19
7/23/2019 Strength analysis of massive reinforced concrete http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/strength-analysis-of-massive-reinforced-concrete 1/19 Acta Mechanica 99, 75-93 (1993) CT MECH NIC 9 Springer-Verlag 1993 Elastic plastic analysis of cracked plates in plane stress: an experimental study P. S. Theocaris, Athens, Greece (Received April 13, 1992) Summary. An experimental method is presented for the complete solution of the elastic-plasticplane stress problem of an edge-cracked plate obeying the Mises yield criterion and the Prandtl-Reuss incremental stress-strain flow rule. The material of the plate is assumed as a strain-hardened one with different degrees of hardening. The elastic and plastic components of strain were determined by using the method of birefringent coatings cemented on the surface of the metallic specimens made of the material under study. Normal incidence of circularly polarized light yielded the isoclinics and isochromatics of the coating which provided the principal elastic strain differences and strain-directions at the interface. Evaluation of the stress intensity factor at the crack tip, by using the Griffith-Irwin definition,gave the sum of principal stresses at the crack tip. These data were sufficient to separate the components of strain at the coating-plate interface by using the classical shear-difference method. The stress components on the partially plasticallydeformed cracked plate were determined by using the Prandt!-Reuss stress-strain relationships in a step-by-step process following the whole history of loading of the plate. Thus, a radial distribution law for the equivalent stress ~ and strain in all directions of the plate was established which gave the instantaneous position of the elastic-plastic boundary and its evolution during loading, as well as the distribution of elastic and plastic components of stresses allover the plate. Fou r cases were solved for various am ounts of strain-hardening from a quasi perfectly plastic material to an almost brittle strain hardened one. The values of the characteristic parameters defining each type of material were established. The results derived compare excellently with existing ones based either on experimental or numerical solutions and since they are based on both the theory of elasticity and the incremental theory of plasticity they constitute a sound basis for comparison. Moreover, the algorithm based on this hybrid method is fast and stable requiring a minimum computer time, memory and data preparation. Introduction Failure behavior of cracked materials is significantly influenced by crack-tip plasticity which directly modulates the near stress-field and, consequently, affects the results of the various fracture criteria. In the past, it was commonly assumed that fracture is a phenomenon independent of the general failure and solely connected with brittle materials. This may be true in extreme cases of high brittleness, but m ost of everyday materials do not behave so. They fail by brittle fracture after the development of plastically deformed enclaves, which could be very small and insignificant in highly brittle materials. Then, the correct application of any fracture criterion requires the a-priori correct evaluation of the elastic-plastic stress field in the vicinity of the crack-tip. This has already been applied for various elastic-plastic materials and modes of loading by using various analytical and numerical methods [1] - [10]. Finally, the use of J-integral as a fracture criterion was discussed and proved in [11] -[13].

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Page 1: Strength analysis of massive reinforced concrete

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A c ta Me c h a n ic a 9 9 , 7 5 -9 3 (1 9 9 3 )

C T M E C H N I C

9 Springer-Verlag 1993

E la s t i c p la s t i c a n a ly s i s o f cra ck ed p la t e s in p la n e st re s s:

a n e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d y

P . S . T h e o c a r i s , A t h e n s , G r e e c e

(Received April 13, 1992)

S u mm a ry . A n e x p e r ime n ta l me th o d i s p re s e n te d fo r t h e c o m p le te s o lu t io n o f t h e e l a s t ic -p l a s ti c p l a n e s t r e s s

p ro b le m o f a n e d g e -c ra c k e d p la t e o b e y in g th e Mis e s y i e ld c r i te r io n a n d th e P ra n d t l -R e u s s in c re me n ta l

s t ress -s t ra in f low ru le . The m ate r ia l o f the p la te is a s sumed as a s t ra in -h arden ed one w ith d if fe ren t degrees o f

h a rd e n in g . T h e e l a s t i c a n d p la s t i c c o mp o n e n t s o f s t r a in w e re d e te rmin e d b y u s in g th e me th o d o f b i re f r in g en t

c o a t in g s c e me n te d o n th e s u r fa c e o f th e m e ta l li c s p ec ime n s ma d e o f th e m a te r i a l u n d e r s tu d y . N o rma l

inc idence o f c i rcu la r ly po la r ized l igh t y ie lded the isoc l in ics and isochrom atics o f the coa t ing w hich p rov ided

the p r inc ipa l e las t ic s t ra in d if fe rences and s t ra in -d irec t io ns a t the in te rface. Eva lua t io n o f the s t ress in tens i ty

fac to r a t th e c rack t ip , by us ing the G riff i th -Irwin de f in i t ion , gave the sum of p r inc ipa l s t re s ses a t the c rack t ip .

These da t a were suff icient to separa te the comp onents o f s t ra in a t the coa t ing -p la te in te rface by us ing the

c lass ica l shea r-d ifference m ethod .

T h e s t r e s s c o mp o n e n t s o n th e p a r t i a l ly p l a s t i c al ly d e fo rme d c ra c k e d p la t e w e re d e te rmin e d b y u s in g th e

Prand t!-Reu ss s t ress -s t ra in re la t ionsh ips in a s tep-by-s tep p rocess fo l lowing the whole h is to ry o f load ing o f

the p la te . Thus , a rad ia l d is t r ibu t ion law for the equ iva len t s t re s s ~ and s t r a in in a l l d i rec t ions o f the p la te was

e s t a b l is h e d w h ic h g a v e th e in s t a n ta n e o u s p o s i t i o n o f t h e e l a s ti c -p l a st i c b o u n d a ry a n d i t s e v o lu t io n d u r in g

load ing , a s we l l a s the d is t r ibu t ion o f e las t ic and p las t ic components o f s t res ses a l lover the p la te .

F o u r c a s e s w e re s o lv e d fo r v a r io u s a m o u n t s o f s t r a in -h a rd e n in g f ro m a q u a s i p e r fe c tly p la s t i c ma te r i a l t o

a n a lmo s t b r i t t l e s t r a in h a rd e n e d o n e . T h e v a lu e s o f th e c h a ra c te r i s t i c p a ra me te r s d e f in in g ea c h ty p e o f

mate r ia l were es tab l ished .

The resu l ts de r ived comp are exce l len t ly with ex is t ing ones based e i the r on exp erime nta l o r numerica l

s o lu t io n s a n d s in c e th e y a re b a s e d o n b o th th e th e o ry o f e l a st i c i ty a n d th e in c re me n ta l t h e o ry o f p l a s t i c i ty

th e y c o n s t i tu t e a s o u n d b a s i s fo r c o mp a r i s o n . Mo re o v e r , t h e a lg o r i th m b a s e d o n th i s h y b r id me th o d i s f a s t

a n d s t a b le r e q u i r in g a m in imu m c o mp u te r t ime , me mo ry a n d d a ta p re p a ra t io n .

Introduct ion

F a i l u r e b e h a v i o r o f c r a c k e d m a t e r i a l s i s s i g n i f i c an t l y i n f l u e n c e d b y c r a c k - t i p p l a s t i c i t y w h i c h

d i r e c t l y m o d u l a t e s t h e n e a r s t r e ss - f i el d a n d , c o n s e q u e n t l y , a f fe c ts t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e v a r i o u s

f r a c tu r e c r i te r i a. I n t h e p a s t , it w a s c o m m o n l y a s s u m e d t h a t f r a c t u r e i s a p h e n o m e n o n

i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e g e n e r a l f ai l u r e a n d s o l e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h b r i t t l e m a t e r i a l s . T h i s m a y b e t r u e i n

e x t r e m e c a s e s o f h i g h b r i t t l e n e s s , b u t m o s t o f e v e r y d a y m a t e r i a l s d o n o t b e h a v e s o . T h e y f a i l b y

b r i t t l e f r a c tu r e a f t e r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f p l a s t i c a l l y d e f o r m e d e n c l a v e s , w h i c h c o u l d b e v e r y s m a l l

a n d i n s i g n i f i c a n t i n h i g h l y b r i t t l e m a t e r i a l s .

T h e n , t h e c o r r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n o f a n y f r a c t u r e c r i t e r i o n r e q u i r e s t h e a - p r i o r i c o r r e c t e v a l u a t i o n

o f th e e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c st r e s s fi e l d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e c r a c k - t i p . T h i s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n a p p l i e d f o r

v a r i o u s e l a s t i c- p l a s ti c m a t e r i a l s a n d m o d e s o f l o a d i n g b y u s i ng v a r i o u s a n a l y t i c a l a n d n u m e r i c a l

m e t h o d s [ 1] - [ 10 ]. F i n a l l y , t h e u s e o f J - i n t e g r a l a s a f r a c t u r e c r i t e r i o n w a s d i s c u s s e d a n d p r o v e d

i n [ 11 ] - [ 1 3 ] .

