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Study Aid 2: Romanesque Architecture

As we have already seen, monumental architecture in Western Europe begana slow recovery with the designs produced during the Carolingian period.Carolingian buildings displayed a number of features (including the use of

towers and round or semi-circular arches and vaults) that wouldfind theirfullest expression in the Romanesque period (c.950-1200AD) with itsaesthetic based on the coherent, rhythmic composistion of the great masses.Other common elements include: barrel vaults, groin vaults, basilican forms,

arcades, cloisters, attached towers, and "blind" arcades, thick walls, smallwindows, and dark interiors. The name "Romanesque" was first given to

these buildings by 19th century historians, who noted the obvioussimilarities between Romanesque buildings and earlier Roman ones.

After the world did not end in 1000AD (as some had expected), increasing

security and prosperity in Western Europe led to the building and rebuilding

of many great churches and monasteries throughout Europe. Several early,monumental Romanesque structures were erected in Germany, e.g. church

of St. Michael, Hildesheim, Germany, 1001-1007; Speyer Cathedral,Germany, 1027-1060/ groin vaulted ceiling, 1082-1106. In other parts of

Europe, early and/or distinct forms of Romanesque architecture werecreated as well, e.g.: Cluny III, France, 1088-1130; St. Etienne, Caen,

France, 1064-1077; vaulting constructed between 1120-1130; St. Front, mid12th century, Periguenux, France; Cistercian abbey at Fontenay, France,

1118-. The Romanesque architecture of Italy displayed remarkable varietyincluding designs reminicent of Early Christian forms (S. Ambrogio, Milan,

http://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocIII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocI.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/Contact.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/Index.htmhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocIII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocI.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/Contact.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/Index.htmhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocIII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocI.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/Contact.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/Index.htmhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocIII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocI.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/Contact.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/Index.htmhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocIII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocI.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/Contact.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/Index.htmhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocIII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocI.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/Contact.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/Index.htmhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocIII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocI.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/Contact.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/Index.htmhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocIII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocI.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/Contact.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/Index.htmhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocIII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocII.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/ArcSocI.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/New/Contact.htmlhttp://archsoc.westphal.drexel.edu/Index.htm

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12th centruy), colorful polychromed exteriors that display classical

proportions (the cathedral Baptistry of S. Giovanni, Florence, 1060-1200;and structures embellished with delicate, arcaded walls (Cathedral

Complex at Pisa, Pisa, Italy; various architects (cathedral begun in 1063;baptistry 1153-14th c., bell tower [campanile] 1174-14th c.).

Many of the more important Romanesque buildings were the destination of

religious pilgrimages that became increasingly important in the MiddleAges as believers sought out the graves and relice of saints (e.g. Santiago

de Compostela, Spain, 1078-1122, Beranrd le Vieux architect; Ste.Madeleine, Vezelay, France, 1104-32; Ste. Foy (Foi), Conques, France,

1050-1130).

Romanesque architecture was brought to England in 1066 by William the

Conqueror who had built several innovative churches in his nativeNormandy. Consequently, the term for Romanesque architecture that is used

in Great Britain is "Norman." The culmination of the Norman tradition wasthe cathedral at Durham (1093-1133), an enormous church that

incorporated the essential elements of the coming Gothic style, i.e. thepointed arch, the flying buttress, and the rib vault.

Romanesque motifs are also found on a variety of buildings including

dwellings, smaller chapels: e.g. SS. Mary & David, Kilpeck, Herefordshire,England, c. 1150, which also features late0pagan decorations; and the Holy

Sepulcher chapel, Cambridge, c.1130), and castles and forts, e.g. the WhiteTower in the Tower of London, 1077-99. European castles underwent further

changes with the exposure of the crusaders to Byzantine and Islamicfortifications, e.g. Krak des Chevalier, 1142-1250s, Syria;Caerphilly Castle,Wales, 1268-; Caenarvon Castle(Caenarfon), Wales, Great Britain, Master

James architect, Edward I patron, 1283--..

Speyer Cathedral

Date: 1027-1060

Location: Speyer, GermanyArchitect: Unknown

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Rear Elevation

Cathedral Complex at Pisa

Date: 11th-15th c.

Location: Pisa, ItalyArchitect: Diotisalvi

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Complex Site Plan

Aerial View of Complex

(Campo dei Miracoli)

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View of Complex with Baptistery in Foreground

(Piazza dei Miracoli)

Date: 1278-15th centuryLocation: Pisa, Italy

Architect: Giovanni di Simone, et. al.

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Campo Santo Exterior View

Campo Santo Court

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Campo Santo Interior View

Restored after World War II

Date: Begun in 1063, expansion in1261-1273, completed in late 14thcenturyLocation: Pisa, Italy

Architect: Begun by Boschetto in 1063, expanded by Rainaldo in 1261-1273

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Cathedral

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Cathedral - Exterior View of Apse and Transepts

Section of Cathedral

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Interior View of Cathedral

BaptisteryPlan - Section - Elevation

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Baptistery

Date: 1174 - 14th CenturyLocation: Pisa, Italy

Architect: Bonanno

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Campanile

Ste. Foy

Date: 1050-1130Location: Conques, France

Architect: Unknown

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View of Ste. Foy and town of Conques from across the valley

Aerial View

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Aerial View

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Exterior view of the West Facade

Interior View of Nave

Tympanum

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Detail of Tympanum

Plan

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Reliquary of Ste. Foy

Durham Cathedral

Date: 1093-1133

Location: Durham, EnglandArchitect: Unknown

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Exterior View with River Wye

Interior View - Nave after 1093

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Interior View - Nave

Interior View - Aisles

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Caenarvon Castle

Date: 1283-Location: Wales, Great BritainArchitect: Master James

Patron: Edward I

Plan

Aerial View of the Castle and Town

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Birds-eye Reconstruction

Exterior View

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View Within Castle Walls

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The Eagle Tower