Strategic Family System

8/6/2019 Strategic Family System

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FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORYFAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY

andandFEMINIST FAMILY THEORYFEMINIST FAMILY THEORY

Prepared by:Prepared by:

Mr.Mr. JemersonJemerson N. Domin uezN. Domin uez


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VignetteVignette

(Family Systems Theory)(Family Systems Theory)FredFred andand CassieCassie havehave beenbeen marriedmarried forfor threethree((33)) yearsyears.. ForFor thethe mostmost part,part, theythey dodo notnot havehave anyany

seriousserious disagreements,disagreements, oror atat leastleast anyany thatthat theythey

cancan reallyreally putput theirtheir fingerfinger onon.. ButBut sometimessometimes FredFred

sayssays oror doesdoes somethingsomething thatthat offendsoffends CassieCassie.. HeHe

thenthen feelsfeels somewhatsomewhat guiltyguilty forfor whatwhat hehe hashas donedone;;

hehe doesdoes notnot feel feel thatthat itit isis totallytotally hishis fault, fault, andanddoesntdoesnt likelike thethe superiorsuperior attitudeattitude sheshe sometimessometimes

hashas whenwhen hehe doesdoes apologizeapologize..


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Therefore,Therefore, hehe actsacts defensivelydefensively instead,instead, givinggiving

thethe impressionimpression thatthat hehe isis nownow respondingresponding toto aa

revengefulrevengeful reactionreaction onon herher part,part, eveneven thoughthough sheshe

hashas notnot (at(at leastleast yet) yet) givengiven oneone.. CassieCassie cantcant

understandunderstand whywhy Fred Fred waswas meanmean toto herher andand isis

angryangry butbut doesntdoesnt wantwant toto showshow it,it, so so sheshe actsactsindifferentlyindifferently.. Fred Fred noticesnotices thethe indifferenceindifference andand

wonderswonders ifif itit isis feignedfeigned oror deliberatedeliberate.. HeHe isis afraidafraid

toto apologizeapologize becausebecause itit wouldwould bebe embarrassingembarrassing

andand eveneven moremore hurtfulhurtful ifif thethe apologyapology werewere

rejectedrejected oror takentaken advantageadvantage ofof..


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NOTENOTE:: ThisThis continuouscontinuous circularcircular interaction,interaction,

wherewhere eacheach isis respondingresponding toto hishis oror herher

perceptionperception ofof thethe other,other, isis atat thethe heartheart ofof thethefamilyfamily systemsystem theorytheory andand illustratesillustrates itsits

complexitycomplexity..


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HISTORYHISTORY

FamilyFamily systemssystems theorytheory waswas believed believed toto mergemerge

duringduring thethe 19601960ss..

ErnestErnest BurgessBurgess ((19261926)) referredreferred toto thethe familyfamily asas aa

unityunity ofof interactioninteraction personalities,personalities, whichwhich meansmeansliving,living, growing,growing, supersuper personality personality thatthat hashas itsits

essenceessence thethe interactioninteraction ofof itsits membersmembers.. WhereinWherein

itit comprisescomprises ofof highlyhighly integratedintegrated (rituals,(rituals,discipline,discipline, andand interdependence)interdependence) unintegratedunintegrated

(lacks(lacks thethe attributesattributes ofof thethe firstfirst type)type)..


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WallerWaller ((19381938)) discusseddiscussed howhow thethe familyfamily isis thethe

greatestgreatest sourcesource ofof influenceinfluence onon thethe child,child, butbut thethe

childschilds personalitypersonality alsoalso affectsaffects thethe parents,parents, asas wellwell

asas familyfamily experiencesexperiences areare repetitiverepetitive andand areare basedbased

onon patternspatterns ofof interactioninteraction.. BertalanffyBertalanffy ((19691969)) thethe birthbirth toto developdevelop thethe basicbasic

ideasideas ofof generalgeneral systemsystem theorytheory (with(with highhigh regardsregards

withwith thethe followingfollowing personnelpersonnelBateson,Bateson, Jackson,Jackson,Haley,Haley, andand WeaklandWeakland,, 19561956))..


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BrofenbrennerBrofenbrenner ((19891989)) discusseddiscussed thethe fourfour basicbasicsystemssystems thatthat makemake upup thethe ecologicalecological environmentenvironment

((microsystemmicrosystem,, mesosystemmesosystem,, exosystemexosystem,,

macrosystemmacrosystem)) thatthat greatlygreatly affectaffect thethe changechange ofof

environmentenvironment inin timetime oror chronosystemchronosystem..

BroderickBroderick ((19931993)) relaterelate familyfamily processprocess theorytheory asas

thethe samesame withwith familyfamily systemsystem theory,theory, whereinwherein itit

hashas greatestgreatest utilityutility inin communicationcommunication andand clinicalclinicalapplicationsapplications..


