Stress & major disorders

8/7/2019 Stress & major disorders

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What is stress? Physical and psychological challenges to the integrity of an organism

Characteristics (from Kim & Diamond)

o Stress is accompanied by physiological arousal

o Stress must be perceived as threatening

o Stress depends on whether an organism perceives it has control

The last 2 are debatable

Homeostasis

maintenance of the internal environment in the face of a changing external environment

physical and psychological challenges to the integrity of an organism provoke responses tocounteract those threats

4 Levels of Homeostatic Regulation

1. Internal reflexes; organs regulate their own function

2. Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

3. Brainstem and hypothalamus

4. Higher brain centers; integrate emotional activity, memory, awareness to modulate output of #3


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The Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic division

Energy expenditure

Skin conductance responses

Parasympathetic division

Energy conservation

Heart rate controlled by both divisions Respiration controlled by both divisions


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Adrenal cortex at stress

Stress

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Adrenal gland

Cortisol (anti stress hormone)

ACTH

Aldesteron

Sex hormone

1. Glucose amount in Blood 1. Glycogen in liver + dissolve the fat layer and produces glucose2. Decreases the secretion of insulin in Pancreas

Fluids in blood (high blood pressureKidneys absorb Na+ Ions highly - so the fluids in blood increase

2. Decreases immunity

[Possibility ofCancers- healing of the wounds decreases- bones decay]1. Dissolves protein in the body2. Decreasing immunity cells (Eosinophils & Lymphocytes)

3. Anti bodies decreases

4. NK cells decreases5. Reduction of Lymph nodes

3. Mental effectsAnxiety symptoms

Depressive symptoms

Psychotic symptoms


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All the consequences of cortisol excess

Fatigue

Sleep disturbances

Bone loss

Weight gain waist, increased belly fat

Loss of muscle mass, contraction skin

Anxiety

Memory lapse

Irritability

Decreased immune system

Increased risk for osteoporosis

Sugar cravings

Low energy

Night sweats

Binge eating

Increased cholesterol, triglycerides and

blood sugar

Adrenal medulla at stress

Stress

Hypothalamus

ANS

Sympathetic arousal

Adrenalin & Noradrenalin

1. Increases glucose in blood[Glycogen in liver + dissolve the fat layer and produces glucose]2. Expand the arteries in the hart and increase blood supply to the hart.

3. Expand the blood vassals in body muscles, but shrink the blood vassals in the skin4. Expand the respiratory track & helps the intake of Oxygen5. Decrease the activities (digestion) of the digestive track

6. Increase the activity of sweating glands

GH (vegetative) Growth hormone

At short term stress - GH


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Stress for longer periods Cortisol GH (Children become sEmotion vs. Stress

Emotion: a concerted, generally adaptive, phasic change in multiple physiological systems inresponse to the value of a stimulus (from Adolphs, 2002)

Emotion is more general (could be positive or negative) and more short-lived (though anegative emotion can lead to stress over time) than stress

Example: fear of doing poorly on an exam upon learning about exam in January, stressdevelops throughout the term as the exam approaches in March

Stress & Memory

Anecdotal reports suggest that acute stress impairs memory Study by Kirschbaum et al (1996) showed this effect in humans Effect of cortisol administration alone was similar to that of stress Kirschbaum and colleagues put subjects through stress or gave a dose of cortisol...

...then they learned a word list and a spatial task... ...then memory was tested on the same day. Memory was impaired in the stress & cortisol groups

Fatigue, Stress and Decision Making,

Some level of stress and perhaps fatigue can bring about clarity and concentration. Too muchfatigue and stress however will disrupt decision making capabilities.

Chronic stress is thought to be an underlying factor in many diseases

Heart Disease,

High Blood Pressure

lung problems- Colds, flu

Cirrhosis of the liver

Cancers

Depression, headaches

Chronic fatigue, chronic pain

Ulcers, Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Graying hair, hair loss

Accidents

Suicide.

Stress can cause headaches ,indigestion, exhaustion, neck and shoulder pain Stress can also result in unhealthy behaviors like smoking, overuse of alcohol, compulsive

overeating, and poor sleep habits.


