lnternational Association of Maritime Universities AGA 10

А STUDY ON PORT COMMUNITY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN TURКEY

Yavuz Keceli, Assistant Professor

Maritime Faculty, Istanbul Technical University E-mail: Keceli@itu.edu.tr

Abstract. The efficiency of communications among all the organizations which are somewhat connected to а seaport is crucial for effective port administration. The absence of such communication in Turkish maritime industry causes severe proЫems. Thus this paper aims to develop а guideline for successful development of а port community system in Turkey on the basis of SWOT analysis of the cuпent situation and benchmarking successful cases around the world. For this purpose in-depth interviews were caпied out with field experts ofboth puЬlic and industrial organizations. As а result, а three-stage development strategy was proposed.

1. INTRODUCTION

The appearance of intemational port logistics industry has been changing rapidly in the last few decades. In the old days, seaport were generally local institutions only serving their own hinterland. On the other hand increasing amount of international trade and container throughput, advent of ultra-large container vessels, changing customer demands, developments in information technology and new handling equipments, concems about security and environmental issues have been putting great pressure on port administrations to increase their operational productivity and compete with other ports оп а global scale. The advanced ports around the world are in а severe competition to ensure their strategic position as "hub" ports. In order to confront this competitive pressure, ports are investing heavily in their inuastructure and improving their operation systems.

Among these investments and improvement efforts, port community systems, which are "computer networks which link up the port with all the companies that use it, including hauliers, rail companies, shipping lines, feeder ports, shippers and customs officers" (Forward, 2003) are least studied. Such networks are being implemented in order to reduce paperwork and facilitate the information tlow related for port operations and customs declarations, thus сап significantly contribute to competitive power of а seaport.

Absence of such а system causes severe proЫems in Turkish maritirne industry. Except for Customs Office and some terminal operators, most of the comrnunications are carried out on paper. Even though custorns and some terminal operators offer online declaration services, these services are not interconnected, thus the information stays where it is declared and cannot flow along the supply chain. For these reasons Turkish government, especially The Undersecretariat for Maritime Affairs, has been trying to estaЫish а central inforrnation system to facilitate. information flow along the whole seaport community.

On the other hand port cornmнnity systems (PCS) require the participation of various organizations with different characteristics, often challenge them to integrate their systems or change their business processes. Previous studies state severe resistance of the port users which causes failure of the projects (Keceli et al., 2007) or delays and additional costs (Jeffrey, 1999). Considering the high failure rate of previous PCS development attempts, this paper aims to propose а model for successful PCS development in Turkey. For this purpose, the cuпent situation of port operations and information tlow arnong the port community was analyzed through in-depth interviews with puЬlic and industrial experts. Then а three­stage-transformation-strategy was proposed on the basis of SWOT analysis of the current situation and benchrnarking succesful cases around the world.

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2．THEORETICALBACKGROtJNI）

2．1．InmrmationSystemsUsedinPortOperations

Theinfbrmation systems usedin portoperations have three mqjorfunctionalities（Fig．1）．Terminal

OPeratingsystems（TOS）are“computersystemsavailablefororganizingthecontainerterminalitselP’

（Jeffrey，lll）・Thesesystemsgenerallyprovidefbaturesrelatedtothephysicalhandlingofcargowithin

theterminalarea，SuChasplannlng，OPerationcontrol，jobinstructionsforequlPmentS，etC．Ontheother

hand Port ManagementInR）rmation Systems（PMIS）generally provide the uppermanagement with

fbaturestomonitorandcontroltheoverallportactivitiesandothermanagerialfunctions，SuChasbilling，

automaticreporting，etC．Moreover，PortCommunitySystemsare“computernetworkswhichlinkupthe

POrtWitha11thecompaniesthatuseit，lnCludinghauliers，railcompanies，Shipplnglines，fbederports，