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76 R S. Theo caris

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d i t i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h a t o n l y e x p e r i m e n t a l m e t h o d s c a n a c c u r a -

t e l y so l v e th e p r o b l e m o f t h e s p r e a d i n g o f t h e p l a s t ic e n c l a v e s a r o u n d d i s c o n t i n u i ti e s o f t h e

s t re s s fi e ld a n d e v a l u a t e i n a s a t i s f a c t o r y m a n n e r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e l a s ti c a n d p l a s t i c

s t re s s - a n d s t r a i n - c o m p o n e n t s i n s i d e t h e f ie ld a s w e l l a s t h e y d e f in e t h e e x a c t i n s t a n t a n e o u s

p o s i t i o n o f t h e e l a st i c -p l a s t i c b o u n d a r y a n d i t s e v o l u t i o n d u r i n g l o a d i n g . I t w a s s h o w n t h a t

t h e m e t h o d o f p h o t o e l a s t i c co a t in g s c o m b i n e d w i t h s o m e au x i l ia r y m e t h o d d e t e r m i n i n g a n

a d d i t i o n a l q u a n t i t y n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e e l a st i c a n d p l a s t i c c o m p o n e n t s o f

s t re s s e s a n d s t r a i n s a l l o v e r t h e fi el d c a n d e t e r m i n e t h e p r o g r e s s i v e e x t e n s i o n o f th e p l a s t i c

e n c l a v e s w h i c h n u c l e a t e a t r e g i o n s o f t h e h i g h e s t e la s t ic s t re s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d s u b s e -

que n t ly sp r ead co m p le te ly in the s t r e s s f ie ld . S ince the ax ia l s t r e s s and s t r a in d i s t r ibu t io n in

t h e p l a s t ic r a n g e o f m e t a l s a n d s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l s d e p e n d s o n t h e p a r t i c u l a r m e c h a n i c a l

p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e m a t e r i a l t h e u s e o f t h e s a m e m a t e r i a l a s a t e s t i n g p ie c e in t h e l a b o r a t o r y

b e c o m e s o b l i g a t o r y [ 1 4 ] - [ 1 6 ] . T h e m e t h o d w i t h i t s o w n v a r i a t i o n s w a s s u c c e s sf u l ly u s e d i n

a s e r ie s o f st u d i e s f o r e l a st i c - p e rf e c t ly p l a s t ic m a t e r i a l s o r s t r a i n - h a r d e n i n g o n e s a n d f o r

d i f f e r en t types o f d i s con t inu i t i e s am on g which a r e c la s s if i ed ho les no tc hes o f d i f f e r en t

r e - en t r an t ang les e tc . [ 1 7] - [ 20].

A n o t h e r s t u d y w a s a l s o u n d e r t a k e n t o e v a l u a t e t h e p o s s i b i l it i e s o f u s i n g t h e w e l l k n o w n

D u g d a l e - B a r e b l a t t m o d e l [ 2 1] i n a p p l i c a t i o n s w h i c h s i m p l i fi e s c o n s i d e r a b l y t h e p l a s t ic a n a l y s i s

o f s t r u c t u r e s [ 2 1 ] - [ 2 4 ] . A l t h o u g h a m o d i f i e d v e r s i o n o f t h i s m o d e l w a s i n t r o d u c e d i n th e s e

r e fe r e n c es w h i c h y i e ld s a m u c h h i g h e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n i t w a s s h o w n t h a t t h i s m o d e l a l s o i s

i n c a p a b l e t o g i v e a c c u r a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f s t re s s e s a n d s t r a i n s in p r o b l e m s o f c o n t a i n e d

p l a s t ic i t y w h e r e t h e e l a st i c c o m p o n e n t s o f s t re s s e s a r e c o m p a r a b l e i n m a g n i t u d e w i t h t h e i r

c o u n t e r p a r t s o f th e p l a s t i c c o m p o n e n t s .

T h i s a n a l y s i s w a s s u c c e s sf u l ly u s e d i n e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k [ 17 ] - [ 20 ] w h e r e t h e i n c r e m e n t s o f

s t r a i n s w e r e d i r e c t ly e x p e r i m e n t a l l y m e a s u r e d w h e r e a s i n t h is p a p e r t h e i n c r e m e n t s o f s t r a i n s

i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e t h e e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c b o u n d a r i e s a r e d e f i n e d b y u s i n g p h o t o e l a s t i c d a t a f r o m

b i r e f r i n g e n t c o a t i n g a n d b y i n t r o d u c i n g a

compli nce technique

f o r t h e e l a s t i c c o m p o n e n t s o f

s t r e sses . Thu s these quan t i t i e s t ake the i r e la s t i c va lues a t the f i r st load in g- s tep wh er e the fi r s t

p l a s t i c n u c l e i a r e d e f i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e G r i f f i t h - I r w i n a s s u m p t i o n [ 1 ] a n d t h e e l a s t i c

c o m p o n e n t s o f s t re s s . T h e n s t re s s e s o b e y t h e H o o k e a n d t h e P r a n d t l - R e u s s l a w s fo r t h e i r e l a s ti c

a n d p l a s t i c p a r t s r e s p e c t i v e ly i n a m a n n e r s i m i l a r t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d i n [2 8 ] w i t h d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f

e l a s ti c s tr e s se s f o ll o w i n g p o w e r l a w s w i t h d e c r e a s i n g n e g a t i v e e x p o n e n t s v e r s u s d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e

c r a c k t i p i n c o m p l e t e a n a l o g y w i t h t h e e x i s t in g e x a c t s o l u t i o n o f a n e l a s t ic p l a t e c o n t a i n i n g a n

in te r na l o r edge c r ack [ 29] .

D e s c r i p t i on o f t h e m e t h o d

T h e s o l u t i o n i s b a s e d o n t h e f o l lo w i n g p ri n c i p le s w h i c h a r e in a g r e e m e n t w i t h e it h e r th e H o o k e

o r th e P r a n d t l - R e u s s l a w s c o n c e r n i n g t h e e l a s t ic o r p l a s t i c b e h a v i o r o f t h e m a t e r i a l . A l s o t h e y

p o s s e s s a u s u a l ly o b v i o u s p h y s i c a l r e a s o n i n g . T h e s e p r i n c ip l e s w e r e a p p l i e d t o a t h in p l a t e

c o n t a i n i n g a c e n t r a l c r a c k o f l e n g t h 2 a a n d l o a d e d u n i a x i a l l y b y a s t re s s a ~ a t a d i r e c t i o n

p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e c r a c k - a x i s u n d e r g e n e r a l i z e d p l a n e - s t r e s s c o n d i t i o n s . T h e m a t e r i a l o f t h e

p l a t e o b e y s th e e q u i v a l e n t s t r e s s - st r a i n c u r v e s h o w n i n F i g . l b w h i c h f o r s i m p l i c i ty i s a s s u m e d

bi - l inea r . F or a low eno ug h a pp l i ed s t r e s s a t in f in i ty a~o the r e su l t ing in i t i a l e la s t i c - p la s t i c

b o u n d a r y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e o n s e t o f y i el d in g i s s o s m a ll as t o b e th e s a m e w h e n c o m p u t e d b y

m e a n s o f p u r e l y e l a s ti c o r e l a s t ic - p l a s ti c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s [1 ].

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Elast ic-plast ic analysis of crack ed plates 77

F o r t h i s i n i ti a l s t ep , t h e s t r e s s- f ie l d i s d e s c r i b e d b y t h e w e l l - k n o w n c o m p l e x s t r es s -

f u n c t i o n s

~ e Z )

an d 7~e(z) [29]:

Tm Z Too

~ e Z t =

2

Z 2 - -

a 2 ) 1 / 2 4

1 )

Too Z

Too

~ Y e Z ) - - - ~ - - .

2 (z 2 - - a 2 ) 1/ 2 4

T h e s e c o m p l e x s t r e s s f u n c t i o n s d e s c r i b e t h e e l a s t i c s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r a n i n f i n i t e p l a t e

c o n t a i n i n g a c e n t r a l tr a n s v e r s e c r a c k s u b j e c t ed t o s i m p l e t e n si o n . I n o r d e r t o h a v e t h e s o l u t i o n

f o r a n e d g e c r a c k , w h o s e s o l u t i o n i n a c l o s e d f o r m d o e s n o t e x i s t , i t i s c u s t o m a r y t o u s e t h e

s o l u t i o n f o r a n i n t e r n a l c r a c k a n d t o m u l t i p l y t h e v a l u e s o f t h e s t r e ss i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r a t th e c r a c k

t ip , o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f st r e ss i n s i d e t h e s t r e s s fi el d , b y a c o n v e n i e n t m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r ,

d e f i n e d e i t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l l y o r n u m e r i c a l l y [ 30 ], [ 31 ], w h i c h t a k e s c a r e o f t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e

e x a c t c r a c k o p e n i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t a t t h e i n t e r s e c ti o n o f t h e c r a c k f l a n k s w i t h t h e f r ee l o n g i t u d i n a l

b o u n d a r y a t w h i c h t h e e d g e c r a c k t e r m i n a t e s .

T h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e s tr e s s f u n c t i o n s

~ e Z )

a n d ~Pe(Z) i n r e l a t i on s ( 1 ) i n t r od uc e d i n t o t he

e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f s t re s s e s y ie l d

T x = T o o [ F 1 r , O ) - F 2 r , 0)] ,

c r y = T o o [ F l r , O ) + F 2 r ,

0)] ,

(2)

Z x y = a ~ F 3 r , 0 ) ,

w h e r e t h e f u n c t i o n s

F i g

= 1 , 2 , 3 ) a r e r e a l f u n c t i o n s o f t h e p o l a r c o o r d i n a t e s r e f e r r e d t o

a C a r t e s i a n f r a m e w i t h o r i g i n a t t h e c r a c k t ip a n d O x - a x i s th e s y m m e t r y a x is o f t h e c r a c k .

