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Mood Disorders

Module 38

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Psychological Disorders

Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

Explaining Mood Disorders

Link 58:53

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Major Depressive Disorder

Depression is the “common

cold” of psychological

disorders.

In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report

depression worldwide

(WHO, 2002).

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Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are

not caused by drugs or medical conditions.

1. Lethargy and fatigue2. Feelings of worthlessness3. Loss of interest in family &

friends4. Loss of interest in activities

Signs include:

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Bipolar Disorder

Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and

mania signals bipolar disorder.

Multiple ideas

Hyperactive

Desire for action

Euphoria

Elation

Manic Symptoms

Slowness of thought

Tired

Inability to make decisions

Withdrawn

Gloomy

Depressive Symptoms

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Mood (or Affective) Disorders• Depressive Disorders

– Major Depressive Disorder (weeks or months)– Dysthymic Disorder (mild but 2 or more years)

• Bipolar Disorders– Depression mixed with Mania

• Mania = Elated, excited, active emotional state.

– Bipolar I Disorder or Manic Depression– Bipolar II Disorder or Hypomania (hypo=under)

– Cyclothymic Disorder• Not as extreme as Bipolar, but over a long period of time.

• More detail than you need here…

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Bipolar DisorderMany great writers, poets, and composers

suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase creativity surged, but not

during their depressed phase.

Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway

Bettm

ann/ Corbis

George C

. Beresford/ H

ulton Getty Pictures L

ibrary

The G

ranger Collection

Earl T

heissen/ Hulton G

etty Pictures L

ibrary

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Explaining Mood Disorders

Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of

depression that will suggest ways to treat it.

Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1998) note that a theory of depression should explain the following:

1. Behavioral and cognitive changes2. Common causes of depression

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Theory of Depression

3. Gender differences

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Theory of Depression

4. Depressive episodes self-terminate.

5. Stressful events often precede depression.

6. Depression is increasing, especially in the teens.

Post-partum depression

Desiree N

avarro/ Getty Im

ages

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Pharmacology

• Bipolar disorders most effectively treated with tricyclic antidepressants and Lithium Carbonate

• Lithium serves as a mood stabilizer

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SuicideThe most severe form of behavioral response

to depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide.

1. National differences2. Racial differences3. Gender differences4. Age differences5. Other differences

Suicide Statistics

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Suicide Rates in Various Ethnic Groups

Young Latinas have the highest rate of attempted suicide in the US compared to any other demographic.

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• Ever wonder why you did not read about your friend’s suicide in the paper or see news about it on tv…?

• Are the reporters just jerks who were IGNORING your friend…no,…they were actually doing the rest of us a favor!

Those jerks,…she was my best friend! How dare they disrespect my friend! @$

$^*(#$

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Suicide

• Publicizing suicide especially dangerous because of social proof.

• Auto and plane deaths increase after well publicized suicides…1000%

• The more publicity the more suicide• Within 2 months of every front page

suicide 58 more people than usual killed themselves from 1947-1968

• Cialdini, Influence

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Those wrists won’t cut themselves…

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Biological PerspectiveGenetic Influences: Mood disorders run in

families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).

Jerry Irwin Photography

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James D. Laird and Nicholas S. Thompson, Psychology. Copyright © 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission.

Genetics & Risk of Mood Disorders

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The Depressed Brain

PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic

and depressive episodes.

Courtesy of L

ewis B

axter an Michael E

. P

helps, UC

LA

School of M

edicine

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Social-Cognitive Perspective

The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating

beliefs and negative explanatory styles.

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Negative Thoughts and Moods

Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.

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Depression Cycle

1. Negative stressful events.

2. Pessimistic explanatory style.

3. Hopeless depressed state.

4. These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection.

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EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY(7th Edition in Modules)

David MyersPowerPoint Slides

Aneeq AhmadHenderson State

University

Worth Publishers, © 2008

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The Diathesis-Stress ModelDiathesis = predisposition

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DSM-IV Classification System APA (American Psychological Association) Diagnostic & Statistical Manual #4• Axis I: Diagnosed Mental Disorder• Axis II: Personality Disorders (disruptive

behavior patterns) /Mental Retardation• Axis III: Relevant Medical Conditions• Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental

Problems• Axis V: Level of Psychological, Social, and

Occupational Functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning GAF)

http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/_misc/complete_tables.htm#Code%20#

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DSM-IV Classification System • Axis I: Diagnosed Mental Disorder

– Anxiety Disorders• Phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorderm OCD

– Somatoform Disorders• Conversion Disorder, Hypochondraisis

– Dissociative Disorders• Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

– Mood Disorders• Depression, Bipolar

– Schizophrenia

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DSM-IV Classification System • Axis 2: Personality Disorders & Retardation

– Personality Disorders• Avoidant – avoids newness• Dependent – indecisive, overreliant on others• Obsessive Compulsive – rigid, perfectionistic• Passive-Aggressive – procrastinates, “forgets”• Paranoid – guarded, overcautious• Scizoid – isolated, inexpressive• Antisocial – detatched, strange• Borderline – unstable, fearful of being alone• Histrionic – seductive, shallow, moody• Narcissistic – entitled, self-absorbed…