Subpart F—Test Procedures · Subpart F—Test Procedures §1048.501 What procedures must I use to test my engines? (a) Use the equipment and procedures ... gine with the following

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Environmental Protection Agency § 1048.505

Subpart F—Test Procedures

§ 1048.501 What procedures must I use to test my engines?

(a) Use the equipment and procedures for spark-ignition engines in 40 CFR part 1065 to show your engines meet the duty-cycle emission standards in § 1048.101(a) and (b). Measure HC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions using the full- flow dilute sampling procedures in 40 CFR part 1065. Use the applicable duty cycles in §§ 1048.505 and 1048.510.

(b) We describe in § 1048.515 the sup-plemental procedures for showing that your engines meet the field-testing emission standards in § 1048.101(c).

(c) Use the fuels specified in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart C, for all the testing we require in this part, except as noted in § 1048.515. Use these test fuels or any commercially available fuel for service accumulation.

(d) To test engines for evaporative emissions, use the equipment and pro-cedures specified for testing diurnal emissions in 40 CFR 86.107–96 and 86.133–96 with fuel meeting the speci-fications in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart C. Measure emissions from a test engine

with a complete fuel system. Reported emission levels must be based on the highest emissions from three succes-sive 24-hour periods of cycling tem-peratures. Note that you may not be required to test for evaporative emis-sions during certification if you certify by design, as specified in § 1048.245.

(e) You may use special or alternate procedures, as described in 40 CFR 1065.10.

(f) We may reject data you generate using alternate procedures if later test-ing with the procedures in 40 CFR part 1065 shows contradictory emission data.

§ 1048.505 What steady-state duty cy-cles apply for laboratory testing?

(a) Measure emissions by testing the engine on a dynamometer with one or more of the following sets of steady- state duty cycles to show that the en-gine meets the steady-state standards in § 1048.101(b):

(1) Use the 7-mode duty cycle de-scribed in the following table for en-gines from an engine family that will be used only in variable-speed applica-tions:

TABLE 1 OF § 1048.505—7-MODE DUTY CYCLE 1

Mode No. Engine speed Observed torque 2

Minimum time in

mode (min-utes)

Weighting factors

1 ......................................... Maximum test speed ..................................................... 25 3.0 0.06 2 ......................................... Intermediate test speed ................................................ 100 3.0 0.02 3 ......................................... Intermediate test speed ................................................ 75 3.0 0.05 4 ......................................... Intermediate test speed ................................................ 50 3.0 0.32 5 ......................................... Intermediate test speed ................................................ 25 3.0 0.30 6 ......................................... Intermediate test speed ................................................ 10 3.0 0.10 7 ......................................... Idle ................................................................................ 0 3.0 0.15

1 This duty cycle is analogous to the C2 cycle specified in ISO 8178–4. 2 The percent torque is relative to the maximum torque at the given engine speed.

(2) Use the 5-mode duty cycle de-scribed in the following table if you

certify an engine family for operation only at a single, rated speed:

TABLE 2 OF § 1048.505—5-MODE DUTY CYCLE FOR CONSTANT-SPEED ENGINES 1

Mode No. Engine speed Torque 2

Minimum time in mode

(minutes)

Weighting factors

1 ......................................... Maximum test ................................................................ 100 3.0 0.05 2 ......................................... Maximum test ................................................................ 75 3.0 0.25 3 ......................................... Maximum test ................................................................ 50 3.0 0.30 4 ......................................... Maximum test ................................................................ 25 3.0 0.30 5 ......................................... Maximum test ................................................................ 10 3.0 0.10

1 This duty cycle is analogous to the D2 cycle specified in ISO 8178–4. 2 The percent torque is relative to the maximum torque at maximum test speed.

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40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–04 Edition) § 1048.510

(3) Use both of the duty cycles de-scribed in paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section if you will not restrict an engine family to constant-speed or variable-speed applications.

(4) Use only the duty cycle specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section for all severe-duty engines.

(5) Use the 2-mode duty cycle de-scribed in the following table for high- load engines instead of the other duty cycles in this paragraph (a):

TABLE 3 OF § 1048.505—2-MODE DUTY CYCLE FOR HIGH-LOAD ENGINES 1

Mode No. Engine speed Torque 2

Minimum time in

mode (min-utes)

Weighting factors

1 ......................................... Maximum test ................................................................ 100 3.0 0.50 2 ......................................... Maximum test ................................................................ 75 3.0 0.50

1 This duty cycle is derived from the D1 cycle specified in ISO 8178–4. 2 The percent torque is relative to the maximum torque at maximum test speed.

(b) If we test an engine to confirm that it meets the duty-cycle emission standards, we will use the steady-state duty cycles that apply for that engine family.

(c) During idle mode, operate the en-gine with the following parameters:

(1) Hold the speed within your speci-fications.

(2) Keep the throttle at the idle-stop position.

(3) Keep engine torque under 5 per-cent of the peak torque value at max-imum test speed.

(d) For the full-load operating mode, operate the engine at wide-open throt-tle.

(e) See 40 CFR part 1065 for detailed specifications of tolerances and cal-culations.