Shippersandcustomsofncers”（Forward，［2］）．Suchsystemscanbedistinctsystemsordif托rentmodules

inoneintegratedsystem，dependingontheorganizationalstruCtureOftheport．

Fig．1．InformationSystems－UsedinPortOperations

2．2．PortCommunitySystemsinWorld’sAdvancedPorts

PortcommunitySyStemShavevariousfbrmsandcharacteristicsineachandeveryport．Amongthem，

Portnetin PortofSingaporeis the onethatis most studiedinpreviousresearch。Port ofSingapore

Authority’S（PSA）Portnetistherepresentativeportcommunitysystemsinceitistotallyconnectedto

PSA’sterminaloperatingsystem（CITOS）andcustomdeclarationsystem（TradeXchange）ofSingapore

government（Applegate［3］）．BesidesPortnet，DataCommunicationsSystem（Dakosy）［4］andCOAST

［5］（Container Authorization System）ofPort ofHamburg，CtlStOmer Plus Programme and OnePort

Ltd．［6］andTradelink［7］ofPortofHongKong，PortofRotterdam・COml8］，VirtualPortandWebJonas［2］

OfPortofRotterdam，PORT－MISl9］andKTNET［10］inBusanPortcanbeconsideredassomeofthe

Well－knownportcommunitysystemsarOundtheworld・Whenthefunctionalitiesandservicesofthese

SyStemSareeXamined，itcanbeeasilyconcludedthatnotallofthesesystemsoffbrfullservicesrequired379

／〃拍√〃∂Jわ〃∂／月5ざOC／∂Jわ〃0／〃∂′／J／meと／〃ルerg／J／eg　月G月　7β

bytheportcommunity，butsomeofthemonlyoffbraportionoftheservices，dependingonthem毎or

stakeholdersofeachsystem・ThesefunctionscanbeclassinedunderthreemqlOrCategOries，namelyport

managementrelatedtasks，CuStOmSrelatedtasks，andonlineplatformsforelectroniccommerceamong

theportusers，aSShowninTablel・

Tablel

PortCommunitySystemsinWorld†sAdvaneedPorts

P ort System O perato r

F u nCtio n

P o rt

R elated

D ocum ent

Su bm ission

C ⅦStOm S

R elated

D ocu m ent

S u b m ission

e一事usin ess

F un etio n

A m o ng

P ort U sers

Sin gapQre

Po止net Portnet．com ／ ノ′ ／

TradeX change C rim sonL ogic Ltd． Ⅹ ／ ／

H am burg

D akosy D akosy A G ／ ／ ／

C OA ST H IiL A ／ Ⅹ Ⅹ

H ong K on g

O neP ort O nePortL im ited ／ Ⅹ X

TradelinkT radelink E lectronic

C om m erce L im ited Ⅹ ／ ／

R o恍erdam

P ortlnfo link PortInfo link B ．V ． ／ ／ Ⅹ

Porto倉otterdam ．COmT he Portof R otterdam

A uthority

／ Ⅹ ／

W ebJonas Ⅹ Ⅹ ノ′

B usan

P ort－M IS K L－N et ／ Ⅹ Ⅹ

K TN E T K T N E T X ／ Ⅹ

2．3．PreviousStudiesonPortCommunitySystems

Traditionally，POrtuSerSdelivercargorelateddocumentsandfomSforportservicerequeststhrough

PaPer－basedmethods，SuChassendingafaxorhandinginthedocumentsdirectly・Sendingthedocuments

Viae－mailalsobecameacommonpracticeduetothedimlSionoftheintemet・Thedeliveredinformation

must betyped againin the port’sinfbrmation systems・Suchtyping works consume time and are

Vulnerabletotypingerrors．Portcommunitysystemsallowtheuserstomakeservicerequestsandinput

theirinfbrmation directlyinto the port’Sinformation system・Such a system drastically decreases

PaPerWOrk，improvesdataquality，enablesdataintegrityamongdiffbrentstakeholders，andsupportsthe

