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Structural influences on equity and sports participation. Chapter overview. Sport and the media Reinforcing stereotypes through the media page 333 Sport as a business The commodification of sport page 338 Sports marketing page 341 Sponsorship page 344 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Structural influences on equity and sports participation
Chapter overview
Sport and the media Reinforcing stereotypes through the media page 333
Sport as a business The commodification of sport page 338 Sports marketing page 341 Sponsorship page 344 Sexploitation page 349
Government funding and development programs Elite versus participation funding page 353 Development programs for the grassroots page 356
Now that you’ve finished … answers
Sport and the media Page 333
Sport and the media
The media affects our emotions and helps shape our attitudes. The media has increased Australian access to many sports. Coverage of men’s and women’s sport is not equal. Change towards equity is very
slow in occurring, and equal coverage in the near future is unlikely.
Reinforcing stereotypes through the mediaPage 333
Reinforcing stereotypes through media
Stereotypes are reinforced through: Commentary Article headlines Positioning of articles Imagery used Author bias
Female athletes in the media
Ability secondary to looks Often portrayed in passive or
supportive roles Smaller articles, usually at back of
sports section Limited televised coverage, outside of
prime viewing time Language
Emphasis on physical attractiveness Refer to “Just how uneven is the
coverage?”, pages 336–337
Male athletes in the media
Athletes portrayed as active and physical Language reinforces aggression Dominates sports pages Significant events accorded front page
status State of Origin World Cup qualification Gold medals
Prime-time coverage Free to air Fox sports
Sport as a businessPage 338
Sport as a business
Mass media has elevated sport into big business
Team ownership Television rights Player management Sports marketing
The commodification of sportPage 338
Commodification of sport
A commodity is anything that can be bought and sold.
SPORT = BUSINESS The commodification of
sport is the process of turning sport into a marketable business
Commodification has seen the formation of companies to manage large sporting competitions
Sport is a form of entertainment Sport must change to meet:
Social demands (time constraints) Social expectations (more exciting)
Examples:
Cricket NRL
Limited (50) over matches 2 referees
Twenty20 matches Limited number of interchanges
3rd umpire Video referee
Sports marketingpage 341
Sports marketing
Promotional strategies to increase awareness
Advertising Merchandise Media exposure Product changes
Personal reflection
How many items of sporting merchandise do you own?
How has the commodification of sport influenced how you watch
and participate in sport?
Marketing in school sports
Methods used to increase participation and awareness
Personal reflection
What has your school done to market the sport you are
currently studying?
SponsorshipPage 344
Sponsorship
A positive association with a team or individual Allocation of sponsorship is linked to:
Success of team or individual Media coverage of sport Cultural significance of sport
Personal reflection
Have you ever witnessed a sports star engage in on-
or off-field antics that have gained them notoriety?
Sponsoring individual athletes
FRED principle
F Familiarity Athlete perceived as friendly and
trustworthy
R Relevance A positive link to product and athlete
E Esteem Respect for the athlete to increase credibility
D Differentiation An athlete who stands out from the others
SexploitationPage 349
Sexploitation
Any form of marketing that focuses on sexual attributes and attractiveness of the athlete.
The difference between the men’s and women’s beach volleyball uniforms is an example of the sexploitation of female athletes.
Sexploitation continued
More likely with female sports to generate sponsorship and exposure
Can trivialise sporting achievements Uniform regulations are not equitable (male versus female) Photographs of models in swimwear is inappropriate and
irrelevant to sport Sexploitation is a marketing strategy that can backfire
Can create anxiety and embarrassment Poor self esteem and body image issues
Government funding and development programsPage 352
Government funding and development programs
Raised Australia’s international profile Government funding and developmental initiatives began in the
1970s Failure to win gold at 1976 Montreal Olympics saw the
development of AIS
Elite versus participation fundingPage 353
Elite versus participation funding
Crawford Report 2009 investigated the allocation of government funding for sport and physical recreation
Discovered a bias towards Olympic sports (80% of funding) 2 major recommendations:
Direct more government funding towards sports with higher participation numbers
Maintain current funding to elite programs (Olympics)
Development programs for the grassrootsPage 356
Development programs for the grassroots
Sporting associations target hundreds of thousands of Australian children to communicate a positive message about sports participation.
Examples of modified versions:
Auskick Little Athletics
Aussie Hoops Milo Soccer
Hot Shot Tennis Netta Netball
Kanga Cricket Oztag
Kids to Kangaroos Try Rugby
Personal reflection
•What experiences have you had with modified sports?• Did these experiences encourage you to continue your participation in this sport? •Which sporting associations in your community work to increase participation in sport?
Now that you have finished ...Answers
1 a Provide three reasons to explain why the media dedicates an increasingly large amount of time and space to sports reporting.
Sport is highly valued in Australian society. Commodification of sport. Saturation of sports marketing. Increased professionalism of sport.
1 b Use your response above to justify how society’s attitudes and beliefs about sport (cultural level) are being reinforced through the media.
In the cultural chapter, we discussed the need for Australian men’s success in sport being of paramount importance, leading to increased national pride, recognition and status. This train of thought has survived the past century and can still be seen today.