(f) In the normal test sequence de-scribed in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart F, steady-state testing generally follows the transient test. For those cases where we do not require transient test-ing, perform the steady-state test after an appropriate warm-up period, con-sistent with good engineering judg-ment.

§ 1048.510 What transient duty cycles apply for laboratory testing?

(a) Starting with the 2007 model year, measure emissions by testing the en-gine on a dynamometer with one of the following transient duty cycles to show that the engine meets the transient emission standards in § 1048.101(a):

(1) If you certify an engine family for constant-speed operation only, use the

transient duty-cycle described in Ap-pendix I of this part.

(2) For all other engines, use the transient duty-cycle described in Ap-pendix II of this part.

(b) If we test an engine to confirm that it meets the duty-cycle emission standards, we will use the transient duty cycle that applies for that engine family.

(c) Warm up the test engine as fol-lows:

(1) Operate the engine for the first 180 seconds of the appropriate duty cycle, then allow it to idle without load for 30 seconds. At the end of the 30-second idling period, start measuring emis-sions as the engine operates over the prescribed duty cycle. For severe-duty engines, this engine warm-up procedure may include up to 15 minutes of oper-ation over the appropriate duty cycle.

(2) If the engine was already oper-ating before a test, use good engineer-ing judgment to let the engine cool down enough so measured emissions during the next test will accurately represent those from an engine start-ing at room temperature. For example, if an engine starting at room tempera-ture warms up enough in three minutes to start closed-loop operation and achieve full catalyst activity, then minimal engine cooling is necessary before starting the next test.

(3) You are not required to measure emissions while the engine is warming up. However, you must design your emission-control system to start work-ing as soon as possible after engine


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Environmental Protection Agency § 1048.605

starting. In your application for cer-tification, describe how your engine meets this objective (see § 1048.205(b)).

§ 1048.515 Field-testing procedures. (a) This section describes the proce-

dures to determine whether your en-gines meet the field-testing emission standards in § 1048.101(c). These proce-dures may include any normal engine operation and ambient conditions that the engines may experience in use. Paragraph (b) of this section defines the limits of what we will consider nor-mal engine operation and ambient con-ditions. Use the test procedures we specify in § 1048.501, except for the pro-visions we specify in this section. Measure emissions with one of the fol-lowing procedures:

(1) Remove the selected engines for testing in a laboratory. You can use an engine dynamometer to simulate nor-mal operation, as described in this sec-tion.

(2) Test the selected engines while they remain installed in the equip-ment. In 40 CFR part 1065, subpart J, we describe the equipment and sam-pling methods for testing engines in the field. Use fuel meeting the speci-fications of 40 CFR 1065.210 or a fuel typical of what you would expect the engine to use in service.

(b) An engine’s emissions may not ex-ceed the levels we specify in § 1048.101(c) for any continuous sam-pling period of at least 120 seconds under the following ranges of operation and operating conditions:

(1) Engine operation during the emis-sion sampling period may include any normal operation, subject to the fol-lowing restrictions:

(i) Average power must be over 5 per-cent of maximum brake power.

(ii) Continuous time at idle must not be greater than 120 seconds.

(iii) The sampling period may not begin until the engine has reached sta-ble operating temperatures. For exam-ple, this would exclude engine oper-ation after starting until the thermo-stat starts modulating coolant tem-perature.

(iv) The sampling period may not in-clude engine starting.

(v) For engines that qualify for the alternate Tier 2 emission standards in

§ 1048.101(d), operation at 90 percent or more of maximum power must be less than 10 percent of the total sampling time. You may request our approval for a different power threshold.

(2) Engine testing may occur under any normal conditions without cor-recting measured emission levels, sub-ject to the following restrictions:

(i) Barometric pressure must be be-tween 80.0 and 103.3 kPa (600 and 775 mm Hg).

(ii) Ambient air temperature must be between 13° and 35 °C.

Subpart G—Compliance Provisions

§ 1048.601 What compliance provisions apply to these engines?

Engine and equipment manufactur-ers, as well as owners, operators, and rebuilders of these engines, and all other persons, must observe the re-quirements and prohibitions in 40 CFR part 1068 and the requirements of the Act. The compliance provisions in this subpart apply only to the engines we regulate in this part.

§ 1048.605 What are the provisions for exempting engines from the re-quirements of this part if they are already certified under the motor- vehicle program?

(a) This section applies to you if you are an engine manufacturer. See § 1048.610 if you are not an engine man-ufacturer.

(b) The only requirements or prohibi-tions from this part that apply to an engine that is exempt under this sec-tion are in this section.

(c) If you meet all the following cri-teria and requirements regarding your new nonroad engine, it is exempt under this section:

(1) You must produce it by modifying an engine covered by a valid certificate of conformity under 40 CFR part 86.

(2) Do not make any changes to the certified engine that we could reason-ably expect to increase its exhaust or evaporative emissions. For example, if you make any of the following changes to one of these engines, you do not qualify for this exemption:


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Subpart F—Test Procedures · Subpart F—Test Procedures §1048.501 What procedures must I use to test my engines? (a) Use the equipment and procedures ... gine with the following