POrtmanagementforoperations（［11］，［12］）・

ThestudyofKecelietal．［13］isacaseonKumport’sinformationsystems・Thispaperisthe貞rstoneto

indicate resistance ofportcustomers toinfbrmation services offbred by the port・Itwas statedthe

informationserviceswerenotacceptedbymostofthecustomers，eXCeptforsomebigagenciesthatalSo

WOrkwithforelgnPOrtS・Sincethecustomerswhoappreciatethesystemaretheoneswhohavealready

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P∂rf2．P〟β／／C∂Jわ〃ざ

triedsimilarproceduresinotherfbrelgnPOrtS，themainreasonforthisrefusalisthattheselocalagencies

don’thaveexperienceabouttheinformationsystems，thuscannotrealizetheconvenienceandbenents

thatthesystemwillbringtotheirbusinesses．Thus，Kecelietal．［14】StudiedonthefactorsafEbcting

adoptionofPCS byseaandlandcarriersinBusanPort・Thepaperconcludesthatfactorsrelatedto

adoptercompanyhanthemostpowerfulimpactonsystemadoption，thusasuccessfulimplementationof

aPCSde茄niteけrequlreSintimaterelationswithpotentialusers

ThestudyofRodonandRamiS－P可01［15］isacasestudyonSpanishPortCommunitySystemsandit

fbcusesonintegratlngWithanexistingsystem・Itstatesthatcompaniesdonotwantchangestotheir

activitiesanddatamodels．Sinceitdidnotntwithadopters’processes，nrmSrefusedtheprograms．The

StudyofRodonetal．［16］isanothercasestudyonportcommunityofPortofBarcelona，anditfbcuseson

Stake－holderrelationsinB2Benvironment・Accordingtothepaper，thepotentialuserscouldnotidentify

SuChpracticesintheirdailyoperations，thusanincreaseintheinterestfbrstandardadoptionamongthose

Whohaveparticipatedinthestandardization．

ThearticleofVincentlll］explainsthePCSdevelopmenteffbrtsinIndia．TheportcommunityinIndia

lacksasuitableEDIserviceprovider，Whichwasraisedasoneofthemqorobstaclesinimplementing

EDI．Thearticlestatesthatoneofthem亘iorobstaclestoimplementingaportcommunitysysteminIndia

isthecostofsettlnguPandrunnlngSuChasystem．

Thereareafbwstudiesonportcommunitysystems；mOStOfthemaredescriptiveinnature（Rodonand

Ramis－Pttiol，［15］），mOStlycasestudies．Thedeductionsofthesecasesareutilizedinthedevelopmentofa

SuitablePCSimplementationstrategyfbrTurkishportindustry・

3．CURRENTPORTADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM‡NTUR二KEY

ln order toanalyze the current situation ofport administration systemin Turkey，SeVeralin－depth

interviewswereperformedwithneldexperts録omUndersecretariatfbrMaritimeAffairs，HarbourMaster

andsomeprivateports．

Duetolackofasystemfbronlinedataexchange，mOStOftheoperationsarecarriedonpaper－based

methods・Someoftheorganizationshavedeployedordevelopedtheirowninfbrmationsystems，but

transfbrofdatabetweensuchsystemsisnotpossible，Sincethese systemsarenotdevelopedwithout

COnSideringcompatibilitywitheachother，thusnotintegrated．

Ⅰtisshippingagentsdutytotransfereachdocumentfromoneorganizationtoanother，mOStlyasaprinted

document，aSglVeninFig．2．Beforetheshiparrivesattheport，theagentsubmitstherequireddocuments

（1）tocustomsofncetoobtainpermissiontoberth（2）．Thesubmitssimilardocumentstotheharbor

masterincludingthe permission ofthe customs（3）inorderto obtain permissionto berth（4）．The

Permissionsaresubmittedaltogethertotheportadministration（5）Sothattheshipcanactuallyberth（6）・

Aftertheberthing，CuStOmSOfncersboardontheship一generallywithpoliceofncers－inordertoinspect

CargOanddocumentation．A氏erinspections，CuStOmSO用cersissueapermissionofloading（7），befbre