As women were latecomers to competitive and representative sport, their success today is often considered to be a bonus on top of the men’s achievements. The media perpetuates this and a good example of this can be seen with the reporting around the swimming achievements from the 2004 Athens and 2008 Beijing Olympics. These events should have cemented Australia’s female swim team as a superpower in the pool, rather their achievement was devalued by the focus by the media on the men’s performance. Initially, their success was celebrated widely in both print and electronic media giving them their much needed and sought after coverage. This coverage was short lived, however, and the focus soon turned to the deemed ‘failure’ of the men’s swim team who, in comparison, achieved a limited medal haul. This apparent failure of the men was more newsworthy as it threatened the identity of Australia as a successful sporting nation.
2 Which sports dominate the following?a nightly television news broadcasts b newspaper articles
SUMMER WINTER
Cricket Rugby League
Football (Soccer) AFL
Tennis Horse racing
Horse racing
• Male sports dominate the news regardless of the season.• A brief mention may be given to national teams who achieve success
overseas• Even during the Commonwealth Games, NRL and AFL dominated news
coverage.
3 List the factors that determine which sports receive greater publicity.
Cultural significance based on previous success International exposure to promote Australian excellence International success National competition
Individual teams based in a city (Broncos, Melbourne Storm, Brisbane Roar)
Seasonal: Summer/Winter Olympic/Commonwealth year
Sport stars Status Looks Marketability
4 Would the Broncos receive more or less publicity through the Townsville media? Can this be explained using Figueroa’s levels? How?
Broncos would receive less publicity. Structural:
Media promoting “local team” Players used in the local media
Johnathon Thurston (Australian halfback)
Institutional: Successful NRL team based in one city Promotion opportunities at community level
Facilities Schools Scholarships
Interpersonal Role models (Increased Familiarity & Relevance)
5 Discuss how sex appeal can be used by both male and female athletes to gain sponsorship.
Attractive athletes have greater marketing opportunities Greater media exposure through various outlets
Commercials Advertising Calenders Magazines
Uniforms: Body hugging and revealing Enhance and promote physical qualities needed for sport
AFL/NRL Requirements can be different for each sex
Beach volleyball Touch football
6 a Define commodification
The commodification of sport can be described as the process of developing sport into a marketable business.
Changing sport into a commodity has seen the formation of companies that manage:
large sporting competitions Individual sporting teams Individuals
6 b Which level of Figueroa’s framework can be linked to commodification?
6 c List five ways in which commodification has occurred in sport.
Rule changes to increase the entertainment value National sporting competitions
Full-time careers for athletes (professionals) Television rights
Player management companies to negotiate player contracts Merchandise of clothing and equipment Use of technology to improve playing equipment and
performance
7 The Twenty20 Indian Premier League is extremely successful in India. Could this type of competition be as successful in Australia? Justify your response using elements from Figueroa’s framework.
The Australian Twenty 20 will be successful as has been shown in the article “Twenty 20 bashing for test cricket” (page 340).
Indian-run competitions (IPL and Champions League) will continue to be bigger.
Cultural: Cricket is part of Australia’s sporting history and identity
Structural: Provides the opportunity for a league-type competition like AFL
Generates revenue Easy to follow Similar to league competitions like Rugby League or AFL – crossover
appeal Amount of prize money is staggering ($13.3million)
8 What is the acronym that is used to select marketable athletes? What does it stand for?
FRED principle
F Familiarity Athlete perceived as friendly and
trustworthy
R Relevance A positive link to product and athlete
E Esteem Respect for the athlete to increase credibility
D Differentiation An athlete who stands out from the others
9 What factors prompted the government to develop the Australian Institute of Sport?
Government had already introduced various initiatives to increase the Australian involvement in sport (1972)
Perceived failure of Australian athletes at the 1976 Montreal Olympics (no gold medals)
Risk of international sporting image tarnished Other nations were increasing funding for the development of:
Sports training facilities Talent identification programs
10 Governments spend enormous amounts of money to secure sporting events.
Why? Link your answer to relevant levels from Figueroa’s framework. Cultural level (dominant)
International recognition to raise Australia’s profile Tourism opportunities Employment
Structural level Business opportunities
Institutional level Better facilities for communities after the event has been staged
Interpersonal level Elite international super stars as role models Increased merchandising sales Exchange of coaching ideas
Individual level Increased opportunities for participation (qualification)
Image credits
Slide 1, Getty Images/Victor Decolongon Slide 4, Getty Images/Hamish Blair Slide 7, Getty Images/AFP/Jean-Pierre Muller Slide 8, Getty Images/Mark Nolan Slide 10, Getty Images/Matt King Slide 12, AAP Image/Haystac Active Slide 15, Getty Images/Bradley Kanaris Slide 16, Newspix/Gary Graham Slide 19, AAP Image/Tracey Nearmy Slide 22, Getty Images/AFP/Thomas Coex Slide 22, Getty Images/Harry How Slide 25, AAP Image/AP Photo Slide 25, Getty Images/AFP/Torsten Blackwood