Subject Support 2012 AS Revision - 2 Based on previous
questions, and potential answers to those questions
Slide 2
Subject Support 2012 Revision topics chosen by your teachers
Physiology: Cardiac cycle with conduction system Oxyhaemoglobin
dissociation curve Skill: Open and closed loop control Learning
Theories Opportunities for Participation: Factors affecting a
pupils experience of school sports Inequality in sport
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Subject Support 2012 Typical question cardiac cycle May 11Qu 2
(a) (ii)Explain how the heart controls the rate at which it
beats.(4 marks)
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Subject Support 2012 4 Heart beat The chambers of the heart can
Contraction is called Relaxation is called The atria and ventricles
contract at different times during a single beat contract and relax
systole diastole a cardiac cycle
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Subject Support 2012 5 Cardiac cycle - order of contraction
Atrial systole Diastole Ventricular systole
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Subject Support 2012 6 The Heart Beat (cardiac cycle) Intrinsic
- Spreads through atria Picked up by Descends to tip of ventricle -
Purkinje fibres from within atria - SAN atrial systole AVN bundle
of His ventricular systole
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Subject Support 2012 Typical Question Jun 07 Qu 4 During a
demanding practice session, carbon dioxide is transported by the
blood. (c)(i)State two ways in which carbon dioxide is transported
by the blood.(2 marks) May 10 Qu 2 (a) (ii)Explain how oxygen is
taken up by haemoglobin from the lungs and released at the muscle
site. (3 marks)
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Subject Support 2012 8 Carbon dioxide in blood 5% dissolves in
20% combines with 75% combines with water forming plasma
haemoglobin bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate) ion
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Subject Support 2012 9 Transport of oxygen in blood Oxygen
combines with Forms When lots of oxygen available all haemoglobin
carries oxygen When not much oxygen around oxyhaemoglobin splits
haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin haemoglobin fully saturated releasing
oxygen into muscles
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Subject Support 2012 10 Forming oxyhaemoglobin In lungs lots of
Hb becomes fully saturated with In muscles less leaves Hb
Oxygenated blood to muscles oxygen
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Subject Support 2012 11 During exercise Temperature in muscle
More produced Both these increase amount of released into muscles
increases CO 2 oxygen
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Subject Support 2012 12 Forming oxyhaemoglobin During exercise
In lungs lots of oxygen Hb becomes fully saturated with O 2 In
working muscles higher and more more oxygen leaves Hb Oxygenated
blood to muscles temperature CO 2
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Subject Support 2012 Typical Question venous return May 11 Qu 2
(b)Running helps the venous return mechanism. Explain how the
venous return mechanism works. (3 marks)
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Subject Support 2012 14 Venous return blood back to heart
Valves in Blood only flows one way towards Contraction of skeletal
muscles during movements Constriction of chest veins during
inspiration Suction pressure of veins heart muscle pump respiratory
pump heart
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Subject Support 2012 Operant conditioning - Typical Question
Jan 10 Qu 4. (c)(i)Explain what you understand by the term operant
conditioning. (2 marks) (ii)How can a coach use operant
conditioning to develop a gymnasts skills?(3 marks)
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Subject Support 2012 16 Operant conditioning S-R theories
become to produce a particular to a particular - show performer
what is required and allow to try - adjust environment to
strengthen chance of correct response Trial and error learning
conditioned response stimulus Shaping
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Subject Support 2012 17 Reinforcement To increase probability
of Strengthens Positive reinforcement - Negative reinforcement also
encourages repeat of behaviour - stop negative/unpleasant stimulus
when rewards / praise repeat of behaviour S-R bond desired response
occurs
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Subject Support 2012 18 Punishment Opposite of reinforcement
Used to stop repeat of Weakens undesired /unsuccessful attempt S-R
bond
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Subject Support 2012 Typical question - motivation Jan 10 Qu 3.
