Structure and function of the cardiovascular and respiratory system

Hailee and Jordan

Blood Flow

1. Deoxygenated blood flows through the Vena Cava

2. Blood flows from the Vena Cava into the right atrium

3. Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve

4. From the tricuspid valve, blood flows to the right ventricle

5. From the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

6. From the pulmonary artery to the lung

7. From the lung, oxygenated blood flows to the pulmonary vein

8. From the pulmonary vein to the left atrium

9. From the left atrium to the mirtal valve

10.From the mirtal valve to the left ventricle

11.From the left ventricle to the aortic valve

12.From the aortic valve to the aorta

13.From the aorta to the rest of the body

Blood Flow Breakdown

1. The arteries transport blood from the heart

2. Small branches called arterioles act as control vessels which the blood enters the capillaries through

3. The capillaries exchange oxygen, fluids, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between the blood and the various tissues of the body

4. After the blood is replenished, the venules collect the blood from the capillaries and move to the veins

5. The veins carry the blood back to the heart

6. The blood enters the heart through the Vena Cava into the right atrium

Oxygen Uptake

Oxygen uptake is the amount of oxygen utilized by the tissues of the body

You can calculate your oxygen uptake with VO2= Q x a-vO2 difference Q is the cardiac output (Heart rate x Stroke volume) in milliliters per minute

VO2rest= (HR x SV) x a-vO2 difference

METs

The Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) is a physiological measure expressing the energy cost of physical activities and is defined as the ratio of metabolic rate during a specific physical activity to a reference metabolic rate

vO2= 140 beats/min x 100 mL blood/beat x 11mL O2/100mL blood

Lungs

The amount of air moved during inhalation or exhalation which every breath is known as Tidal Volume

The volume air moved that results from maximal inspiration and maximal exhalation is known as Forced Vidal Capacity

Even with the maximal exhalation, there remains a volume of air in the lungs (residual lung volume) that prevents the lungs from collapsing themselves

The combination of forced vital capacity and the residual lung volume is the total lung capacity

Exchange of Air

During heavy breathing, the normal elastic forces aren’t strong enough for the necessary respiratory response

Contractions made by the abdominal muscles provides the extra force as well as raising the sternum from the spine and moving the diaphragm

Question 1

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that the blood passes thorough after it leaves the left ventricle?

a. Arteries, Capillaries, Veins, Right Atrium

b. Pulmonary Vein, Lungs, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle

c. Left atrium, Pulmonary Artery, Lung, Right Ventricle

d. Vein, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Artery

Question 1 Explanation

• Blood flows through the arterial system which carries blood away from the heart through the arteries

• Arteries contain small branches called arterioles which regulate the blood flow into the capillaries

• Venules collect the blood from the capillaries and gradually progress into veins

• Veins carry the blood back to the heart and to the right ventricle

Question 2

Which of the following are componets of oxygen uptake (VO2)?

I. Heart rate

II. Body Weight

III. Stroke Volume

IV. A-vO2 difference

a. I, II, and III only

b. II, III, and IV only

c. I and III only

d. II and III only

Question 2 Explanation

Oxygen uptake is the amount of oxygen being utilized by the tissues in the body. The answer is C because it involves heart rate, stroke volume, and a-vO2 diference. The equation for oxygen uptake is –vO2=Qxa-vO2 difference. Q stands for the cardiac output, which is (heart rate X stroke volume) in millimeters per minute.

Question 3

Which of the following compose total lung capacity?

I. Minute Ventilation

II. Residual Lung Volume

III. Forced Vital Capacity

IV. Tidal Volume

a. I and II only

b. II and IV only

c. I and III only

d. II and III only

Question 3 Explanation

Total lung capacity is the combination of forced vital capacity (volume of air moved that results from maximal inspiration and expiration) and residual lung volume which prevents the lungs from collapsing themselves

Question 4

Which of the following control the expansion and recoil of the lungs to create air exchange during heavy breathing?

I. Abdominal Muscle Activity

II. Ribcage Movement

III. Diaphragm Movement

IV. Pectoral Muscle Activity

a. I and III only

b. II and IV only

c. I, II, and III only

d. I, II, III, and IV

Question 4 Explanation

During heavy breathing, the normal elastic forces aren’t strong enough for the necessary respiratory response, the extra force is mostly made up by contractions of the abdomen muscles. Another way force is made up of raising the sternum to more away from the spine. The last activity that happens during heavy breathing is movement of the diaphragm.

Applied Knowledge

A 38-year-old, 132-lb female has been using an elliptical trainer for her aerobic workouts. Her exercise heart rate is 140 BPM, her stroke volume is 100 ml/beat, and her a-vO2 difference is 11 ml O2/100 ml blood. At what MET level is she excercising?

Answer

vO2= 140 beats/min x 100 mL blood/beat x 11mL O2/100mL blood

=1,540 mL O2/min divided by (132lbs divided by 2.2 kilograms/pound)

=1,540 ml O2/min divided by 60 kilograms

=25.7 mL O2 x kg x min divided by 3.5mL O2 x kg x min

=7.3 METs

Explanation

She is working in the middle of the MET chart which is a good level for her standards and age. If she wanted to improve her levels or get into better shape, she’d have to work harder and at a higher MET level.