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Chemical Components of Cells. *structural isomers. Example of enantiomers:. *geometric isomers. *enantiomers. Hydrocarbons. Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines. Hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies. Carbon and Organic Chemistry. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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*structural isomers
*geometric isomers
*enantiomers
Example of enantiomers:
Chemical Components of Cells
– Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines.– Hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies.
Hydrocarbons
• The unique properties of an organic compound depend not only on its carbon skeleton but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton– These atoms are called functional groups– Some common functional groups include:
Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Amino group Carboxyl group
Found in alcoholsand sugars Found in sugars Found in amino acids
and urea in urine (fromprotein breakdown)
Found in amino acids,fatty acids, and somevitamins
Carbon and Organic Chemistry
*most macromolecules are polymerspolymermonomer
The making and breaking of polymers:Dehydration reaction: Hydrolysis:
Macromolecules
Proteins• Proteins perform most of the tasks the body
needs to function– They are the most elaborate of life’s molecules
MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINSStructural Proteins Storage Proteins Contractile Proteins Transport Proteins Enzymes
Carboxylgroup
Aminogroup
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Amino acid Amino acid
Dehydrationsynthesis
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Peptide bond
• Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis
Proteins as Polymers
– The resulting bond between them is called a peptide bond
Amino Acids
• Primary structure– The specific
sequence of amino acids in a protein
1 510 15
20253035
4045
5055
6065
70
75 80 85
9095
100
105110 115
120125
129
Amino acid
– The arrangement of amino acids makes each protein different
Protein Structure
• A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function– The substitution of one amino acid for another in
hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease
(a) Normal red blood cell Normal hemoglobin
1 2 34 5
6 7. . . 146
(b) Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
2 314 5
6 7. . . 146
Protein Structure
Tertiary structure
Secondary structureMacromolecules
Quaternary structure
How does this all happen?●Spontaneously ●Chaperonins
Macromolecules
Gene
DNA
RNA
Protein
Amino acid
Nucleic acids
Nucleic Acids● Include DNA and RNA
Information storage moleculesThey provide the directions for building proteins
Phosphategroup
Nitrogenous baseA, G, C, or U
Uracil U
Sugar ribose
Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or T)
Phosphategroup
Thymine (T)
Sugar(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
●Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides– DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid– RNA, ribonucleic acid
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids●Each nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Nucleic Acids
Sugar-phosphatebackbone
NucleotideBasepair
Hydrogenbond
Bases
a DNA strandpolynucleotide
b Double helixtwo polynucleotide strands
●Nucleic Acid Structure
Nucleic Acids●Nucleic Acid Structure
DNA StructureNucleic Acids