Whichportoperationscannotstart．A鮎rthepermissionofthecustoms，POrtOPerationsstartswhenthe

Shipcaptainhandsovertheloadingplan（8）totheportpersonelle．Theportpersonnelgenerallyrecord

theberthandyardoperationsonaclipboard，andthenlnPuttheseinR）rmationtothecomputersinthe

Omce（9）．SomeportsusesophisticatedTOSso氏waretocontrolterminaloperations，butsuchsystems

arenotintegratedtoanyexternalnetworkR）rinformationexchange．

Bothharbourmasterandcustomsomcerequlretheportmanagementtosubmitstatusinfbrmationvia

internet．PortofBcersarerequiredtosubmitshipinformation，i．e．name，Shipcharacteristics，POSitions

andstatus，tOtheharbourmasterviainternetOnadailybasis（10）．Iftheporthandlesliquidcargo，POrt

OfncersarerequiredtosubmitthecargostatusineachtanktothecustomsofnceviainternetOnanhourly

basis（11）．Nosuchrequirementexistsfbrothertypesofcargo．

381

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l 嘩 率攣琴睡

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（3）黒一輝こ・了

泡泡輌 喝

塵鱒感

（4）

呵

；斗

一r■－

盛（レ癖毎＼、旦－－＼一一、億

Fig．2．SummaryofCurrentSituation

4．PROBLEMSOFTHECURRENTSYSTEM

Thegeneralsituationofthecurrentsystemcanbesummarizedasfo1lows；

－Too many repeated actions：The shipplng agentS deliverthe same documents to various

institutionswhichdecreasesefnciencyandincreasesprocesstime．Sincethesamedataonsame

documentsareprocessedmanuallyanddifftrentlylneaChinstitution，Whichissussaptableto

everykindofhumanrelatederrors（i．e．typingerrors），eVentua11ycausinginconsistencies・

－Intensepapertramc：SincelogiSticactivitiesareconnectedtoeachotherjustliketheringsofa

chain，theoutputdataofoneinstitutionbecomestheinputfortheanotherone・Eventhougheach

Organization may haveits owninformation processlng CaPability，inter－Organizational

informationtransfbrisbasedonpaper・DataisprintedoutinoneofBce，tranSpOrted bythe

shipplngagent，andthenmanuallylnputtedintheotherduetolackofconnecting network

amongtheorganizations・Suchpaperdependancenotonlydecreasesoverallemciency，butalso

increasestimeofoperationsandrateoferror・

－Unreliable statistical data：The data related to port activities are submitted by the port

managementtotheharbourmasters，0餌ce・Buttheportmanagementssubmitdi脆rentngures

todiffbrentorganizationsandthereisnowaytoconfirmwhichonereallyrepresentstheactual

Situationoftheports・Portsmaydeclaremorethantheactualtheirthroughputtotheircustomers

inordertogalnCOmPetitiveadvantageinthemarket，andtheymaydeclarelessthantheactual

throughputtogovemmentalomcesinordertopaylesstax・Anykindofadditionalstatistica1

382

P∂rJ2．P〟わ／／C∂すわ〃ざ

data，SuChasperformanceindicators，SPeedofhandlingetc．，CanOnlybeobtainedbydemand．

Thus，thereare seriousproblemsaboutthe qualityandconsistencyofthestatisticaldatafor

plannlngfutureprqiectsandinvestments・

－Weakcontrol：Paper－based operations have no back－uP CaPabilitywhen processing ofBcer

makesamistake．An ofncermaylSSue andpermission toleavetheportto ashipwhichis

alreadydetainedbypolice，SurVeyOrOranOtherorganization．Thisproblembecomesmoreserious

iftheharbormaster’so爪celackqualinedhumanresources．

－I）imcultiesinreachingin払rmation：Storinginformationonpapermakesitimpossibletobe

accessedonline．Thusanygovemment，Privateoracademicpartyhastomakearequestforany

kindofinfbrmationneededforanykindofresearch，PrqJeCtOrinvestment．Eventhoughifthese

requestsarewelcomedbytherelevantauthorities，ittakesalongtimetoarrangeandsubmit

SuChinformationsincehard－COPydataisnotconvenientforanalysis．

5．SWOTANALYSISOFTHECURRENTSYSTEM

Inordertoproposeadirectionofimprovement，WehaveconductedaStrength－Weakness－Opportunity－