T h e F i - f u n c t i o n s a r e g i v e n b y :

1 ) 1

F l r , O ) = G l r , O ,

1/2) =

r l r 2 - 1 1 2

c o s Pl -- ~ ,~ 2

F 2 r , O ) = G 2 r , O ,

1/2) =

r l r 2 - 1 / 2

s i n O [ - s i n ( q h / 2 ) -

r 1 2 r 2 - 1

sin (2~01 - 1.5qh)] + ~ ,

(3)

F 3 r , O ) = G 3 r , O ,

1/2) =

r l r 2 - l I e

s in O [- c o s (q~2/2) - t- r12r2 -1 cos (2~01 - 1 .5q02)] ,

w h e r e t h e p o l a r r a d i i r l a n d r 2 a n d t h e p o l a r a n g l e s q h a n d (/)2 a r e e x p r e s s e d b y :

r I = [ (a + r cos O ) 2 + r 2 sin 2 O]a/2,

r e = [(r 2 Cos 2 0 + 2 a r cos O)a + r 2 s i n 20 + 2 a t s i n

0 ) 2 ] 1 / 2 ,

r s in 0

qol = a r c t a n 0 ( 4 )

a + r c os

@2 = a r c t a n

r e s in 2 0 + 2 a r s i n 0

r 2 c os 20 + 2 a r c o s O

a n d t h e p o l a r r a d i i r a n d a n g l e s q~ a r e m e a s u r e d f r o m t h e c r a c k t i p a n d i n a n a n t i - c l o c k w i s e s e n s e

f r o m t h e O x - a x i s .

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78 E S . Theo ca r i s

b

O

O

._>

V

E : I 'anlO /

r _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ B d t D

~ ~ .-d~ -,-

0 A' _ B'

i+2

0'i+.3 6

p : plastic cur'ves b e P i - - - ~ i5 - i+2

d ~:=(cl~_.g+d[:p

O(cr.ack ip) dis tan ce x

Fig . 1 . a The a s sum ed rad ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o f fo r success ive inc rem en ts o f g b Th e p iecewise l inea r

idea l i za t ion o f the equ iva len t s t r e s s - s t r a in cu rve

I n o r d e r t o d e f in e t h e a c t u a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e e l a s ti c - p l a s ti c b o u n d a r y t h e M i s e s y i e ld c r i te r i o n

w a s u s e d w h i c h s t a t e s t h a t t h e e q u i v a l e n t o r e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s , ~ , i s e x p r e s s e d b y :

( ~ 2 = 0 . x 2 _ ~ 0 .y 2 _ _

0.x0.y F

3 7 7 x Z y = 0 0 2 ,

5 )

w h e r e 0 .o i s t h e y i e l d s t r e s s o f t h e m a t e r i a l i n s i m p l e t e n s i o n a t i n fi n i t y . I n t r o d u c i n g r e l a t i o n s ( 2 )

i n t o t h e y i e l d c o n d i t i o n (5 ) w e d e r i v e :

0 .oo = 0 .o {F x2 r , O ) + 3 F 2 2 ( r , 0 ) + 3 F 3 2 ( r , 0 ) } - 1 / 2 .

(6)

B y p u t t i n g i n t o E q . (6 ) a r e a s o n a b l y s m a l l v a l u e o f r , d e r i v e d b y a p p l y i n g I r w i n ' s p r o p o s i t i o n [1 ],

f o r 0 = 0 ~ w e c a n c o m p u t e a fi r st v a l u e o f 0 .~ . F o r 0 0 ~ a n d f o r c o n s t a n t 0% w e c a n c o m p u t e

n u m e r i c a l l y t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a l u e s o f t h e i n it i a l r a d i i o f t h e e l a s t ic - p l a s t i c b o u n d a r y f o r 0 =t 0 .

R e f e r r i n g t o F i g . 1 a l l t h e p o i n t s o f th e e l a s t ic - p l a s t ic b o u n d a r y a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e p o i n t A o f

t h e e q u i v a l e n t s t r e s s - s t r a i n c u r v e .

A n i n c r e a s e o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t s t r e ss , c a u s e d b y a n in f i n i te s i m a l r e s p e c t i v e i n c r e m e n t o f

0 . ~ b e y o n d i t s i n i t i a l v a l u e r e s u l t s i n a n i n c r e m e n t

d g

o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t s t r a i n g c o n s i s t i n g o f a n

e l a s t i c p a r t d g , a n d a p l a s t i c o n e d g v [ 3 2 ] . T h e c o m p o n e n t s d g ~ a n d d g p o f t h e s t r a i n i n c r e m e n t o b e y

e i t h e r t h e H o o k e , o r th e P r a n d t l - R e u s s l a w s r e s p e c ti v e l y , t h e s a m e b e i n g t r u e fo r e a c h o n e o f t h e

s t re s s- a n d s t r a i n - c o m p o n e n t s .

F o l l o w i n g t h e a n a ly s i s d e v e l o p e d i n [ 1 7 ] - [ 2 0 ] f o r t h e h o m o g e n e o u s i s o t ro p i c e l a st ic -

p l a s t i c a n d p l a s t i c a l ly i n c o m p r e s s i b l e m a t e r i a l o b e y i n g t h e P r a n d t l - R e u s s f l o w r u l e u n d e r

p l a n e - s t r e s s c o n d i t i o n s , w e w r i t e d i r e c tl y t h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e r e s p e c t i v e i n c r e m e n t s o f

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Elas t i c -p la s t i c ana lys i s o f c racke d p la te s 79

s t r e s s :

31

~-1 + v dcr~ = de~ + ~ (dex + dey + de~) 2cr~ 3 cry d 2 ,

1 + v v 2cry -- a=~

E

dcry = dey + ~ (de~ + dey + de ~ ) ~ d2 ,

(7)

l + v

1

dz~y = ~ dTx y Cxyd 2 ,

w h e r e t h e n o n - n e g a t i v e s c a l a r f a c t o r o f p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y , d 2 , i s g i v e n f o r a s t r a i n - h a r d e n i n g

m a t e r i a l b y [ 3 2 ] :

d~p

d : ~ - 2 ~ 8 )

T h e s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p h y p o t h e s i s f o r t h e e la s t ic c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e s t ra i n i n c r e m e n t s

t a k e s t h e f o r m [ 3 2 ] :

de x: _ dey : _ dTxy, , _ dg~

(9)

T h e p l a s t i c c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e s t r ai n i n c r e m e n t s o b e y t h e P r a n d t l - R e u s s l a w [ 32 ]:

dex,p _ d e y p dyxy,p

crx cry gxy

3 a ~

d 2

2

(10)

w h e r e a x ', c ry ' a r e t h e d e v i a t o r i c c o m p o n e n t s o f st r es s e s. F r o m F i g . 1 i t i s v a l i d t h a t :

dge = ~ dg , dgp = 1 - dg .

(11 )

T a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e p l a s t i c i n c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y a s s u m p t i o n

d~x,e + dey, , + dez ,e -

1 - 2 v

E

( d a x + d a y ) , ( 1 2 )

E q s . ( 7 ) t a k e t h e f i n a l f o r m :

E

d c r x m

V 2

da y - 1 ~ 122 dg: , y v & x + 3[(v - 1) ay + (1 - 2 v) a~] ,

1 3 )

d z x y -

2 ( 1 + v )

d y ~ y - ~ z xy .

I n th i s s e t o f e q u a t i o n s a x , c ry , a n d y a r e k n o w n f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s l o a d i n g - s t e p a n d dex, d ~ ; y d T x y

a r e o b t a i n e d b y t h e r e s p e c t i v e s u m m i n g o f E q s . (9 ) a n d (1 0), w h i c h a r e f u n c t i o n s o f

dG , dgp ,

a n d

w h i c h i n t u r n a r e a l s o f u n c t i o n s o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e

dg.

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8 0 R S . Th e o c a r i s

I f o n e r e s t r i c t s h i m s e l f to a s t e p s t a r t i n g f r o m t h e C r o -y ie ld s t r e s s b y p u t t i n g 6 = cro ( p o i n t A i n

F i g . lb ) , E q s ( 13 ) t a k e t h e s i m p l e f o r m :

H d g H d g H

d g

d a x

= ~- a~ --'Co d~ x

= ~

O'y --,~30

d c x y

= ~ Zxy ~-'eo (14)

T h e n o n - n e g a t i v e v a l u e o f d 2 in E q . ( 8) i m p l i e s t h a t a n y i n c r e a s e o f

dgp,

a n d t h e r e f o r e o f

dg,

r e s u l t s

i n h i g h e r v a l u e s o f ~. I t m e a n s t h a t , a f t e r t h e f ir s t i n c r e m e n t d g , t h e p o i n t ( r , 0 ) ( m a r k e d a s rg i n

F i g . l a ) l i e s i n s i d e t h e e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c r e g i o n w h i c h , n o w , e x t e n d s u p t o t h e p o i n t r~ + 1 i n t h e s a m e

f i gu r e . T h e n e w v a l u e i + ~ o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t s t r e s s a t t h e p o i n t r ~, a f t e r th e a d d i t i o n o f dg, is

c o m p u t e d f r o m t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e M i s e s y i e ld c o n d i t i o n g i v e n in E q . ( 3) b y a d d i n g t h e s tr e s s

i n c r e m e n t s ( E q . 1 4 ), t o t h e p r e v i o u s v a l u e s o f t h e s t r e s se s . T h e n e w v a l u e f o r t h e r a d i u s r~ + 1 o f th e

e l a s t ic - p l a s t ic b o u n d a r y a t a g iv e n 0 - d i r e c t io n w i ll b e c o m p u t e d a s f o l lo w s .

