Major DiseasesMajor Diseases in Indonesian in Indonesian AquacultureAquaculture

AntoniusAntonius SuwantoSuwantoBogorBogor Agricultural University,Agricultural University,

BogorBogor, Indonesia, Indonesia

IndonesiaIndonesia

•• Archipelago with approximately 81,000 km Archipelago with approximately 81,000 km coastal line and around 18,000 islandscoastal line and around 18,000 islands

•• Provide excellent location for marine and coastal Provide excellent location for marine and coastal aquacultureaquaculture

•• Many types of inland or freshwater aquaculture Many types of inland or freshwater aquaculture has been practiced and well established before has been practiced and well established before the development of marine aquaculturethe development of marine aquaculture

•• Require research centers/agencies to support Require research centers/agencies to support aquaculture activitiesaquaculture activities

PRIMARY AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION PRIMARY AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION 2002 2002 -- 20032003

NoNo CommodityCommodity 20022002 20032003 (%)(%)

11 ShrimpShrimp 159.597 159.597 191.000 191.000 19,68 19,68

22 GrouperGrouper 7.057 7.057 7.930 7.930 12,37 12,37

33 SeaweedSeaweed 223.080 223.080 236.000 236.000 5,79 5,79

44 TilapiaTilapia 60.337 60.337 65.280 65.280 8,19 8,19

55 Milk FishMilk Fish 222.317 222.317 226.000 226.000 1,66 1,66

66 CarpCarp 199.632 199.632 203.000 203.000 1,69 1,69

77 CatfishCatfish 39.193 39.193 52.940 52.940 35,08 35,08

88 GouramyGouramy 16.438 16.438 23.220 23.220 41,26 41,26

99 Thai CatfishThai Catfish 10.264 10.264 10.530 10.530 2,59 2,59

1010 SeabassSeabass 1.753 1.753 2.330 2.330 32,92 32,92

1111 Pearl OysterPearl Oyster 2 2 2 2 --

1212 OthersOthers 197.483 197.483 201.768 201.768 2,17 2,17

JumlahJumlah 1.137.153 1.137.153 1.220.000 1.220.000 7,29 7,29

FISH CONSUMPTION IN FISH CONSUMPTION IN INDONESIA, 1999INDONESIA, 1999--20032003

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Consumption(kg/person/year)

PRIMARY PROGRAM IN PRIMARY PROGRAM IN AQUACULTUREAQUACULTURE

1.1. Development of intensification in Development of intensification in Aquaculture Aquaculture (INBUDKAN)(INBUDKAN)

2.2. Integrated Aquaculture Integrated Aquaculture 3.3. Rural AquacultureRural Aquaculture4.4. CultureCulture--based fisheries based fisheries 5.5. Environmentally friendly AquacultureEnvironmentally friendly Aquaculture

Research Centers involved in Research Centers involved in aquatic animal diseasesaquatic animal diseases

•• Marine Affairs and Fisheries DepartmentMarine Affairs and Fisheries Department•• Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)•• University Research Centers: IPB, UGM, UNDIP, University Research Centers: IPB, UGM, UNDIP,

UnibrawUnibraw, , UnhasUnhas, , UnsratUnsrat, , UnpattiUnpatti, , UnriUnri•• Related Private sectors: Fish/shrimp feed companies, Related Private sectors: Fish/shrimp feed companies,

HatcheriesHatcheries•• Professional society: Indonesian Aquaculture Society Professional society: Indonesian Aquaculture Society

(MAI); Indonesian Society for Microbiology (PERMI); (MAI); Indonesian Society for Microbiology (PERMI); Indonesian Consortium for Biotechnology (KBI); Indonesian Consortium for Biotechnology (KBI); Regional Shrimp farmer associations Regional Shrimp farmer associations important for important for dissemination of informationdissemination of information

Marine Affairs and Fisheries Marine Affairs and Fisheries DepartmentDepartment•• Directorate for fish health and environment: Directorate for fish health and environment:

Mainly responsible for disease surveillance, data Mainly responsible for disease surveillance, data collection and analysis, and official government collection and analysis, and official government policy to deal with aquatic diseases or disease policy to deal with aquatic diseases or disease outbreakoutbreak

•• Agency for Marine and Fisheries ResearchAgency for Marine and Fisheries Research-- Research Institute for Coastal Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture (RICA), Aquaculture (RICA), MarosMaros, South , South SulawesiSulawesi-- Research Institute for Freshwater Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture, Aquaculture, BogorBogor, West Java, West Java-- Research Institute for Marine Aquaculture, Research Institute for Marine Aquaculture, GondolGondol, Bali, Bali

RICA Research Program: RICA Research Program: An exampleAn example

•• Fish/Shrimp health management including Fish/Shrimp health management including diagnosis and prevention methodsdiagnosis and prevention methods

•• Utilization of sponge and mangrove bioactive Utilization of sponge and mangrove bioactive compounds for fish/shrimp disease preventioncompounds for fish/shrimp disease prevention

•• Responsible and sustainable shrimp farmingResponsible and sustainable shrimp farming•• Intensive fish culture in floating net cagesIntensive fish culture in floating net cages•• Utilization of local feed ingredients for fish feedUtilization of local feed ingredients for fish feed•• Land potentials and suitability for coastal Land potentials and suitability for coastal

aquacultureaquaculture

Research fundingResearch funding

•• Competitive research grants: Mainly for University Competitive research grants: Mainly for University researchers ( up to US$15,000/year); Dept Educationresearchers ( up to US$15,000/year); Dept Education

•• Integrated research grants: Up to US$20,000/year; Dept Integrated research grants: Up to US$20,000/year; Dept Research & Research & TechnolTechnol (DRT)(DRT)

•• Collaborative Research grants: Up to US$30,000/year; Collaborative Research grants: Up to US$30,000/year; DRT and eligible private company/DRT and eligible private company/iesies as partner/sas partner/s

•• International Collaborative Res. Grants: Up to International Collaborative Res. Grants: Up to US$100,000/year; DRT and international collaborator, US$100,000/year; DRT and international collaborator, preferably from a companypreferably from a company

•• National Strategic Research: A topNational Strategic Research: A top--down research project down research project funded by ministry DKP for studying strategic commodities funded by ministry DKP for studying strategic commodities in Indonesia; up to US$200,000/yearin Indonesia; up to US$200,000/year

•• Private sector funding: Large hatcheries or shrimp farmsPrivate sector funding: Large hatcheries or shrimp farms

Main areas of current researchMain areas of current research

•• Development of SPF or SPR for shrimpDevelopment of SPF or SPR for shrimp•• Development of quick diagnostic kits for viral and Development of quick diagnostic kits for viral and

bacterial diseasesbacterial diseases•• Study on intraStudy on intra--strain or intrastrain or intra--species genetic variation to species genetic variation to

understand disease localization and virulence or disease understand disease localization and virulence or disease severityseverity

•• Development of effective treatments for shrimp and fish Development of effective treatments for shrimp and fish diseasesdiseases

•• Study on herbal preparation as alternative for antibiotics Study on herbal preparation as alternative for antibiotics or growth stimulantor growth stimulant

•• Environmental factors affecting animal fitness and Environmental factors affecting animal fitness and disease outbreakdisease outbreak

Methods of DetectionMethods of Detection

•• Observation of gross Observation of gross anatomy and phenotypic anatomy and phenotypic characteristiccharacteristic

•• Histological examinationHistological examination•• Serological detection Serological detection

(such as ELISA)(such as ELISA)•• Molecular Diagnostics Molecular Diagnostics

based on PCR, Nucleic based on PCR, Nucleic acid hybridization, and acid hybridization, and DNA sequencingDNA sequencing

Important shrimp diseasesImportant shrimp diseases•• Bacterial: Certain strains of Bacterial: Certain strains of

VibrioVibrio harveyiharveyi, , and some and some other opportunistic other opportunistic pathogenic bacteriapathogenic bacteria