Threat（SWOT）analysis．

Table2

SW■OTAnalysis

Strength 1Ⅳeakness－Proventechnology 」nformationstoredashardcopleS；

－SuCCeSSfulandunsuccessfulcasesareーSomelegalregulationsrequirehardcopyabundantforbenchmarking；documents；－Strongdemandfromtheuserside．－Inconsistentdataforplannlng；

－Weakcontrol；

NInsumcientin倉astruCtureOftlleu台ers；

－Insufncienthumanresources．

Opportunity Threat－Absenceofportinfbrmationsystemsmakesit－Privatization

easierforintegration；．implementationofvariousTOStypeswillmake

qUndersecretariatforMaritimeAffairshaditmoredi揮cultforintegration；

Jurisdictiononportoperators；ーConnictamongdi脆rentgovernmentalinstitutions，

－Support丘omindustry，SuChasChamberof

Shipplng，PortOperatorsAssociation，etC・

SuChasCustoms，MinistryofFinanceetc．

6．PROPOSEDPORTCOMMUNITYSYSTEMFORTURHSHMARITIMEINDUSTRY

There areaiotofexamplesintheworldsuggestingthatarapidimplementationofanyinfbrmation

SyStemWithoutproperaqustmentsintheunderlyingapplicationsandprocessesisliketofail（［13］，［14］）・

Thus port community system development effbrts must be accompanied with transfbrmation of

underlyingproceduresandlegislation・

Based ontheanalysIS Ofthecurrentprocedures andthe successfu1examplesintheworld，Wehave

proposedathree－StagetranSfbrmationstrategyforTurkishmaritimecommunity，aSShowninFig・3・

／．F山J．†／岬ビ∴h／（〃〃川J州一才叫Jげ仙〟両77）・り〃・炉β。＝〝′日石ピ／）√椚（小爪JJ。′・・…′～‘／〟′ピ川J′有ノ′・Jl山吋〃・一・†

Qgice：Since the currentlegislation requires that each port operator must be certined by the

UndersecreteriatofMaritimeAffairs，andtheharbormastershaveJurisdictionontheportoperators，this

Stageisrelativelyeasytoimplement・Themaino句ectiveofthisstageisthateveryportoperatormust

383

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implementaminimumlevelofterminaloperatingsystem（TOS）certinedbytheUndersecreteriatof

MaritimeA肋irs・Thissystemshouldcovertwomainfunctions；

（1）automaticallyreporttheactivitieswithintheportareatotheharbormasters’ofnce・

（2）restricttheoperationswhicharesubjecttothelegalcon丘rmationoftheharbormaster’sofnce・

Fig．3．ProposeStrategyforPortCommunitySystems

Theproposedportcommunitysystem（PCS）isconnectedtoports’terminaloperatingsystems（TOS）

Withandapplicationprograminterface（API），WhereasgovernmentO用・CerSandcustomerscanaccessthe

SyStemthroughagraphicaluserinterface（GUI），SuChasawebbrowser．ThecustOmerSCanlogintheir

requestthroughintemet（l）andthese requests can be transfbrredtothe TOS ofthe corresponding

terminal（2）．Onthebasisoftheserequests，terminalscanperformtheiroperationalplanningandsendjob

instructionstotheequipment（3）．Inotherwords，terminalcannotperformanyoperationforanyrequest

Withoutthecon貞rmationoftheharbormaster’sofBce．Uponcompletionofeachtask，equlPmentSend

reportstoTOS（4）whicharetransfbredtoPCS（5）．Bythisway，harborsofncecanmaintainreliable