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Bronfenbrenners Four Ecological Systems for Developmental ChangeBronfenbrenners Four Ecological Systems for Developmental Change

PersonPerson

MicrosystemMicrosystem

MesosystemMesosystem

ExosystemExosystem

FamilyFamily

SchoolSchool

PeersPeers

ChurchChurch

WorkplaceWorkplace

NeighborsNeighbors

Mass MediaMass Media

SpousesSpouses

WorkplaceWorkplace

LegalLegal

ServicesServices

ExtendedExtended

FamilyFamily

MacrosystemMacrosystem


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2. Mesosystem2. Mesosystem

RefersRefers toto thethe connectionsconnections andand

relationshipsrelationships thatthat existsexists betweenbetween twotwo oror

twotwo microsystemsmicrosystems..


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3. Exosystem3. Exosystem

ConsistsConsists ofof settingssettings inin whichwhich thethe personperson

doesdoes notnot participateparticipate inin totally,totally, butbut stillstill

experiencesexperiences decisionsdecisions thatthat affectaffect him/herhim/herindirectlyindirectly..

EE..gg.. (newly(newly transferredtransferred factoryfactory worker)worker)


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4. Macrosystem4. Macrosystem

blueprintblueprint

TheseThese areare thethe overarchingoverarching institutions,institutions,practices,practices, andand patternspatterns ofof beliefbelief thatthatcharacterizecharacterize societysociety asas aa wholewhole andand taketake thethesmallersmaller microsystem,microsystem, mesosystem,mesosystem, andandexosystemexosystem intointo accountaccount..

EE..gg (Males(Males areare moremore superiorsuperior thatthat femalesfemalesandand shouldshould bebe dominateddominated byby menmen..))


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BASIC ASSUMPTIONSBASIC ASSUMPTIONS

1.1. TheThe wholewhole isis greatergreater thanthan thethe sumsum ofof thethe

partsparts (Gestalt)(Gestalt)..

2.2. TheThe locuslocus ofof pathologypathology isis notnot withinwithin thethepersonperson butbut isis aa systemsystem dysfunctiondysfunction..

3.3. CircularCircular CausalityCausality guidesguides behaviourbehaviour..

4.4. RulesRules areare discovereddiscovered inin RetrospectRetrospect..5.5. RulesRules resultsresults fromfrom thethe RedundancyRedundancy

PrinciplePrinciple..


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6.6.F

eedbackF

eedback LoopsLoops guideguide behaviourbehaviour..7.7. PathologicalPathological CommunicationCommunication causescauses

relationshiprelationship problemsproblems..

8.8. AllAll FamilyFamily membersmembers taketake onon RolesRoles..9.9. FamilyFamily typestypes areare basedbased onon thethe RigidityRigidity ofof

FamilyFamily BoundariesBoundaries..


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PRIMARY TERMSPRIMARY TERMS

and CONCEPTSand CONCEPTS SystemSystem

BoundariesBoundaries

ElementsElements Family RulesFamily Rules

FeedbackFeedback

EquilibriumEquilibrium

Clinical ConceptsClinical Concepts


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Linear CausalityLinear Causality

Circular CausalityCircular Causality

Identified PatientIdentified Patient

Double BindDouble Bind

DisengagementDisengagement

EnmeshmentEnmeshment

MutualityMutuality


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CRITIQUECRITIQUE

1.1. SequentialSequential patternspatterns ofof interactioninteraction

2.2. CommunicationCommunication andand controlcontrol

3.3. GoalGoal orientationorientation

4.4. BoundaryBoundary maintenancemaintenance

5.5. ComplexComplex relationshipsrelationships


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VignetteVignette

(Feminist Family Theory)(Feminist Family Theory)Bob Bob andand Alice Alice StephensStephens werewere havinghaving

dinnerdinner atat aa nicenice restaurantrestaurant toto celebratecelebrate

theirtheir tenthtenth weddingwedding anniversaryanniversary.. BobBob saidsaidtoto Alice, Alice, IsntIsnt thisthis relaxing?relaxing? A A dinnerdinner

alonealone withoutwithout thethe kidskids.. WeWe should should treattreat

ourselvesourselves toto thisthis moremore oftenoften.. AliceAlice smiledsmiledpolitely politely butbut waswas unconvincedunconvinced thatthat itit waswas

suchsuch aa treattreat..


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Guess why?Guess why?1

.1

. AliceAlice mademade thethe reservationreservation asas requestedrequested byby BobBob..2.2. AliceAlice pickedpicked upup BobsBobs suitsuit fromfrom thethe cleanerscleaners onon

herher wayway toto workwork..