I t h a s b e e n w e l l e s ta b l i s h e d t h a t , w h i l e t h e s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s id e a n e l a s ti c f ie l d p r e s e n t s

m a x i m u m o r m i n i m u m c o m p o n e n t s o f s t re s s es o n l y a l o n g t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e st re s s f ie ld , t h e

s a m e i s n o t v a l i d f o r th e p l a s t i c o r t h e e l a s t o - p l a s t i c s t r es s f ie ld . I t h a s b e e n p r o v e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y

a n d n u m e r i c a l l y [ 3 3] t h a t i n s i d e t h e p l a s ti c e n c la v e s t h e o n e C a r t e s i a n c o m p o n e n t o f s t re s s

p a r a l l e l t o t h e l o a d i n g d i r e c t i o n o f t h e p l a t e , e v e n f o r a n e l a s t i c - p e r fe c t l y p l a s t ic m a t e r i a l , p r e s e n t s

a m a x i m u m l o c a t ed s o m e w h e r e i n s id e t h e p l a st i c e n c la v e a n d a t a d i s ta n c e f r o m t h e f re e

b o u n d a r y e q u a l t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - t h i r d o f t h e r e s p ec t iv e r a d i u s o f th e e l a st ic p l a s ti c

b o u n d a r y [ 17 ] - [ 20 ]. T h u s , t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s s t r e ss in s i d e t h e e n c l a v e

h a s t h e s h a p e o f a h i ll in s t e a d o f a s u r f a c e o f a c o n t i n u o u s l y d i m i n i s h i n g o r i n c r e a s i n g s l o p e f r o m

t h e b o u n d a r i e s t o t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e s tr e s s f ie l d w i t h o u t p r e s e n t i n g a n y m a x i m u m i n s i d e i t.

A t y p i c a l e x a m p l e o f s u c h a v a r i a t i o n o f s t r e s s e s i s g i v e n , b e s i d e s [ 17 ] - [ 20 ], i n [3 4] , w h e r e t h i s

m a x i m u m o f t h e o - r- st re s s d i s t r i b u t i o n a p p e a r s i n s i d e th e p l a s t i c e n c la v e .

F u r t h e r m o r e , i t i s o b v i o u s l y s t i p u l a t e d t h a t o u t s i d e t h e p l a s ti c e n c l a v e t h e m a t e r i a l b e h a v e s

e l a s ti c a l ly a n d t h e r e i s a s m o o t h c o n t i n u a t i o n o f s t r e s s - c o m p o n e n t s o n b o t h s i d es o f t h e

e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c b o u n d a r y .

T h e a b o v e r e a s o n i n g i s a l g e b r a i c a l l y e x p r e s s e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s :

a ~ r )

i ) ~ . . . . . . = 0 , 1 5 )

i i) ( r ) . . . (_ ) = c~(r ) . . . (+) = i+1 ,

(16)

w h e r e c ri+ 1 i s d e f i n e d i n F i g . l b ,

i i i ) d 6 r ) _ d 6 r ) ,

d r

I t=r , ( - )

d r

r=r , (+)

1 7 )

w h e r e r m .x i s t h e p o l a r r a d i u s o f t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e m a x i m u m 6 ( r )- s tr e s s a n d

r~(O)

s t h e r e s p e c t i v e

r a d i u s o f t h e e l a st i c - p la s t i c b o u n d a r y a t th e s a m e d i r e ct i o n . H e r e f o r a t r a n s v e r s e l y c r a c k e d p l a t e

s u b j e c t e d t o s i m p l e t e n s i o n a t a d i r e c t i o n n o r m a l t o t h e c r a c k - a x i s i t is v a l i d t h a t 0 = 0 ~

T o m a t e r i a l i z e t h e a b o v e - s t a t e d c o n d i t i o n s f o r 6 (r ), w e a s s u m e t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n 6 ( r ) t a k e s t h e

f o r m :

c l r 2 - c 2 r + c 3

fo r r < r /

~(r) = ~ o .oo(G12(r 0 , n) + 3 G 22(r , 0 , n) + 3G 32(r , 0 , n)) 1 /2 fo r r > r l

(18.1)

(18 .2 )

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Elas t i c -p la s t i c ana lys i s o f c rack ed p la te s 81

w h e r e c i, i = 1 , 2 , 3, a r e c o n s t a n t s a n d t h e f o r m o f # ( r ) f o r r >

r i

i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f E q . ( 5) , w h e r e

t h e r e a l f u n c t i o n s G i ( r , 0 , n ), i = 1 , 2 , 3 , a r e d e t e r m i n e d i n a s i m i l a r m a n n e r t o t h a t f o r t h e e l a s ti c

c a s e. R e a l l y , w e s t i p u l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n s f o r th e c o m p l e x s t r e s s - f u n c t i o n s

ebp(Z)

a n d

Up ( Z) f o r r > r~, i n a n a l o g y w i t h t h e e l a s t ic c o m p l e x s t r e ss f u n c t i o n s ~)e(Z) a n d % ( z ) g iv e n i n

r e l a t i o n s ( 1 ) :

~oo z2 n O'c~

( z ) -

2 (r 2 - ae) 4 '

~o~ z2 n 0 0o

T i P ( Z ) - 2 ( r a - a 2 ) + ~ '

(19 )

w h e r e t h e u n k n o w n e x p o n e n t n is a p o s i t i v e n u m b e r a n d i t t a k e s t h e v a l u e n = 1 / 2 f o r t h e

r e s p ec t iv e e l a st ic p r o b l e m . E q u a t i o n s (1 9) ar e a n a l y t ic a n d s a ti s fy t he C a u c h y - R i e m a n n

c o n d i t i o n s , a s E q s . ( 1) d o . E x p r e s s i o n s ( 19 ) y i e l d t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f

s t r e s s e s :

o-~ = cr~o[G l(r,

O , n ) - G z ( r , O ,

n) ] ,

c ry = a ~ [ G a ( r , O , n ) + G 2 ( r , O ,

n) ] , (20 )

Zx y = a ~ o G3 ( r , O , n ) ,

w h e r e G a ,

G2

G 3 a r e r e a l f u n c t i o n s d e f i n e d i n c o m p l e t e a n a l o g y w i t h f u n c t i o n s F ~ (i = 1 , 2 , 3 )

g i v e n b y r e l a t i o n s ( 3 ) . T h e s e f u n c t i o n s a r e g i v e n b y :

G a ( r , O , n ) = r l Z r 2 -

co s (2ncpl - ngo2) - -

2 '

G z ( r , O , n ) = 2 n r r ~ 2 - l r 2 -n

s in 0{s in [ (2n - 1 )

D1 --

nrg2]

- r l Z r 2 - 1

sin [(2n + 1) go1 - (n + 1) ~o2]} + 2 ' (21)

G 3 ( r , O , n ) = 2 n r r x 2 - i r 2 -

s i n 0 { - c o s [ ( 2 n - 1 ) g oa - n g oz ]

+ r l e r 2 a co s [(2n + 1) rpl - (n + 1) go2]}.

T h e r a d i a l b e h a v i o r c o n d i t i o n s , t h e n , r e s u l t in :

3 D D r D

c a = 4 r r ' c z

= ~ - , c 3 = # i + 1 - ~ - , ( 22 )

w h e r e D i s t h e r a d i a l d e r i v a t i v e o f

or(r)

f o r r = r i , g i v e n b y :

0 G a 0 G 2 ~ G 3

~ # ( r ) G a ~ + 3 G a ~ - r + 3 G 3 a ~ -

D - ~?r - c ry~ (G i2 + 3G2 2 + 3G 32) l / e (23 )

a n d G a ,

G 2 , G are

e x p r e s s e d b y r e l a t i o n s (2 1) w h i l e r l i s t h e r e s p e c t i v e p o l a r r a d i u s o f t h e

e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c b o u n d a r y .

T h e e x p o n e n t n i n t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n s i s g e n e r a l l y a f u n c t i o n o f t h e a n g l e 0 , a l o n g w h i c h t h e

c o m p u t a t i o n s a r e p e r f o r m e d a t t h e e f fe c t iv e l o a d i n g s t e p , o r , e q u i v a l e n t l y , t h e r e s p e c t i v e v a l u e

r l o f t h e r a d i u s o f th e p l a s t i c e n c l a v e .

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8 2 R S . Th e o c a r i s

I n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h i s q u a n t i t y w e p r o c e e d b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e to t a l s t r a i n b y de o n t h e

e l a s t ic - p l a s t ic b o u n d a r y w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s t o a n e w v a l u e f o r g i v e n b y :

8 i+1 = ~ i - H dg .

(24)

T h e s t r e s s i + 1 c a u s e s a s h i f t o f t h e c u r v e e i t o t h e c u r v e e ~ + , f o r t h e e l a s t i c m a t e r i a l a n d

a c o r r e s p o n d i n g s h i ft o f t h e c u r v e P l t o p ~+ 1 f o r t h e s t r a i n - h a r d e n i n g m a t e r i a l , a s i t is s h o w n i n

F i g . l b . I n b o t h c a s e s, t h e i n c r e a s e i n s t r a i n - e n e r g y d e n s i t y i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e a r e a w e o f t h e

s t r ip b e t w e e n e~ a n d e ~ + l i n t h e e l a s ti c m a t e r i a l a n d t h e a r e a w p b e t w e e n p~ a n d P ~ + I i n t h e

e l a s t ic - p l a s ti c m a t e r i a l . T h e s e t w o q u a n t i t i e s w e a n d w , a r e r e l a t e d , a s it i s s h o w n i n F i g. l b , b y :

O max

W e A r e a ( O F ' F ' ) O -o2 - + H -

-

- 2 , 25)

w p A r e a ( O A F F ' ) E { o - 0 ( l _ l ) + ~ }

w h e r e O 'm a i s t h e m a x i m u m v a l u e o f i n s i d e t h e p l a s t i c a l ly d e f o r m e d e n c l a v e .

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , c o n c e r n i n g w e a n d

wp,

i t i s v a l i d t h a t :

w j = ~ [~{ +,(r) - ,J (r)] dr , j = e , p , (26)

0

w h e r e i + l ( r) a n d i(r) a r e g i v e n b y E q s . (1 8 ) w i t h t h e s u p e r s c r i p t j = p f o r t h e e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c

m a t e r i a l a n d b y E q . ( 5) f o r th e e l a s ti c m a t e r i a l , w i t h t h e s u p e r s c r i p t e . T a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n

E q s . ( 5 ), ( 1 8) a n d ( 26 ), r e l a t i o n ( 2 5) h a s t w o u n k n o w n q u a n t i t i e s , O -oo a n d n .