•• Viral: WSSV, IHHNV, TSV, Viral: WSSV, IHHNV, TSV, MBV, HPVMBV, HPV

•• PolymicrobialPolymicrobial disease: disease: Mixture of viruses, or most Mixture of viruses, or most common are mixture of virus common are mixture of virus and bacteria, such as WSSV and bacteria, such as WSSV and and VibrioVibrio

SHRIMP PRODUCTION, 1980SHRIMP PRODUCTION, 1980--20032003

0

50

100

150

200

250

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

+ Vaname

YHDMBV

WSSV167,445

191,723

Lab PCR

(x 103 Ton)

BenurHatchery

DISTRIBUTION OF PCR LABORATORY INDISTRIBUTION OF PCR LABORATORY IN INDONESIAINDONESIA

LBAT Ujung Bate (*)LBAT Ujung Bate (*)

1. Diskan Sumut (**)1. Diskan Sumut (**)2. SKI Polonia (*)2. SKI Polonia (*)

BBAT Sungai BBAT Sungai GelamGelam

BBL LampungBBL Lampung

1.1. Lab. Mol. Ps. MingguLab. Mol. Ps. Minggu2.2. BKI CengkarengBKI Cengkareng3.3. PT. Charor PhokphanPT. Charor Phokphan

1.1.BBAT SukabumiBBAT Sukabumi2.2.IPB BogorIPB Bogor3.3.BP KarawangBP Karawang4.4.Diskan IndramayuDiskan Indramayu5.5.BPBPLAPU KarawangBPBPLAPU Karawang

UGMUGM

1.1.BBPBAP JeparaBBPBAP Jepara2.2.BPBAP Tegal (*)BPBAP Tegal (*)

1.BBAP Situbondo1.BBAP Situbondo2. SKI Juanda2. SKI Juanda3. BPBAP Bangil3. BPBAP Bangil4. Unair Surabaya4. Unair Surabaya5. APS Sidoarjo (*)5. APS Sidoarjo (*)6. PT. Tirtamutiara Makmur6. PT. Tirtamutiara Makmur

BBRPP BBRPP GondolGondol

1. LBAT Mandiangin1. LBAT Mandiangin2. Diskan Prop (**)2. Diskan Prop (**)

Diskan Tarakan (**)Diskan Tarakan (**)

1.1. BBAP TakalarBBAP Takalar2.2. BKI HasanudinBKI Hasanudin3.3. BRPP MarosBRPP Maros4.4. UPBAP PangkepUPBAP Pangkep

Jumlah Lab. PCR : 31 Jumlah Lab. PCR : 31

Keterangan:Keterangan:((**) Belum Operasional) Belum Operasional((****) ) Dalam Proses PengadaanDalam Proses Pengadaan

Shrimp fry certificationShrimp fry certification

S E R T I F I K A TNomor : 2516/BBAP.S.k1/PB.142/X/2003

Diberikan kepada :

Pembenihan Udang Windu (Penaeusmonodon) lengkap

:Ruang lingkup

Benur Udang Windu :Jenis produk

yang telah memenuhi persyaratan Sistem Mutu mengacu pada ISO 9001 - 2000 dengan ruang lingkup penilaian Kelayakan Dasar dan Proses Produksi sesuai SNI 01- 6144 - 1999.

Jl. Raya Tampora Km 5 Banyuglugur, PO BOX 14, Besuki - Situbondo 68356Telp. : 0338-891286Fax : 0338-891679e-mail : rhaliman@yahoo.com

:Alamat

PT Tirtamutiara Makmur: Nama perusahaan

Mengetahui Direktur Jenderal Perikanan Budidaya

Dr. Ir. Fatuchri Sukadi, MS

Balai Budidaya Air Payau SitubondoKepala,

Dr.Ir. Muhammad Murdjani, M.Sc

KETERANGAN : BERLAKU SELAMA 1 (SATU) TAHUN SEJAK TGL 01-10-2003

No. seri: 2003001

UNIT PELAKSANA TEKNISDIREKTORAT JENDERAL PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA

Balai Budidaya Air Payau Situbondo

In 2003, 3 certificates were issued for PT BiruLaut Khatulistiwa-Lampung; Anugrah WinduadiPratama-Lampung, dan PT. TirtaMutiara Makmur-East Java

