MANAGING BANANA DISEASES -THE INDONESIAN EXPERIENCES

Siti Subandiyah

Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology

Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia

ssubandiyah@yahoo.com

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BANANAIN INDONESIA

• Banana contribute 35% in production of tropical fruits in Indonesia

• Grow every where, mostly small holders, few banana industries

• Desert and cooking bananas with many varieties

BANANA PRODUCTION IN INDONESIA 1995-2009

Source: Indonesian Statistic Center Agency

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Produksi pisang (ton)

Bana

na P

rodu

ctio

n (t

on)

Banana Germ Plasma in Yogyakarta

More than 300 accessionsof bananacollection

Nursery of Banana Industry

In vitro propagation

Backyard Banana Production

Field Production of Banana Industry

Banana Production

Banana Market

Production Constrains

• Scatter small holders and not intensive cultivation make it difficult for wide area production management

• Low quality of fruits

• Diseases spread

Major Diseases

• Banana Blood Disease (Blood Disease Bacterium / BDB)

• Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum fsp cubens / Foc

• Bunchy Top Virus (Banana Bunchy Top Virus / BBTV)

• Leaf spots (Sigatoka etc)

Banana Export Volume

0

20000000

40000000

60000000

80000000

100000000

120000000

140000000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Nilai ekspor pisang (US Dollar)Volume ekspor pisang (kg)

Source : United Nations Commodity Trade Statistic Database

Disease Intensity of Banana Wilts inSouth Bengkulu District

No Banana CultivarDisease Intensity

(%)1 Kepok /Saba 46.862 Ambon / Gros Mitchel 71.673 Jantan 1.494 Tanduk / Plantain 5.565 Rawas 06 Muli 07 Kapar 0

Source : BPTP West Sumatera

Pisang Jantan Pisang Muli

Map of BDB Distribution in Indonesia 2003 - 2005

Banana Wilts – Blood DiseaseCavendish at NTF banana industry in Lampung

Banana Blood Disease in East Kalimantan

Observation of banana wilts in the field

Blood Disease

Blood Disease

Blood Disease Bacterium• Firstly described in 1920s found in Celebes (Sulawesi island) as Pseudomonas celebensis

•As the member of Ralstonia solanacearum species complex in Phylotype IV (Moko pathogen in Phylotype II)

• Slow growing on agar medium with the 2-3 mm in 5 days on CPG medium

• Not infectious on Solanaceaous plants

• Survive with mild symptom on Heliconia spp. and Cannaspp.

Blood Disease Bacterium continue

• Soil borne but the population declines sharply in few months

• Insect transmitted (by pollinators, decay visiting insects, banana pests)

• In the field cooking banana (kepok, saba, pisang awak etc) were found with highly incidence of BDB infection compared to dessert banana

BDB Diagnostic PCR

Ooze

PCR

BDB

The primer sequencesare in press

BDB (Phylotype IV) vs Moko pathogen (Phylotype II)

Division 1 Division 2

8 910 1213 14

1115 2116 2217 23

19

20

29 3031 3233

1 23 45 6

26

27

242528

4 51 2 3 1? 1?

3 4 5 2T 1 2 2T 1 22T 1

P. syP. syB

DB

Ralstonia solanacearumSpecies Complex

Indonesia, Japan,Australia

AfricaAmerica(race 2 – worldwide)

Asia, Africa,South America

Phylotype I Phylotype II Phylotype IVPhylotype III

Species

Phylotype

Biovars

Multi-locusGenotypes

Races

Distribution

Division Division 1 Division 2Division 1 Division 2

8 910 1213 14

1115 2116 2217 23

19

20

29 3031 3233

1 23 45 6

26

27

242528

8 910 1213 14

1115 2116 2217 23

19

20

29 3031 3233

1 23 45 6

26

27

242528

4 51 2 3 1? 1?4 51 2 3 1? 1?

3 4 5 2T 1 2 2T 1 22T 1

P. syP. syB

DB3 4 5 2T 1 2 2T 1 22T 1

P. syP. syB

DB

Ralstonia solanacearumSpecies Complex

Ralstonia solanacearumSpecies Complex

Indonesia, Japan,Australia

AfricaAmerica(race 2 – worldwide)

Asia, Africa,South America

Indonesia, Japan,Australia

AfricaAmerica(race 2 – worldwide)

Asia, Africa,South America

Phylotype I Phylotype II Phylotype IVPhylotype IIIPhylotype I Phylotype II Phylotype IVPhylotype III

Species

Phylotype

Biovars

Multi-locusGenotypes

Races

Distribution

Division

The phenotypic based schemes (biovars and races) and genotypic based schemes (RFLP analysis and phylotyping). (After Gillings and Fahy (1994)

BDB vs Moko Pathogen continue

Sequevar 23

Sequevar 22 Sequevar 21 Sequevar 20

Sequevar 19

Sequevar 18 Sequevar 16

Sequevar 14 Sequevar 13 Sequevar 12

Sequevar 11

Sequevar 10

Sequevar 9 Sequevar 8

Sequevar 7 Sequevar 6

Sequevar 5 Sequevar 4 Sequevar 3

NCPPB3987

CIP223 CIP10 Sequevar 2

Sequevar 1

0.01

Phylotype IV

Phylotype I

Phylotype III

Phylotype II

Sequevar 24

BDB

Moko pathogen

Phylogenetic tree generated from partial endoglucanase gene sequence data showing the phylogenetic relationships of sequevars and phylotypes(Fegan et al in press)

Blood Disease Bacterium

a b

a b

c d

Slow growing on CPG/TZC, 2-3 mm in days

Only infectious on banana, not infectious on Solanaceaousplants

Survive with mild symptom on Heliconia spp and Canna spp

PCR identification and detection

Survival of BDB in the Soil

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Waktu inkubasi (bulan setelah infestasi)