T h e v a l u e f o r a~o m a y b e f o u n d b y a v e r a g i n g t h e % - s t re s s d i s t ri b u t i o n a l o n g t h e m i n i m u m

s e c t i o n o f t h e c r a c k e d p l a t e . T h u s t h e m e a n v a l u e o f t h e O -y -s tre ss c o m p o n e n t a l o n g t h e m i n i m u m

s e c t i o n y i e l d s t h e v a l u e a ~ . I n t r o d u c i n g t h i s v a l u e i n t o E q . (2 3 ) f o r r > r~ w e d e f i n e t h e v a l u e f o r

t h e e x p o n e n t n . I n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e c o m p u t e d v a l u e s o f O-ooa n d n i n t o E q . ( 1 8 .2 ) g iv e s a n e w v a l u e

r i + 1 f o r t h e r a d i u s o f t h e e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c b o u n d a r y p o i n t ( r i+ 1 , a ~+ ~ = O -o ) n F i g . l b . T h i s p o i n t

r e p l a c e s t h e p r e v i o u s o n e ( rl , ~ = O-o )a n d l ie s o n t h e n e w e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c b o u n d a r y , i .e . i t i s a g a i n

r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e p o i n t A i n F i g . l a .

T h e a b o v e d e s c r i b e d p r o c e d u r e c a n b e r e p e a t e d f o r t h e n e w i n c r e m e n t dg, a s w e l l a s f o r a n y

o t h e r 0 - d i r e c t i o n . T h i s i t e r a t i v e p r o c e d u r e c o n t i n u e s u p t o t h e d e s i r e d l o a d i n g s t e p o r , a n y h o w ,

u p t o a v a l u e o f ~o o n o t e x c e e d i n g O-o-

F i n a l l y , b y c o n n e c t i n g p o i n t s r b e l o n g i n g a t t h e s a m e l o a d - s t e p O -oo o r - rc < 0 < ~ , w e p l o t

s u c c e s s iv e e l a s t ic - p l a s t ic b o u n d a r i e s . T h e s a m e p r o c e d u r e c a n b e a p p l i e d e i th e r a l o n g t h e

e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c b o u n d a r y o r a l o n g c i r c l e s c e n t e r e d o n t h e c r a c k - t i p , i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e

s t r e s s - c o m p o n e n t s . I t r e m a i n s n o w t o d e f in e t h e f o r m o f s t r es s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s i d e th e p l a s t i c

e n c l a v e a n d e v a l u a t e t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s c ~ ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 ) i n r e l a t i o n ( 1 8. 1 ).

3 T h e p h o t o e l a s t i c e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s t r e s se s a l o n g t h e m i n i m u m s e c t i o n

I t r e m a i n s t o e v a l u a t e t h e e x a c t s t r e s s d i s t r ib u t i o n i n s id e t h e e l a s t ic f ie l d a n d t h e p l a s t i c e n c l a v e s

a t le a s t a l o n g t h e m i n i m u m s e c t i o n o f t h e p l a t e i n o r d e r t o d e f i n e a c c u r a t e l y t h e f a c t o r s

c l ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 ) d e t e r m i n i n g E q . ( 1 8. 1) y i e l d i n g t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s ( r ) i n s i d e t h e

s t r es s f ie ld . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e u s e w a s m a d e o f t h e m e t h o d o f p h o t o e l a s t i c c o a t i n g s w h i c h i s

a p o w e r f u l e x p e r i m e n t a l m e t h o d f o r d e f in i n g t h e st r e ss d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s i d e a c o n t a i n e d p l a s t i c it y

p r o b l e m [ ) 4 ] - [1 61 .

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Elastic-plastic analysis of cracked plates 83

The m etho d consists of cementing a thin layer of a polymeric substance presenting a high

coeffic ient of birefringence on the polished surface of the specimen m ade of the same materia l

which is unde r study. Linear and circular polarizat ion of a white or mon och rom atic l ight bundle ,

impinging on and reflected from the surface of the load ed m atal l ic specimen, yie lds the isol inic

and the isochro matic ensembles created because of the stra ining of the coating, which fol lows the

deform ations of the specimen, which const i tutes the substra te of the canap6 . Then, while the

metal l ic specimen m ay d eform elastically or plast ically, the birefringent coating, which is a r a ther

bri t t le materia l an d yields insignificantly, is deform ed only elast ical ly. Then the co mp onen ts of

stra in in the coating may be readily determined by solving the e last ic problem. These stra ins,

being equal to the stra ins of the substra te , yie ld the means to evaluate the e lastic and plast ic

components of the plast ical ly deformed specimen.

Variat ions of the m etho d have been used with success for various e lastoplast ic problems

[17] - [20] and they are considered as reason ably accurate for obviou s reasons, but a lso since they

were used as standards to com pare the accuracies of other experim ental meth ods a nd especial ly

the num erical m etho ds [35],[36], [41]. The refor e, the m eth od will not be descr ibed her e in detail,

s ince i t will be applied in i ts simplest form to yield the values of the stra in co mp onen ts a lon g o nly

Fig. 2. The isochromatic patterns for a symmetrically edge-cracked plate at four different loading steps

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84 R S. Theoc aris

t h e m i n i m u m s e c t io n s o f th e s p e c i m e n s , w h i c h a r e s u f f ic i e nt f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e

coeffic ien ts c i .

F o r t h i s p u r p o s e t h e s h e a r d i f fe r e n c e m e t h o d , a s it h a s b e e n i n t r o d u c e d a n d a p p l i e d

e x t e n s i v e ly in [ 3 7] , w a s u s e d f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f th e C a r t e s i a n c o m p o n e n t s o f st r e s se s a l o n g t h e

m i n i m u m s e c t i o n s o f t h e t e s t e d c r a c k e d p l a t e s. S i n c e t h e s h e a r d i f f e r en c e m e t h o d i s b a s e d

e x c l u s iv e l y o n t h e e q u i l i b r i u m e q u a t i o n s f o r s t re s se s , i t s v a l i d i t y is n o t r e s t r i c te d o n l y t o p u r e l y

e l a s ti c p r o b l e m s a n d t h e r e f o r e i t s u se i s a l l o w e d a l l o v e r a n y i n t e r s e c t i o n o f th e e l a s t i c - p l a s ti c

stress field.

F o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e C a r t e s i a n c o m p o n e n t s o f st r e ss e s it is n e c e s s a r y to d i s p o s e , b e s id e s

t h e e n s e m b l e o f is o c h r o m a t i c s o r t r a j e c t o r i e s o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s d if f er e n c es , t h e n e t w o r k o f

i s o c li n ic s . F o r t h e m i n i m u m s e c t io n s , w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e s e c t io n s o f s y m m e t r y o f t h e p l a t e , i t is w e l l

k n o w n t h a t t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f st re s se s p a ra l le l a n d n o r m a l t o t h e m i n i m u m s e c ti o n a r e p r i n c ip a l

s t re s s es . T h e r e f o r e t h e s e a x e s b e l o n g t o a z e r o o r d e r i s o c li n i c a n d t h e s h e a r s t r e s s a t t h e a b o v e

s y s t e m i s e q u a l t o z e r o . T h i s s i m p l i fi e s c o n s i d e r a b l y t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f in d i v i d u a l s t r es s e s a l o n g

these s ec t ions .

F i g u r e 2 ( a - d ) p r e s e n ts t h e n e t w o r k o f t h e i so c h r o m a t i c s o f a s te e l p l a te , s y m m e t r i c a l ly

e d g e - c r a c k e d , s u b j e c t e d t o s i m p l e t e n s i o n , n o r m a l t o t h e c r a c k - a x i s . T h e m a t e r i a l o f th e p l a t e i s

a h i g h - y i e l d s t r e n g t h a l l o y s t e e l u n d e r t h e t r a d e n a m e U S S - T 1 , q u e n c h e d a n d t e m p e r e d , w h i c h

p r e s e n t s a l i n e a r e l a s ti c s t r e s s -s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p u p t o t h e y i e l d p o i n t a n d a n a l m o s t f l a t y i e l d

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a v a l u e H E = 0 .0 5 . T h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f th i s m a t e r i a l

are given in [38].

T h e f a m i l ie s o f i s o c h r o m a t i c s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 2 c o r r e s p o n d t o f o u r s u c c e s si v e s t e p s o f

l o a d i n g . W h i l e F i g . 2 a p r e s e n t s t h e l o a d i n g s t e p f o r i n c ip i e n t p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n , F i g . 2 b

c o r r e s p o n d s t o a s i g n if i c a n t a d v a n c e o f t h e p l a s t i c e n c l a v e s a r o u n d t h e c r a c k t i p s o f t h e p l a t e .

F i g u r e s 2 c a n d 2 d i n d i c a t e c a s e s o f p r o g r e s s i v e l o a d i n g o f t h e p l a t e w h e r e t h e b r i t t le b i r e f r i n g e n t

/ I

- ~ . 0 - 3 . 0 - 2 .0 - I i0 0 A 1 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0

~ccr ack-tip (cm)

Fig. 3. The network of isoclinics arou nd the crack tip o f an edge cracked plate u nder plane stress for a low

strain-hardening material H E = 0.05

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Elastic-plastic analysis of cracked plates 85

c o a t i n g , i n c a p a b l e t o f o l lo w t h e p l a s t ic d e f o r m a t i o n s o f th e e x t e n d e d p l a s t i c e n c l a v e s p r ese n t s

a pa r t i a l d i s loca t ion wi th the me ta l l i c subs t ra t e . The d i s t inc t ive ly de f ined d i s loca t ion bou nda r i e s

i n b o t h f ig u r e s c o r r e sp o n d e x a c t l y t o t h e r e sp e c ti v e e la s t ic - p la s t ic b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e m e t a l l ic p l a t e

u n d e r p l a n e - st r e s s c o n d i t i o n s .