Statisticaldatawhichisobtaineddirectlyfromthesourcewherethedataiscreated．Thestatusoftheir

CargOCanbesenttothecustomersthroughawebportaloreqmail（6）．Finally，thecertincationsandthe

legalrequlrementSOftheshipsandthecrewcanbecheckedwithintheterminalareaandloggedintoTOS

Viaahandterminal（7）andpassedtotheharbormaster’sofnce（5）．ThesurveyOrSmaygOandcheckthe

Shipwhennecessary．

InordertoprotecttheprlVaCylSSueS，thesystemdoesnotnecessarilycoveranyfunctionrelatedtothe

businessrelations（SuChaspricing）betweentheterminaloperatorsandtheircustomers．Theinformation

transfbrisrestrictedtothosewhichportoperatorsarealreadysupposedtoreporttotheharbormaster’s

Ofnce．ImplementationofsuchaTOSwouldincreasetheefRciencyofindividualportandterminal

OPeratOrS，thuscontributetotheintemationalcompetitivenessofTurkishports・

3S4

P∂√′2．P〟∂／／C∂すわ〃5

Fig．4．FirstStageofPCS

2．SecondStCW：Cross－rqfbrenceqfDataBetweentheHdrborA4bstersandCustomsG炉ce：Thisstageisrelatively more difBculttoimplement since neitherthe harbormasters northe customs ofnce have

jurisdictionontheother．Inthisstage，anaPPlicationprograminterface（API）wouldbeprovidedbetween

thedatabasesoftheharbormaster’so甜・CeandthecustomsofGceinordertocheckanylnCOnSistenciesin

thedatasubmittedbutheshipplngCOmPanies．Theseinconsistenciesmaybeintentionaloraccidental．In

anycase，WhenthereisanylnCOnSistency，thecustomsenforcementofncersorportstatesurveyorsmay

directlyvisittheshipfbrverification．ThuslimitednumberofpersonnelcanbetlSedmoreefncientlyby

focuslngOnthesuspIClOuSShips．

Fig．5．SecondStageofPCS

385

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J．7裾J・〟諒‘伴ごPr血Jと〝〟刑（オ／毎▲隼座JJ川／J‘J▲叫画面gJ／∫ビPo′・JC（州′帖〃叶Il血相／州‘J‘抽‘75b■1、／（朋・●

TheinvoIvementoftheprivatecompanies（i．e．theportcustomers）inthesystemshouldbelefttotheRnal

stage・There areseveralreasons fbrthis・There are severalpublished casesindicatlngthat private

companiesmayresisttochangethetypeofbusinesstheyareusedtodo，andrefuSetousesuchasystem

untiltheypercievethebenentsofthenewsystem（Kecelietal・，2007；Kecelietal・2008）・Thusthe

invoIvementoftheusersbeforethematurityofthesystemmaycausefailure・

Fig．6．ThirdStageofPCS

Keceli（2008）suggeststhatuseracceptanceofportcommunitysystemsdirectlydependsonthesupport

Oftheusercompany’stopmanagementandthetechnicalreliabilityofthesystem・Thus，maturityofthe

SyStemisnotsufncient，thegovemmentalagenciesmustprovidegoodpublicrelationswiththeindustrial

COmPanies，SuChasprovidingtrainingprograms，Seminars，incentivestoensurethatthebenentsofthe

newsystemiswellperceivedbytheusers・

Sinceitisnotverypracticalforagovernmentalinstitutetoprovidecommercialservices，Privatizationof

thesystemmaycontributesignincantlytotheefnciencyofoperations，qualityoftheservicesprovided，

andtheacceptanceofthesystembythemembersoftheportcommunity・Ontheotherhand，SeCurityand

thecontroloftheactivitiesmustbeensuredbythegovernment．Thusitisthebestpracticetooperatea

POrtCOmmunitysystembyanindependentcorporationfullyownedbythegovernment・Bythiswaynot

