*structural isomers *geometric isomers *enantiomers Example of
enantiomers: Chemical Components of Cells
Slide 2
Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines. Hydrocarbons of fat
molecules fuel our bodies. Hydrocarbons
Slide 3
The unique properties of an organic compound depend not only on
its carbon skeleton but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton
These atoms are called functional groups Some common functional
groups include: Hydroxyl groupCarbonyl groupAmino groupCarboxyl
group Found in alcohols and sugars Found in sugars Found in amino
acids and urea in urine (from protein breakdown) Found in amino
acids, fatty acids, and some vitamins Carbon and Organic
Chemistry
Slide 4
*most macromolecules are polymers polymer monomer The making
and breaking of polymers: Dehydration reaction:Hydrolysis:
Macromolecules
Slide 5
Proteins Proteins perform most of the tasks the body needs to
function They are the most elaborate of lifes molecules MAJOR TYPES
OF PROTEINS Structural ProteinsStorage Proteins Contractile
ProteinsTransport ProteinsEnzymes
Slide 6
Carboxyl group Amino group Side group Side group Amino acid
Dehydration synthesis Side group Side group Peptide bond Cells link
amino acids together by dehydration synthesis Proteins as Polymers
The resulting bond between them is called a peptide bond
Slide 7
Amino Acids
Slide 8
Primary structure The specific sequence of amino acids in a
protein 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
100 105 110 115 120 125 129 Amino acid The arrangement of amino
acids makes each protein different Protein Structure
Slide 9
A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects
its ability to function The substitution of one amino acid for
another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease (a) Normal red
blood cellNormal hemoglobin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7... 146 (b) Sickled red
blood cellSickle-cell hemoglobin 2 3 1 45 6 7... 146 Protein
Structure
Quaternary structure How does this all happen? Spontaneously
Chaperonins Macromolecules
Slide 12
Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids
Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the
directions for building proteins
Slide 13
Phosphate group Nitrogenous base A, G, C, or U Uracil U Sugar
ribose Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or T) Phosphate group Thymine (T)
Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Base Sugar Nucleic acids are polymers
of nucleotides DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid RNA, ribonucleic acid
Nucleic Acids
Slide 14
Each nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Slide 15
Nucleic Acids Sugar-phosphate backbone Nucleotide Base pair
Hydrogen bond Bases a DNA strand polynucleotide b Double helix two
polynucleotide strands Nucleic Acid Structure