I n d e e d , it is r e a so n a b l e a n d o b v i o u s t o a c c e p t t h a t a s so o n a s t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f s tr a in s ,

and e spec ia l ly the equiv a len t o r e f fec t ive s t ra in g ove rpasse s the e l a s t i c -p la s t i c bo un da ry a nd

s t a r t s t o inc rease rap id ly i t fo rces the s t il l e la s t i ca l ly de form ing br i t t l e coa t ing to d i s loca te f rom

the me ta l l i c subs t ra tum , thus c rea t ing th i s sp l i t ti ng or de l a m ina t ion e ffec t. I t i s wor th wh i l e

ind ica t ing th a t i t i s the f i r s t and on ly d i rec t expe r im enta l de f in i t i on of t he e l a s t i c -p l a s t i c

b o u n d a r y i n p l a s ti c a ll y d e f o r m e d m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e p i c t u r e c o i n c i d es e x a c t l y w i th r e sp e c t i v e

f igures o f such bou nda r i e s d e f ined e i the r expe r im enta l ly [17 ] - [20] o r nu mer i ca l ly [35], [36] and

[41].

F i g u r e 3 p r e sen t s t h e e n se m b l e o f th e i so cl in i cs f o r t h e s a m e p r o b l e m a n d f o r t h e i m p e n d i n g

plas t i c i ty load ing s t ep . How ever , t he ne two rk of i soe lin i c s i n the success ive load in g s t eps , wh en

the p l a s t i c enc laves a re spread ing ins ide the s t re ss fi eld, does no t ch ange s ign i f i can tly e spec ia l ly in

t h e z o n e d e l i n e a t e d b y a n e ll ip se h a v i n g a s m a j o r a x i s t h e m i n i m u m se c t io n o f t h e sp e ci m e n . T h e

o n l y v a r i a t i o n i s t h a t i t s m i n o r a x is i s r e d u c e d a s t h e l o a d i n g i s p r o c e s s in g a n d t h e o r d e r s o f th e

i so c h r o m a t i c s m o v e t o w a r d s t h e a x i s o f sy m m e t r y o f th e p l a t e . T h i s a g a i n f a c i li ta t e s t h e

c a l c u l a ti o n s e sp e c i a ll y i n t h i s i n t e r i o r z o n e , w h i c h i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o n e .

Th e sh ea r d i f fe rence ana lys i s , y i e ld ing the va lues of t he ind iv idua l s t re sses ins ide the s t re ss

f ie ld, a l low s the eva lua t ion of the coeff ic ients c i ( i = 1, 2, 3) and, thu s, Eq. (18.1) i s com ple te ly

de f ined . The n , app ly ing the com ple t e ly de f ined re l a t ionsh ips (18), (23) and (24) we can d e te rm ine

poin t s o f t he s t re ss f ie ld cor re spo ndin g to the same lo ad l eve l ~% e i the r a long the e l a s t i c -p l a s t i c

b o u n d a r y o r a l o n g a n y p o l a r d i s t a n c e i n s id e e i t h e r t h e e l a st ic o r t h e p l a s t i c r e g i o n o f t h e s t re s s

field.

F igure 4 presen t s t he e quiv a len t o r e f fec t ive s t re ss d i s t r ibu t ion # , norm a l i zed to th e y i e ld

stress ~ro in s imple t ens ion o f t he re spec t ive p l a in spec imen, a long the m in im um sec t ion , fo r

1.5

HIE =0.3

, \ . '- , ~ .35

. 0N

H =O ~ - - . . . . .

0 e las t i c )

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 O.t~ 0.5

xl

Fig. 4. Th e radial distribution of the reduced value of equivalent stress c?/Cro or 0 = 0 ~ versus the reduced

ratios r / a x / a from the crack tip for a material with H I E = 0.3

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86 R S. Theocaris

p a r a m e t r i c v a l u e s o f t h e r a t i o c % / a o , t h a t i s a s t h e e x t e r n a l l y a p p l i e d t e n s i le l o a d i s in c r e a s e d

c o n t i n u o u s l y .

I t i s w o r t h w h i l e n o t i n g t h a t t h e r e s u l t s g i v e n f o r t h e m a t e r i a l w i t h

H E

= 0 . 3 0 a l o n g t h e

m i n i m u m s e c t i o n r e s e m b l e t h e r e s p e c ti v e re s u l t s f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g t h r e e o t h e r t y p e s o f m a t e r i a l s

s t u d ie d . T h e o n l y d if f er e n c e, a p a r t f o r t h e v a l u e s o f a ~ / a o a t t h e c r a c k t i p a n d t h e m i d d l e p o i n t s o f

t h e m i n i m u m s e c t i o n s , i s t h a t , a s t h e m a t e r i a l s t r a i n - h a r d e n s t h e i n s i d e , t h e p l a s t i c e n c l a v e s

m a x i m a o f t h e a y - s t re s s es a r e r e d u c e d r e l a t iv e l y t o t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e v a l u e s a t t h e c r a c k t i ps .

H o w e v e r , t h e t r e n d s o f t h e c u r v e s a r e s im i l a r , t h u s j u s ti f y i n g t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e v a r i a t i o n o f

t h e ( r ) -c u r v e s b y t h e r e l a t i o n (1 8 .1 ). O u t s i d e t h e a r e a a r o u n d t h e m i n i m u m s e c t io n s o f t h e p l a t e s

t h e i n t e r i o r m a x i m a o f t h e ( r ) - d i s tr i b u t i o n s p r o g r e s s i v e l y d i s a p p e a r a s t h e p o l a r a n g l e s

0 i n c r e a s e f r o m 0 = 0 ~ a t t h e m i n i m u m s e c t i o n t o 0 - -, _+ ~ z/2 a l o n g t h e A y - a x i s. T h i s m e a n s t h a t

the coe f f i c ien t s c~ in re la t ion (18 .1) a re s l igh t ly chang ing wi th the po la r ang le 0 .

Appl icat ion of the method and resul ts

T h e a b o v e - d e s c r i b e d m e t h o d w a s a p p l i e d i n f o u r t y p e s o f d i f f er e n t e n g i n e e r i n g m a t e r i a l s

p r e s e n t i n g d i f f e r en t a m o u n t s o f st r a i n h a r d e n i n g a n d i ts re s u l ts w e r e c o m p a r e d t o a l r e a d y

e x i s t i n g r e s u l t s d e r i v e d b y o t h e r m e t h o d s . T o i n i t i a t e t h e c o m p u t a t i o n s , t h e f o l l o w i n g m a t e r i a l

p r o p e r t i e s a n d c o n s t a n t s a r e r e q u i r e d : t h e m o d u l u s o f e l a st i c it y , E , P o i s s o n ' s r a t io , v , t h e p l a s t i c

t a n g e n t i a l m o d u l u s , H , a n d t h e y i e l d s tr e s s i n s i m p l e t e n s i o n a o o f t h e u n c r a c k e d m a t e r i a l . A l s o ,

Y

g / o " o =

0 7 5

8 e d g

H / E : O . 0 5

0.72

0.7

Fig. 5. Po lar distribution of the r~-

radii of the elastic-plastic bo und ary

around the crack-tip for various

levels of the applied load for the

materials with H E = 0.3

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Elast ic-plast ic analysis of crack ed plates 87

crack

HIE:0 3

Fig. 6. Po lar d istr ibution of the r l-radii of the elastic-plast ic

boundary around the crack- t ip for var ious l evel s of the

applied load fo r the materials with HIE = 0.5

t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e i n c r e m e n t d g o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t s t ra i n , g , w a s d e f i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e t a il s

o f t h e s o l u t i o n o f e a c h p r o b l e m a n d t h e f ir st v a l u e o f th e r a t io r/a o f th e r a d i u s o f t h e i n i t i a l p l a s t i c

e n c l a v e f o r 0 = 0 ~ t o t h e c r a c k l e n g t h , a , a s e v a l u a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e I r w i n f o r m u l a [ 1 ]. F o r a l l

t h e m a t e r i a l s i t w a s t a k e n c ro = 0 . 7 7 M P a , E = 2 1 0 M P a , v = 0 . 3 4 , dg = 0.001, r/a = 0 . 0 1 a n d

a = 7 .5 x 1 0 . 3 m . I t m u s t b e n o t e d t h a t t h e v a l u e o f d g a f fe c ts o n l y t h e n u m b e r o f i t e r a ti o n s

l e a v i n g u n a l t e r e d t h e r e s u l t s f o r s m a l l d d s .

U s i n g t h e d a t a d e r i v e d b y t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m o f e q u a t i o n s a l o n g d i f f er e n t p o l a r a n g l e s

0 0 < < 0 < + ~ / 2 ) w e h a v e p l o t t e d i n F i g s. 5 a n d 6 t h e e la s t i c - p la s t i c b o u n d a r i e s f o r t h e t y p e s o f

m a t e r i a l s w i t h I I /E = 0 . 0 5 a n d H /E = 0 . 3 0 r e s p e c t iv e l y , a s t h e y h a v e e v o l u t e d w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e

o f t h e e x t e r n a l l y a p p l i e d l o a d cr~ ~ / ~ o = 0 . 3 8 - 0 . 75 f o r HIE = 0 . 0 5 a n d a~/C~o= 0.173 - 0 .70

f o r H /E = 0.30).