TREND IN ANTIBIOTICS TREND IN ANTIBIOTICS APPLICATION IN SHRIMP FARMSAPPLICATION IN SHRIMP FARMS

5549

35 33

15

30

10

20

30

40

50

60

Okt - Des2001

Jan - Mar2002

Apr - Jun2002

Jul - Sept2002

Okt - Des2002

Jan-03

%

The number of samples containing antibiotics decreased from 55% at the end of 2001 to 3% in early 2003

Dissemination of semiDissemination of semi--closed closed shrimp farm system: An exampleshrimp farm system: An example

Location : Pinrang dan SidoarjoAims :

Reduce harvest losses due to diseasesProduce antibiotic-free shrimpImplementation of good practice aquaculture

MeyhodsUse SPF (virus) larvae, screen by PCRNo application of antibioticsPhysical and chemical elimination of virusesThe use of water reservoir containing fish as biofilter

Results :2 – 3 ton/ha, average size 40FCR 1.25

KoiKoi Herpes Virus (KHV)Herpes Virus (KHV)•• Occurred in Java, Occurred in Java, SumateraSumatera, ,

Kalimantan, Kalimantan, SulawesiSulawesi•• Fist outbreak April, 2002 Fist outbreak April, 2002 •• Significantly influence by cold Significantly influence by cold

water (<22water (<22ooC)C)•• Opportunistic pathogens Opportunistic pathogens

(parasites, bacteria) (parasites, bacteria) significantly increase the significantly increase the severity of the disease)severity of the disease)

•• Certain Certain desinfectantsdesinfectants or or antibiotic treatment could antibiotic treatment could reduce mortalityreduce mortality

•• PCR and histopathology were PCR and histopathology were employed to analyze KHVemployed to analyze KHV

Analysis results of KHV in Common Analysis results of KHV in Common carp at a period of outbreakcarp at a period of outbreak

m mus-1 mus-2 kid-1 Gil-1 Liv-1 (-)

484 bp

Priority research topics Priority research topics

•• Role of aquatic microbial community to suppress Role of aquatic microbial community to suppress disease outbreak and remediate the disease outbreak and remediate the environment environment ------ Development of Development of ProbioticsProbiotics

•• Phage therapy, antimicrobial Phage therapy, antimicrobial petidespetides, and herbal , and herbal extract as alternative for antibioticsextract as alternative for antibiotics

•• Identification of novel pathogens, and Identification of novel pathogens, and polymicrobialpolymicrobial diseasesdiseases

•• Development of feed for healthy and high Development of feed for healthy and high survival rate of shrimp frysurvival rate of shrimp fry

•• Genetic variation and virulence of certain Genetic variation and virulence of certain pathogenpathogen

Problems and challengesProblems and challenges•• Currently there is no regulation on the use of Currently there is no regulation on the use of probioticsprobiotics. .

Some products might be very effective but others might Some products might be very effective but others might not give any effects and only based on pseudonot give any effects and only based on pseudo--sciencescience

•• Use of nonUse of non--therapeutic antibiotics therapeutic antibiotics vsvs therapeutic therapeutic antibiotics. Some 2antibiotics. Some 2ndnd bacterial infection or in bacterial infection or in polymicrobialpolymicrobial diseases are the main cause of mortality, diseases are the main cause of mortality, and therefore, proper antibiotic application could save and therefore, proper antibiotic application could save the harvestthe harvest

•• Many of the disease phenomena (e.g. Many of the disease phenomena (e.g. pathogenicitypathogenicity) in ) in the farm the farm could not be explainedcould not be explained with our current with our current knowledge, and therefore require further research, knowledge, and therefore require further research, especially that is based on multiespecially that is based on multi--discipline approachdiscipline approach

•• More professional extension workers. More professional extension workers.