Inte

nsita

s ke

layu

an (%

) Buah dalam tanah (A)Batang semu dalam tanah (B)Batang semu di atas tanah (C)BDB isolat 02-PWR(D)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6Waktu inkubasi (bulan setelah infestasi)

Inte

nsita

s ke

layu

an (%

) VertisolAndosolRegosol

BDB Pure Culture in the soil

BDB in the Infected Tissue

(Month)

(Month)

Fusarium Wilt,Fusarium oxysporum fsp. cubense (Foc)

Comparison of BDB vs Foc diseases

Yes, short termYesResides in Plant Material

Yes, shortertermYesResides in Soil

Bract→True stem→Fruit pulp→→Butt→Stem of Sukcer

Root→inner cortex of butt→PseudostemSpread in Plant

Male flower (bracts, via insects), injury, and soilFrom soil

Point of Entry into Plant

YESNOFound in Fruit

YESNOOoze from infected tissue

BDB (Bacterium)FOC (Fungus)Organism

Blood DiseaseFusarium Wilt

Male Flower BractRootMost common infection site

NIL (not to be confused with "Erwinia" smell of soft rot)"Fusarium" smell (TR4)

Odour from sever symptoms

FasterSlower

Speed of Symptom development

NIL or YES accationallyLeaf sheathes, long unbroken red-brown streaks

Internal symptoms -Pseudostem

YES (?mother to daughter spread, ?soil spread)NO (only occur under extreme conditions)

Internal symptoms - True Stem

YESNO

Internal symptoms -Fruit

Mother plant dies and suckers may surviveMother plant dies, suckers survive (Sucker dies in very susceptible varieties)Matt Survival

Last leaf emerged is yellow"unbunched"Same as Leaf Symptoms (Bunched)

Top Leaves Green, mid leaves yellow, Bottom leaves green, affected leaves bow downwards

Yellow leaves, start at the bottom and work up leaving dead leaves at bottom, affected leaves retain normal shape

Leaf Symptoms (Unbunched)

NON , only escapeExists (No externally visible indicator)Resistance to

Blood DiseaseFusarium Wilt

Host origin, cultivars, host genotype from race 4 isolates of Foc and isolate grouping based on VCGs

Isolates Host origin Cultivars Host genotype VCGs

Bnt2 Yogyakarta Pisang Awak ABB 01213/16

Mln1 Yogyakarta Pisang Kepok

Kerau

ABB 01213/16

Srg1 Central Java Pisang Raja AAB 01213/16

Bgl6 Central Java Pisang Raja AAB 01213/16

Bgl3 Central Java Pisang Kepok ABB 01213/16

A13 Yogyakarta Pisang Ambon AAA 01213/16c

Gnk3 Yogyakarta Pisang Ambon AAA 0120

Wsb5 Central Java Pisang Ambon AAA 0120

Lmp1 Lampung (Sumatera) Pisang Raja

Nangka

AAB 01213/16

Kjg1 East Kalimantan Pisang Ambon AAA 01213/16

Tropical race 4 - FOC PCR

Extract DNA

PCR

Foc TR4 PCR identification

The primer sequences are in press

Inoculation of Foc at different population density, the higher the concentration the higher the disease severity and the shorter the incubation period

a

ab

bc

ccc

0

20

40

60

80

100

I II III IV

Time (week)

Perc

enta

ge o

f wilt

ing

leaf

(%)

Control2 g/kg4 g/kg6 g/kg8 g/kg10 g/kg

Weight ofCorn grain Culture / Weight of Growing medium

Incidence of Foc samples found in Sumatera, Bangka, Java, and Kalimantan

No Type of Banana %

1Pisang Ambon (Gros Mitchel) 44

2 Pisang raja 15

3 Pisang Kepok 15

4 Pisang Awak 20

5 Cavendish 5

Source : Arif Wibowo 2011

• Field trial showed that Barangan was highly susceptible towards TR4 of Foc infection dying in the first year after field planting , whereas cultivar Kepok Kuning, Puju and Panjang were more resistant and survive until the fifth year but declining

• Resistance mechanism of banana cultivar was correlated with peroxidase activity in the plant roots. The higher peroxidase activity, the more resistance the banana cultivar towards TR4 of Foc infection

MANAGEMENT OF BANANA WILT DISEASES

• Integrated control with wide area management is needed

• National Banana Wilt Task Force was established in Indonesia early 2000

• Eradication by herbicide or kerosene mat injection, burning or digging the infected mats/tissues

• Isolating the infected mats/lands

MANAGEMENT OF BANANA WILT DISEASES continue

• Disease Free seedlings (from tissue culture) for replanting and never use suckers obtained from infected mats or endemic area

• Optional planting dessert banana in BDB endemic areas with flower/fruit bagging and male flower de-budding

• Avoid planting dessert banana in Focendemic areas

• Planting cooking bananas in Foc endemic areas and plant rotation.

MANAGEMENT OF BANANA WILT DISEASES continue

• De-budding male flowers after fruiting

• Bagging the fruits using insecticide plastic/paper bags

• Biological control using fluorescent pseudomonads, Trcichoderma, Giocladium etc with compost application, however the results may be not consistent

• Intensive cultivation with organic fertilizers (composts, humus etc)

• Disinfection of agricultural tools used in the field

Flower de budding and fruit bagging to protect from visiting insects

Banana Leaf spots

Virus Diseases

Bunchy Top

Mosaic

Aknowledgement

Appreciation and gratefully thank you to ITFnet for inviting and providing travel grant to joint

this workshop

TERIMA KASIH