F i g u r e 7 p r e s e n t s t h e e v o l u t i o n o f t h e e l a st i c p l a s t i c b o u n d a r y i n a n in f i n it e p l a t e c o n t a i n i n g

a n i n t e r n a l c r a c k o f l e n g t h 2 a a n d s u b j e c t e d t o a t e n s il e l o a d cr~ a t i n f in i t y a n d , t h e r e f o r e , l o a d e d

i n p l a n e - st r e ss c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s e b o u n d a r i e s w e r e d e r iv e d b y a n u m e r i c a l s o l u t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m

u s i n g t h e P A P S T p r o g r a m m e w i t h f i n i t e e l e m e n t s [ 3 9 ] , [ 4 0 ] .

A l l t h e s e c u r v e s a r e s y m m e t r i c t o t h e c r a c k a x i s w h e r e t h e y p r e s e n t a s h a l l o w m i n i m u m .

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e y p r e s e n t m a x i m a a t s y m m e t r i c p o s i t io n s o n b o t h s id e s o f t h e c r a c k a x is a n d a t

a n g l e s 0m d e p e n d i n g o n t h e r a t i o s H/E a s w e ll a s o n t h e a m o u n t o f t h e e x t e rn a l l o a d i n g o f t h e

p l at e s. F i g u r e 8 p r e s e n t s t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e se m a x i m a a s t h e l o a d i n g o f th e p l a te s

i s i nc r e a s i ng .

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e s e m a x i m a f o r 0 a r e d i m i n i s h i n g a s t h e l o a d i n g i s

i n c r e a s in g a n d p l a st i c e n c la v e s i n it ia t e a n d e x p a n d . T h i s m e a n s t h a t i n t r o d u c t i o n o f p l a s ti c it y

r e s u lt s i n a d i s p la c e m e n t o f t h e m a x i m a o f t h e e l a st ic - p la s ti c b o u n d a r i e s t o w a r d s t h e a x is o f

s y m m e t r y o f t h e p la te . M o r e o v e r , t h is p h e n o m e n o n o f r a p i d a n g u l a r d i s p la c e m e n t o f th e m a x i m a

i n th e e l a s t i c -p l a s t i c b o u n d a r y i s m o r e i n t e n s e f o r d u c t i le m a t e r i a l s a n d i t i s p r o g r e s s i v e l y s l o w e d

d o w n a s th e s t r a i n - h a r d e n i n g o f t h e m a t e r i a l i s h i g h e r.

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8 8 R S . T h e o c a r i s

in[ernalc r a c k

H/E=0.05

t ip

A O A I

F i g . 7 . P o l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e r l - r a d i i o f t h e e l a s t ic - p l a s t i c b o u n d a r y a r o u n d t h e c r a c k - t i p f o r v a r i o u s l e v e ls

o f th e a p p l i e d l o a d a s d e r i v e d b y a p p l y i n g a f in i te e l e m e n t a n al y s is w i t h t h e P A P S T p r o g r a m m e f o r an

i n t e r n a ll y c r a c k e d p l a t e m a d e o f a lo w s t r a i n - h a r d e n i n g m a t e r i a l w i t h HIE = 0.05

75

70~ ~ ~ 0.50

1 6 5

60 o

55~

0 0.25 0.50 0.75

F i g . 8 . V a r i a t i o n o f t h e d i r e c t i o n O o f t h e m a x i m u m r a d i u s o f t h e e l a s t ic - p I a s t i c b o u n d a r y v e r s u s a p p l i e d

t o a d f o r m a t e r i a l s w i t h d i f f e r e n t H/E ratios

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Elast ic-plast ic analysis of crack ed plates 89

0 . 9

0 . 8

0 . 7

0 . 6

0 . 5

H

0 . 1 0 . 2

H / E = 0 . 3 0

/ E : o s o

0 . 3 0 . ~ -

x / a

Fig. 9. Variat ion of the ex pon ent n versus reduce d radius rp/a of the elastic-plast ic bo un da ry for four

materials with different H/E-ratios

F i g u r e 9 p re s e n t s t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e e x p o n e n t n v e rs u s t h e r e d u c e d r a d i u s rp/a o f t h e

e l a s t ic - p l a s t ic b o u n d a r y f o r 0 = 0 ~ r p = x ) f o r t h e f o u r s e l e c t e d m a t e r i a ls . T h i s e x p o n e n t i s

a l w a y s g r e a t e r t h a n 1 /2 . A s it c a n b e s e en , t h e m o r e d u c t i l e t h e b e h a v i o r o f a m a t e r i a l t h e h i g h e r

v a l u e s f o r n a r e v a li d . T h e b r i t tl e m a t e r i a l

H / E

= 0 . 3 0 s h o w s a l i m i t e d v a r i a t i o n i n t h e v a l u e s o f

t h i s e x p o n e n t a n d , f i n a ll y , t h e v a l u e s f o r t h e b r i t tl e s t o n e w i t h H / E = 0 . 5 0 a l m o s t c o i n c i d e w i t h

t h e e l a s ti c v a l u e f o r n = 1 / 2, a s i t s h o u l d b e e x p e c t e d . C o n c e r n i n g t h e p o l a r v a r i a t i o n o f t h i s

p a r a m e t e r , i t is c o n s t a n t a r o u n d t h e c r a c k - t i p w i t h in 2 p e r c e n t.

F i g u r e 1 0 s h o w s t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e r e d u c e d v a l u e

rp/a rp/a - x/a)

o f t h e r a d i u s o f th e

e l a s t ic - p l a s t ic b o u n d a r y a h e a d o f t h e c r a c k - a x i s , f o r 0 = 0 ~ v e r s u s t h e r e d u c e d v a l u e a~/ao o f t h e

s t re s s a t i n f i n it y f o r th e s a m e f o u r m a t e r ia l s . F o r c o m p a r i s o n , t h e e l a s ti c a l ly c o m p u t e d r a d i u s i s

a l s o p l o t t e d . A s f o r t h e e x p o n e n t n , t h e h a r d e r t h e m a t e r i a l t h e s m a l l e r i s t h e s i ze o f t h e p l a s t i c a l l y

d e f o r m e d z o n e , t e n d i n g t o t h e l o w e r e l as ti c ) l i m i t i n th e c a s e o f t h e b r i t t l e s t m a t e r i a l w i t h

H / E

= 0.50.

F i g u r e 1 1 gi v es a c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e s u lt s o f t h e p r e s e n t m e t h o d w i t h a l r e a d y e x i st in g

m e t h o d s f o r a m a t e r i a l s i m u l a t i n g p o l y c a r b o n a t e o f B i s p h e n o l - A P C B A ) w i t h E = 2 .8 M P a ,

a 0 = 0 .05 M Pa , v = 0 .34 , H / E = 0 . 15 . T h e r e s u l t s p l o t t e d i n t h is f i g u r e a r e t a k e n f r o m

e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a g i v e n in [ 34 ] f o r s h a r p l y c r a c k e d P C B A - p l a t e s , a s w e l l a s f r o m t h e n u m e r i c a l

r e s u lt s u s i n g th e f i n it e -e l e m e n t m e t h o d p r o g r a m m e P A P S T [4 0] a n d f r o m [7 ] f r o m a s o l u t i o n f o r

s m a l l s c a l e y i e l d i n g . I t c a n b e c o n c l u d e d t h a t a l l t h e e x i s t i n g d a t a a g r e e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y w i t h t h e

p r e s e n t r e su l ts , t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t P C B A w a s s u p p o s e d b i - l in e a r a n d t h a t t h e r e s u lt s

o f [7 ] a r e f o r h a r d e n i n g e x p o n e n t n = 5 w h i c h i s n o t e x a c t ly t h e c a s e f o r P C B A .

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9 0 R S . T h e o c a r i s

0A

0.3

~ 0 2

x

ll

0.1

0.8

0 6

~0.~ .

t~

x

I I I

2

0 . 2

m

0.25 0 50

o Mo ~

F i g . 1 0 . V a r i a l i o n o f t h e r e d u c e d v a l u e r Ja

o f t h e r a d i u s o f t h e e l a s t i c - p l a s t ic b o u n d a r y

a h e a d t h e c r a c k t i p f o r 0 = 0 ~ v e r s u s t h e

r e d u c e d v a l u e a ~ - | o o f t h e s tr e s s a t i n f i n i t y

f o r t h e f o u r m a t e r i a l s w i t h d i f f e r e n t H/E

r a t i o s

0.75

x : P o p s f 6 i f f o r d a n d H i l .f o n [4 0 1

A : Th eoc c~r is [31.]

] : H i t i ' o n a n d H u t c h i n s o n [ 7 ]

,. : P r e s e n f m e t h o d

f

0 0.25

7 :

0.50 0.75

or=l

F i g . 11 . C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e v a l u es rp/av e r -

s u s c r~ /C r o o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e p r e s e n t m e -

t h o d a n d t h r e e e x i s t i n g o n e s f o r p o l y c a r b o -

n a t e

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Elastic-plastic analysis of cracked plates 91

1.50

1.00

t O . 5 0

I-

I 1 I

..

Hi t ton ond Hufch inson

[71

'+-, ~, - - : P r e s e n ~ m e f h o d

r

0.50

0 ~1~.