Onlycommercialnexibilitybutalsoreliabilityandtrustissuescanbeaddressed・

7．EXPECTEDBENEFITSOFTHEPROPOSEI）SYSTEM

Theexpectedbenemsoftheproposedsystemaresummarizedbelow：

－Perfbmance：

－Fastaccesstoinfbrmation．

－Efncientuseoflimitedhumanresources．

－Strengthencontrolandenforcementmechanism・

386

P∂rJg．P〟ム／／C∂J／0〃ざ

ーInfbrmationQuality：

－Accesstoinfbrmationdirectly舟omitssource．

－Decreasedratesofhumanerrors．

－Decreasedratesofinconsistency．

－Analyzingrowdatatoobtainmorequalityinformationfbrdecisionsupport．

－Recognizingunforeseenrelationsamongdatabyusingonlinedataanalysistechniques（SuCh

asdatamining）．

－Providereliabledataforfutureinvestments，Pr亘iectsandresearch．

－EconomicBeneRts：

－Decreasedcostofinfbrmationaccess．

－DecreasedcommunicationcostsforshipplngCOmpanies．

－Extraincomeforgovemment．

－Correcttaxation andprevention ofsmugglingviacross－refbrenclngdatasubmitted bythe

ShipplngCOmPanieswithactualcargohandledattheterminals．

－Preventionofillegalincome（i．e．bribery）．

－Decreaslngtheforelgndependencyonportandlogisticssoftware．

」nternationalCompetitiveness：

－Internationalaccesstoonlineinformationviainternet．

一IncreasedintemationalcompetitivenessofTurkishports．

－ExpectedincreaseinthenumberoffbrelgnShipscallingatTurkishportsfortranshipment．

－Fu11conformitytointernationalsecuritystandards．

－EfnciencyofTerminaiOperations：

－Incentivesandsupportfbrimplementationofterminaloperatingsystemsinaccordancewith

theprospectiveportcommunitysystem．

－IncreasedlevelofoperationalstandardsandefBciencywithinindividualterminals．

8．CONCI．trS10N

lnthemodernworldofportlogistics，informationsystemsplayacrucialroleinthecompetitivenessof

POrtS．Among port relatedinformation systems，POrt COmmunitysystems are the most difncult to

implementduetoenormousamountofinvestmentrequiredandinter－Organizationalrelationsthatmustbe

established．Industrialandacademicliteratureisfu110ffailurecasesinwhichprivatecompanies蔦ndit

difncult，OrSimplyre魚ISetOuSethesystemsdevelopedbythegovernments．

Underthelightofpastexperiences，thispaperproposesantransfbrmationstrategyfbrTurkishmaritime

industryfbrtheimplementationoftheportcommunitysystem・Themainfocusofthisstrategyisthatall

developmentefR）rtS muStbe user－Oriented，i・e・Closerelationwith the usersintheindustry mustbe

maintainedandthedesignofthesystemfbaturesmustbebasedontheneedsandthevalueperceptionsof

theusers．

Astepwisebottom－uPdevelopmentapproachisproposed，SuChthatsmallconnectionsbetweenportsand

harbormastersmustbeestablishednrst，andthenthesystemmustbeexpandedwithadditional免lnCtions．

Such an approachwouldincreasethepossibilityofsystem’ssuccess sincethesystemwouidreacha

Certainmaturityievelbe鉛reextemaiorganizationsparticipatewillingly．Ontheotherhand，Sinceharbor

masters haveJurisdiction on the port operators，the system can be enfbrced to the port operators，

minimizingtheresistancetothesystembefbreitreachesacertainlevelofmaturity・

ThemainlimitationofthispaperisthatportcommunitysystemdevelopmentinTurkeyisstillanongoing

process．Theoutcomesofthispaperissupposedtoprovideaguidelineforthepolicymakersnotonlyln

387

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TurkeybutalsoinotherdeveloplngCOuntries・WhenthePrQiectcomestoanend，theevaluationofthedevelopedsystemonthebasisoftheseguidelinesstillremainsasanimportanttopicfbrfutureresearch・

Re鮎rences：

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