In order to improve their performance, badminton players need to be
motivated. (b) (i)Explain what do you understand by the term
motivation? (2 marks) (ii)How could a coach motivate a badminton
player to improve?(3 marks)
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Subject Support 2012 20 Motivation The drive to achieve a goal
Two main types: Intrinsic - Extrinsic - from within
self-satisfaction from outside tangible - money, badges, etc
intangible - praise, pb, etc best
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Subject Support 2012 Typical question observational learning
Jan 12 Qu 3 (c)Performers could learn the swimming start by
observational learning. Banduras observational model of learning is
shown below. Using the diagram, explain how attention, motor
production and motivation are used help the process of learning a
skill.(3 marks) (d)Suggest how a coach might help a performer to
retain newly learned skills.(3 marks)
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Subject Support 2012 22 Observational Learning Copying/mimicing
an action/behaviour Requires learner to be: Attentive (attention)
Capable of remembering (retention) Capable of performing (motor
production) Willing to learn (motivation)
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Subject Support 2012 Typical question open and closed loop
theory Jan 11 Qu 4. (b)(i)During activities that involve throwing,
performers will use open and closed loop control systems to control
the movement. The diagram shows an open loop system. What are the
characteristics of an open loop control system? (2 marks)
(ii)Explain why an open loop control system is not applicable to
all types of skills.(3 marks)
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Subject Support 2012 Open loop theory No no No control
movements Doesnt explain: or skills 24 feedback modifications
conscious Rapid/ballistic Limits of memory Novelopen
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Subject Support 2012 Open Loop theory 25 Decision Action
Command
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Subject Support 2012 26 Adams Closed loop theory Involves
Movement initiated by motor programme - Action controlled by - used
as model of correctness - adjusted and strengthened through Does
not account for actions for feedback or feedback memory trace
experience perceptual trace practice too fast limitations of
memory
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Subject Support 2012 Closed Loop theory 27 DecisionAction
Command Feedback Memory trace Perceptual trace
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Subject Support 2012 Typical question schema theory Jan 10 Qu
3. (c)One form of learning is through schema. Schmidt's schema
theory (1975) is based on the concept that every time a movement is
conducted, information from four sources is gathered. Explain how
these four sources of information are used to produce a movement.(4
marks)
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Subject Support 2012 29 Schema theory Four relationships
(schema) stored for every movement: 1.Initial conditions 2.Response
specifications 3. Sensory consequences 4. Response outcomes - whats
going on - whats needed - howd it feel - what happened
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Subject Support 2012 30 Schema theory schema provides motor
programme schema evaluates responses Recall 1 and 2 Recognition 3
and 4
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Subject Support 2012 Typical question school provision Jan 10
Qu 6. (b)(ii)Describe how schools can provide extra-curricular
opportunities to increase participation rates for their pupils(4
marks)
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Subject Support 2012 Factors influencing provision in schools
Available finance for sport and P.E Emphasis placed by schools on
particular sports Enthusiasm/ knowledge of teachers Availability of
dual use facilities Resources available gyms/pools/ fields Amount
of time available
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Subject Support 2012 Factors affecting participation Where you
live School Family Race/religion Socio-economics Age Gender Ability
Stereotyping
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Subject Support 2012 Participation Rates - poor (21%) Active
People Survey Only 8% for Only 18.6% for Only 18.3% Only 16.3% for
Only 16% for Mainly Rates fall on leaving disabled ethnic
minorities female low socio-economic group young white middle class
males older people education
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Subject Support 2012 Barriers Attitudes stereotyping; culture;
interests; Access facilities; transport; finance; Programme quality
of provision; activity range; ability; confidence; motivation;
lifestyle; education; other activities level of enjoyment; quality
of delivery
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Subject Support 2012 Socio-economic barriers to participation
Typical Question Jan 08 Qu 3 (b) The 19 th century public schools
provided the children of the middle and upper social classes with
the opportunity to participate in a variety of sports that were not
available to the working class. Suggest reasons why social class
can still be a determining factor in the number and type of
sporting activities in which an individual might become involved.
(4 marks)
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Subject Support 2012 Causes T.I.M.E. Lack of time income
mobility transport education (health benefits)
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Subject Support 2012 Typical question inequality - gender Jan
10 Qu 5. (b) The graph shows the increase in the number of women
participating in sport and physical activity in the UK over the
last 100 years. The participation of women in physical activities
is often dependent upon the opportunities available to them.
(i)Explain the term discrimination.(2 marks) (ii)Discuss whether
the opportunities for women to take part in sport and physical
activity are the same as for men.(4 marks)
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Subject Support 2012 Factors affecting womens participation in
sport Socialisation into role Family commitment School/tradition
Lack of media coverage Male dominated T.I.M.E.
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Subject Support 2012 Female sport in schools Supposed to be
equal opportunities Resistance to compulsory nature of PE More
success where activities geared towards accepted Lack of
preparation for compulsory kit, sweat, showers female role
continuing post 16
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Subject Support 2012 Counteracting gender effects Provide
Ensure good quality Promote Adopt women as a equal access coaching
achievements target group
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Subject Support 2012 More fashionable Publicity Shared home
responsibilities Crches More activities available More free time
For social benefits Reasons why increasing female participants
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Subject Support 2012 Typical question inequalities - ethnicity
May 10 Qu 5 The Sport England Active People Survey of 2006 showed
that approximately 9% of people with a disability participate
regularly in sport compare to 23% of the rest of the population.
(c) (i)Suggest reasons for this lower participation rate for people
with a disability.(4 marks) Jan 11 Qu 6. Some groups in society are
less involved in sport and physical activity than other groups.
(c)Give three reasons for the lower participation rates among some
ethnic minority groups.(3 marks)
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Subject Support 2012 Ethnicity and physical activity Lower
participation than general population Linked to socio-economic
status - overt or implied Low Cultural differences Lack of T I M E
Discrimination status Stereotyping role models
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Subject Support 2012 Disability and physical activity Lower
Lack of self-esteem cycle of despair Lack of specialised / suitable
Lack of expectations coaches facilities T I M E role models
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Subject Support 2012 Equality Policies for specific More
minority sport development officers and Concentrate resources where
needed - areas; Make activities more available Classes for specific
groups Lower admission/membership Change attitudes
anti-discrimination Raise awareness/ role models; target groups
coaches inner city/deprived costs campaigns