,

\ j

, , 2 , , I

\

~12 3r~IZ~ g

Fig. 12. Variation of the polar stress-com-

ponen ts ~r, a0, ~r0, n the up per half-plane of

the cracked plate according to the present

method and that of Hil ton and H utchinson

[ ]

F ina l ly , F ig . 12 p r ese n t s the d i s t r ib u t io n of the r edu ced to the y ie ld - s t r e s s , ~ ro , s t r e s ses , a t , or0

a n d rr0 v e r s u s t h e p o l a r a n g l e 0 a r o u n d t h e c r a c k t i p (0 =< 0 < 7 ) a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r e s e n t m e t h o d

a n d a s t h e y a r e r e p o r t e d i n [ 7 ] f o r a m a t e r i a l w i t h H/E = 0 . 15 . T a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e

a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d d i v e rg e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e r e s u l ts o f th e p r e s e n t m e t h o d a n d t h o s e g i v e n b y

H i l t o n a n d H u t c h i n s o n [7 ] c o n c e r n i n g t h e e l a st i c - p la s t i c b o u n d a r y , t h e o b s e r v e d q u a l i t a t i v e

a g r e e m e n t m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a s s a t i s f a c t o r y . I n a n y c a s e t h e r e s u l t s d e r i v e d b y t h e m e t h o d

d e v e l o p e d i n t hi s p a p e r p r e s e n t a m o r e r e a s o n a b l e d i s t ri b u t i o n i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h b a s i c p h y s ic a l

laws.

5 C o n c l u s i o n s

T h e p a p e r p r e s e n t s a s i m p l e a n d f a s t m e t h o d f o r t h e c o m p u t a t i o n o f t h e e l a s t ic - p l a s ti c s tr e s s f i el d

a r o u n d a c r a c k - t ip , b a s e d o n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l l a w s o f t h e t h e o r y o f p l a s t ic i t y . T h i s w a s d o n e b y

m e a n s o f t w o s i m p l e h y p o t h e s e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e r e l a ti v e b e h a v i o r o f t h e e l a st i c a n d p l a s t i c

c o m p o n e n t s o f s t r a i n s a n d t h e r a d i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t s t re s s. A n ' ~ c o n d i t i o n

w a s , a l s o , a d d e d t o i n i t i a t e t h e w h o l e p r o c e d u r e . T h e t w o m a i n h y p o t h e s e s w e r e s h o w n t o

c o m p l y , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c a se , e it h e r w i t h t h e t h e o r y o f e l a s ti c i ty , o r w i t h t h e i n c r e m e n t a l t h e o r y

o f p l a s t ic i t y , a s it i s d e s c r i b e d b y t h e P r a n d t l - R e u s s e q u a t i o n s .

I n a d d i t i o n , i n s o m e a s p e c t s , t h e p r e s e n t m e t h o d s e e m s t o r e s u l t i n b e t t e r a p p r o x i m a -

t i o n s o f r e a l s i t u a t io n s . F o r e x a m p l e , i n F i g . 1 2, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s o l u t i o n g i v e n i n [ 7] t h e

r a d i a l s t re s s es , at , ( a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y ) h a v e n o n - z e r o v a l u e s (h i g h l y c o m p r e s s i v e a t) a t t h e

c r a c k f l a n k s ( 0 = 1 8 0 ~ a l t h o u g h t h i s r e g i o n i s g e n e r a l l y a s s u m e d a s f r ee o f l o a d i n g . T h e

p r e s e n t m e t h o d g i v e s s t r e ss - f re e c r a c k - li p s . T o t h is a s p e c t t h e p r e s e n t m e t h o d s e e m s t o b e

super io r .

A l s o , t h e r e s u lt s o b t a i n e d b y t h e p r e s e n t m e t h o d a r e m o r e s e n s i ti v e t o t h e v a r i a t i o n s o f t h e

m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e m a t e r i a l s , as c o m p a r e d w i t h t h o s e o f t h e fi n i t e -e l e m e n t m e t h o d . A t

l e a st , t h e s p e c if i c p r o g r a m m e ( P A P S T ) u s e d f o r c o m p a r i s o n i s c o m p l e t e l y i n se n s i t iv e t o t h e

i n f lu e n c e o f th e r a t i o H/E wh ich on ly s l igh t ly a f f ec t s i t s r e su l t s.

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92 R S . Theoca r is

T h e s e n si t iv i t y o f t h e p r e s e n t m e t h o d d e p e n d s c o n s i d e r a b l y o n t h e a c c u r a t e e v a l u a t i o n

t h r o u g h p h o t o e l a s t i c i t y o f t h e s t r e ss d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s i d e t h e p l a s t i c e n c l a v e s a n d t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f

t h e e q u i v a l e n t s t r es s i n s id e t h e p l a s t i c a l l y d e f o r m e d z o n e s . H o w e v e r , t h e s p e c i f ic p o l y n o m i a l

s e l e c t e d i n ( 1 8. 1) t o e x p r e s s t h e s t r e ss d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s i d e t h e p l a s t i c e n c l a v e s h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e t o

s i m u l a t e t h e " l o c a l - h a r d e n i n g e f f e ct " e x p e r i m e n t a l l y v e r i fi e d f o r P C B A [3 4] .

S i m i l a r r e m a r k s c a n b e m a d e f o r t h e i n i t i a l ( e la s ti c ) v a l u e o f t h e r a d i u s o f th e e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c

b o u n d a r y a h e a d o f t h e c r a c k . S u c h a q u a n t i t y i s n e c e s s a r y t o d e s c r i b e th e o n s e t o f p l a s t i c i t y a n d

i t s v a l u e m u s t b e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e d i a m e t e r o f a g r a i n in m e t a l s o r a s i m i l a r q u a n t i t y i n o t h e r

m a t e r i a l s . T h i s " s t r u c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r " o b v i o u s l y af f ec t s t h e p l a s t i c b e h a v i o r o f t h e m a t e r i a l

a l t h o u g h i t i s a b s e n t f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i ew o f c o n t i n u u m m e c h a n i cs . H o w e v e r i t is a c o m m o n u s e

f o r a ll m e t h o d s s o l v i n g p l a s t i c i t y p r o b l e m s t o m a k e u s e o f t h e I r w i n a s s u m p t i o n [ 1] f o r t h e

d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l r p .

E x p o n e n t n , i n t r o d u c e d i n E q s . (1 4) , m u s t n o t b e c o n f u s e d w i t h t h e h a r d e n i n g c o e f f i ci e n t. T h e

l a t t e r i s a c o n s t a n t n e c e s s a r y t o d e s c r i b e a l g e b r a i c a l l y t h e w h o l e s h a p e o f t h e c u r v e 6 =

f g ) .

O n

t h e c o n t r a r y , o u r e x p o n e n t n v a r ie s n o t o n l y w i t h t h e s p e ci f ic m a t e r i a l , b u t a l s o w i t h t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g l o a d - o r s t r a i n - le v e l , e n c o u n t e r i n g t h e p a t h - h i s t o r y o f t h e m a t e r i a l , i n a s e n se

m o r e s u i t a b l e t o t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f th e t h e o r y o f p la s t i c i ty .

F i n a l l y , t h e m a n - a n d c o m p u t e r - c o s t t o g e t t h e s a m e r e s u l ts f r o m t h e p r e s e n t m e t h o d i s m u c h

l o w e r t h a t t h a t fr o m t h e P A P S T n u m e r i c a l m e t h o d w h i c h w a s a l s o u s ed , a n d a l t h o u g h w e h a v e

n o t d a t a o n t h e c o s t m e t h o d s s i m i l a r t o t h e m e t h o d b y H u t c h i n s o n , i t s ee m s p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e i r

c o s t is c o m p a r a b l e r a t h e r w i t h t h e P A P S T - c o s t t h a n w i t h t h e c o s t o f t h e p r e s e n t m e t h o d .

cknowledgement

T h e a u th o r i s in d e b te d to h i s s ec re t a ry Mrs . A . Z o g ra fa k i fo r h e lp in g h im in ty p in g th e m a n u s c r ip t a n d

p o t t ing the f igures o f the pap er .

References

[1 ] McClin tock , E A. , I rwin , G. R. : Frac tu re toughness te s t ing and i ts app l ica t ions . ASTM-STP 381 ,

8 4 -1 1 3 (1 9 6 5 ) .

[2] W il l is, J . R . : Crack p r opa ga t i on in v iscoe las t ic media . J . Mech . Phys . S o l ids 15, 229 -2 40 (1967).

[3] Rice , J. R . : Ma them atica l ana lys is in the mechan ics o f f rac tu re . In : Fra c tu re , I I , An a dvance d t rea t ise

(Liebowitz , H. , ed .) , pp . 1 91- 311 . New York : Acad emic Press 1968 .

[4 ] Rice , J . R . , Rosengren , G. F . : P lane s t ra in de format ion nea r a c rack t ip in a power law harden ing

mate r ia l . J. Mech . Phys . So l ids 16, 1 - 1 2 (1968).

[5] Hutch inso n , J . W. : S ingu la r beha v ior a t the end of a tens i le c rack in a ha rd en ing m ate r ia l . J. Mech . Phys .

So l ids 16 , 13 -3 1 (1986) .

[6] Hutch inso n , J . W. : P las t ic st res s and s t ra in f ie lds a t a c ra ck t ip . J. M ech . Phys . So l ids 16, 33 7 - 347 (1968).

[7 ] Hi l ton , R D. , Hutch inson , J . W. : P las t ic in tens i ty fac to rs fo r c racked p la tes . Eng . Frac t . Mech . 3 ,

4 3 5 -4 5 1 (1 9 7 1 ) .

[8] Am az igo , J . C ., Hutch inso n , J . W. : Crac k-t ip f ields in s teady c rack g row th w ith l inea r s t ra in ha rden ing .

J . Mech . Phys . So l ids 25 , 81 -9 7 (1977).

[9] Edm unds , T . M. , Wil l is , J . R . : M atched asym pto t ic expans ions in non l inea r f rac tu re mechan ics -II I . In

p lane loa d ing o f an e las t ic pe rfec t ly -p las t ic symm etr ic spec imen . J. Mech . Ph ys . So l ids 25 , 423 -4 55

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