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Effects of Stress on Immunity System

Stress

Brain

Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

The Effects of Cortisol on Immunity System

1. Scatters the protein in our body.2. Reducing Eosinophilers & Lymphocytes (immunity cells)

3. Reduce the anti bodies.

4. Reducing the Natural Killer (N.K) cells.5. Reduction of Lymph nodes.

Stress and the Immune System Stress appears to suppress the immune response. (More infections & Even more cancer)

Immune system has two types of cells1. B Cells fight bacteria

2. T cells fight viruses, cancer [Killer T-cells are lower during periods of high stress]

Adrenaline and cortisol that are released during stress appear to increase suppressor T-cells,

decrease helper T-cells, and decrease functioning of phagocytes and lymphocytes.

Chemicals released by our nerves suppress immune functioning in nearby cells.

ACTH

Cortisol

Reduce

appetite

(in short term)

Reduce Protein

Reduce

Immunity

(-) Neuropeptides

[When living with Negative thoughts]

Reduce

Immunity


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How Stress Affects The Blood Circulation System

Stress

Hypothalamus

When Stressed

Increase the Cholesterol in blood.

Possibility of forming a blood clot (STROK) is high.

Increase of certain habits - Using drugs/ smoking/ eating meat regularly.

If continues for a longer period

Angina Pectoris ( Ache in the Heart)

Myocardial Infarction. (heart muscles being dead, due to lack of blood)

ACTH

Shrink the blood vessels(In the skin)

Cortisol(increasefluid in blood)

AdrenalinNoradrenalin

Increasing of

blood pressure

ANS Pituitary

Increasing

Pulse Rate

Increasing of

blood pressure


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Fatal

Effects of Stress on Alimentary (canal) + Digestive System

1. Stress ANS (Sympathetic arousal) dry mouth

2. Stress / Anxiety epiglottis Swallowing Difficulties

3. Anxiety short & quick breaths Abdomen gets fil

Butterflies in the Stomach

4. Stress Parasympathetic arousal

1. Abdomen filled with airPeptic ulcer 2. Malfunction of the upper-

(Feeling of abdomen pain or burn) -valve of the stomach. One big erosion a cluster

- of smaller erosions

Blood supply to the stomach increases.

Increase of acid secretion. Peptic acid moves up

Possibility of getting erosions increases. (iSrS)

Later erosions become ulcers

Increase of intestinal acid Burning

Gastritis (Epithelia gets damage)

Intestinal movements increases & lacking of water absorption (Loose motion)

The need to go to the toilet from time to time when getting ready to go somewhere or at outside

the home (Irritable bowels syndrome)

Blood supply to the intestinal wall increases Over movement of layers in the big intestine(motility increases) cause damage to motility

Depression function of the intestine muscles decreases Constipation


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Anxiety intestine fills with airFeeling of filled stomachButterflies in the Stomach

Unusual outgrow (Getting fat)

Stress/Anxiety (Long term)

Pituitary Gland

ACTH

Cortisol

Cortisol Bringing the fat in lower part of the body toward upper parts such as; face, stomach, back,

neck and storing the fat in those places. (Like a barrel)


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Effects of Stress and Diabetes

Stress

Hypothalamus

ANS Pituitary

ACTH

Cortisol

Increase glucose level in blood1. Glycogen in liver + dissolve the fat layer and produces glucose2. Decreases the secretion of insulin in Pancreas

Adrenalin & Noradrenalin

Increase the glucose level in bloodGlycogen in liver + dissolve the fat layer and produces glucose


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How Stress Affects the Respiratory System

Stress At higher Anxiety

Parasympathetic

Squeezing (Constriction) the Respiratory track (tube) Over releasing out of CO2 from

Increase phlegm (mucus) [YAf,AIAu,Y%djh]

Respiratory track blocks with phlegm NdIausl njEntering air into the alveoli [.M] is disturbed

Astma Veins supplying blood to the brain, contract

Blood supplement to the brain decreases by 30

Panic attacks

Stress

Parasympathetic

Fluids secretion increases in Respiratory System(Increment ofphlegm secretion) [YAf,AIAu,Y%djh]

Catarrh (Cold /freezing) mSki

Neuroendocrine Mechanisms - Stress and Asthma Common clinical observations of adverse relationship between stress and human disease Adverse effects of psychological stress on asthma have been documented.

Depression and stress can augment humoral immunity and favor production of IgE


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Immunological changes may shift from TH1 to TH2 and promote allergic responses

Growing set of data provide evidence for association between chronic psychological stress and thepathogenesis of atrophy and asthma

Documents

Stress & major disorders