1R

P2RP2F

CaMV 35S ocsA nosA nptII Pnos

M P WT

T0 Lines

PCR analysis indicated the presence of cry1Ac in primary transformants

Agarose gel showing the PCR amplification product of cry1Ac gene

(cassette specific primers)

900 bp

Molecular Analysis of transgenic lines

Control

Test (cry1Ac)

QuickStix Strip Test Indicates expression of cry1Ac protein in chickpea leaves

Leaf tissues are homogenized in Extraction Buffer Strip was placed in homogenate

Homogenate ascent and band development

Screening of transgenic lines

Protein based assays

A. Qualitative ELISA, B. Quantitative ELISA,

C. Western blot.

A B

C

66 Kda Band

I II III IV V VI VII NC PC Range: 12.07-68.30 ng/mg TSP (Pigeonpea Lines)

Molecular analyses of transgenic chickpea lines

RT-PCR screening in T3 chickpea progenies

M1 PC T3 chickpea lines NC R NTC M2

441 bp

RT PCR in transgenic chickpea M1: 100 bp ladder, PC: Positive control, NC: Negative control (DCP 92-3) R: RNA as template, NTC: No template Control, M2: 1 Kb ladder

Transcript based assays

Confirmation of transgenic chickpea

lines

Copy No: Hind III Cassette Release: Eco RI

Standardization of Insect Bioassay

protocol

A. Detached leaf assay

o Bioassay of neonate (1-18 h

old) & 3rd instar larvae

under laboratory conditions

B. Cup assay

o Bioassay of neonate larvae

under contained green house

conditions

C. Whole-plant assay

o Bioassay of 3rd instar larvae

under contained green house

conditions

A

B C

A B

Collection of H. armigera population

Natural Population

Artificial diet rearing

Bioassay of transgenic lines

Control Transgenic

Transgenic Control

Detached leaf assay in transgenic chickpea (Left )

and non transgenic control (Right)

CONTROL TRANSGENICS

Application for Event Selection Trial

5 Chickpea events 5 Pigeonpea events

Efficient and remunerative cropping Systems viz. rice-wheat-mungbean, pigeonpea-wheat and maize/sorghum/pearl millet-chickpea/lentil

Inoculation with Rhizobium & phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) @ 15-20 g/kg seed

Resource conservation practices including mulching, residue recycling, etc.

Raised bed planting for population management and ridge & furrow system to conserve and enhance water use efficiency

Seed priming (overnight soaking with water) increases yield by 10-20%

100 kg DAP per ha along with Basal application of Sulphur @ 20 kg and Zinc @15 kg/ha improves yield by 18- 20%.

2% foliar spray of Urea/DAP at flowering and podding stages increases yield by 10-15%

Integrated weed management: use of pre-emergence weedicide pendimethalin @1.25 kg/ha followed by Post emergence weedicide, Imazethapyr @ 100 g /ha

Important Management Technologies

Efficient intercropping systems for

different ago-climatic zones

Chickpea + Mustard (6:2) Pigeonpea + Groundnut (1:2)

S/c + Mungbean (1:3) Pigeonpea + Urdbean (2:2)

Resource Conservation Technology (Cropping system, mulch, tillage for RUE)

• Yield advantage up to

33% in urdbean and 20%

in chickpea through

raised bed planting

• 25% saving in nutrients

and seed

• Additional crop of leafy

vegetables in furrows

RCT in pulse based cropping

systems Resource Conservation in Raised bed planting

Kharif pulses (mung, urdbean and pigeonpea):

Pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg/ha PE fb Imazethapyr @ 100 g/ha POE at 20-25 DAS

Rabi pulses (chickpea, lentil and peas)

Pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg/ha PE fb Quizalofop-ethyl @ 100 g/ha POE at 20-25 DAS

Spring/summer pulses (urdbean, mungbean)

Imazethapyr @ 80 g/ha POE at 20-25 DAS

Weed Management

Pendimethalin @ 1.25 kg/ha +

Imazethapyr @ 100 g/ha Pendimethalin @ 1.25

kg/ha + Imazethapyr @ 100

g/ha

Control

Control

Soaking seeds in water for 6-8 hrs and

sowing of primed seed at 8-10 days before harvest of rice

Improves germination, growth, plant

stand and yield

Seed Priming- a simple and

effective practice in relay cropping

Further refinement

•Soaking seeds in

KH2PO4 solution

•Sowing methods for primed

seed under minimum tillage

•Optimum seed rate

Storage capacity: 2,10,000 L

Pit Size : Length :15 m

Breadth :7 m

Depth :2 m

Life saving irrigation through sprinkler system

Yield improvement in pulses was recorded up to 18% due to life saving

irrigation from water harvesting pond

Water harvesting : Life saving irrigation

Scope of Mechanization

Field preparation - Ridge maker

Sowing- Tractor operated seed drill

Pre-emergence herbicide spray

Weeding through power operated weeders

Spraying – multi bloom sprayer

Harvest – combined harvester

IIPR Mini Dall Mill

• Provision of a pre-grader for

raw grain and a grader for

finished product

• Powered by 1.5 hp single phase

motor

• Self contained mini dal mill

suitable for all operations

required in pulse milling viz.

grading of raw material, milling,

husk separation and finished

product grading

Disease and pest forecasting models developed

Deep summer ploughing for control of soil borne diseases & pests

Use of resistant cultivars for HPR

Seed treatment with Thiram + carbendazim (2:1) @ 3 gm per kg of seed recommended to ensure good plant stand

Bio-control for soil borne diseases using Trichoderma + carboxin (4+1g/kg seed)

Use of Pheromone traps (4-5 traps/ha) and trap crops

Use of neem seed kernel powder @ 50kg/ha for control of nematodes

Protection Technologies

There are four virus species viruses (MYMIV, MYMV, HgYMV, DoYMV) causing yellow mosaic disease in pulse crops with similar symptoms.

To identify these viruses a PCR based detection kit has been developed and named as “LYMVs PCR Diagnostic Kit”.

Diagnostic Kits

Identification of viruses causing yellow mosaic disease

Another kit named as “LYMVs Direct PCR Kit” has also been developed to indentify the same four viruses. The major difference in this kit and the above kit is, the leaf tissue can be used directly in the PCR mix.

Farmers’ participatory seed production

Farmer to farmer extension model

Front Line Demonstrations

International and national training programmes

Farmers’ days, field days, farmers’ fair

Farmers’ friendly literature

PulsExpert system

Dissemination of Technologies

Way Forward

Development of super early types

Photo-thermo insensitive varieties

Climate resilient varieties

Super nodulating plant types

Multiple disease resistance

Insect smart plants

Hybrid - pigeonpea

Transgenic varieties for biotic and abiotic stresess

Tools

Pre-breeding

Nanotechnology and bioinformatics

Genomics & molecular marker assisted breeding

Transgenic chickpea and pigeonpea

Nutrient & water management

Input Use Efficiency

Thanks