3.3. AliceAlice arrangedarranged thethe babysitterbabysitter toto taketake carecare ofof theirtheir

childrenchildren..

4.4. AliceAlice felt felt tiredtired andand anxiousanxious becausebecause ofof previousprevious

taskstasks..

5.5. Alice Alice isis affectedaffected byby herher currentcurrent situationsituation

regardingregarding thethe casecase sheshe isis handlinghandling (single(single mothermother

whosewhose exex--husbandshusbands hadhad failed failed toto pay pay childchild

support)support)..


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HISTORYHISTORY

ItIt rootedrooted withwith thethe FeministFeminist movementmovement..

DefinedDefined asas thethe searchsearch forfor rights,rights, opportunities,opportunities,

andand identifiesidentifies womenwomen believe believe theythey deservedeserve(Thomas,(Thomas, 20002000))..

ElizabethElizabeth CadyCady StantonStanton andand SusanSusan BB.. AnthonyAnthony

((18481848)) foughtfought forfor thethe rightright toto votevote andand rectifiedrectified

(US,(US, 19201920),), locallylocally itit waswas duringduring thethe SpanishSpanish

EraEra..


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BettyBetty Friedan,Friedan, GloriaGloria Steinem,Steinem, andand thethe NationalNational

OrganizationOrganization forfor WomenWomen workedworked towardtoward resolutionresolution

ofof issuesissues suchsuch asas equalequal pay pay andand job job trainingtraining forforwomen,women, reproductivereproductive choice,choice, maternitymaternity leave,leave,

subsidizedsubsidized childchild care,care, andand anan endend toto sexsex

discriminationdiscrimination (Vietnam(Vietnam War)War)..

DuringDuring 19601960ss toto 19701970ss emphasizesemphasizes thethe LiberalLiberal

FeministsFeminists (career(career paths), paths), MarxistsMarxists FeministsFeminists

(focused(focused onon thethe exploitationexploitation ofof womenwomen inin theirtheir

reproductivereproductive rolesroles andand inin householdhousehold labourlabour asassecondsecond--class),class), RadicalRadical FeministsFeminists (male(male--

dominancedominance asas thethe problemproblem withwith thethe society,society, havinghaving

powerpower andand authorityauthority asas oppressiveoppressive toto women),women), andand

SocialSocial FeministsFeminists (womens(womens liberation)liberation)..


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InIn thethe 19601960s,s, structuralstructural--functionalistsfunctionalists proposedproposed

thatthat rolesroles inin familiesfamilies shouldshould be be divideddivided inin thethenaturalnatural wayway generallygenerally basedbased onon sexsex..

JessieJessie BernardBernard ((19721972),), aa sociologistssociologists whowho wrotewrote

TheThe FutureFuture ofof Marriage,Marriage, inin whichwhich itit contrastedcontrasted

malemale andand femalefemale perspectivesperspectives onon marriagemarriagehishis

andand hershers..

CarolCarol GilliganGilligan ((19801980s),s), wrotewrote InIn aa DifferentDifferent

VoiceVoice ((19821982)) whichwhich exploredexplored howhow womenwomen defineddefined

theirtheir identityidentity andand understoodunderstood realityreality throughthrough

relationships,relationships, particularlyparticularly intimateintimate relationshiprelationship..


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CollinsCollins ((19981998--20002000)) focusedfocused onon thethe multiplemultiple

formsforms ofof oppressions,oppressions, matrixmatrix ofof dominationdomination

InIn 19981998,, MultipleMultiple RacialRacial FeminismFeminism waswasdevelopeddeveloped toto furtherfurther understandunderstand socialsocial locationlocation asas

aa moremore complexcomplex socialsocial phenomenonphenomenon..


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BASIC ASSUMPTIONSBASIC ASSUMPTIONS

1.1. WomensWomens experiencesexperiences areare CentralCentral toto ourourunderstandingunderstanding ofof familiesfamilies..

2.2. GenderGender isis aa sociallysocially constructedconstructed conceptconcept

(Language,(Language, Categorization,Categorization, andandStratification)Stratification)..

3.3. SocialSocial andand HistoricalHistorical contextcontext areare ImportantImportant..

4.4. ThereThere areare manymany FormsForms ofofFamiliesFamilies..5.5. EmphasisEmphasis isis placedplaced onon SocialSocial ChangeChange..

6.6. ThereThere isis NoNo Objective,Objective, UnbiasedUnbiased observationobservation

ofof HumansHumans..


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PRIMARY TERMSPRIMARY TERMS

and CONCEPTSand CONCEPTS SexSex

GenderGender

CategorizationCategorization StratificationStratification

PrivilegePrivilege

Social DeconstructionSocial Deconstruction

Social DisclosureSocial Disclosure

PraxisPraxis


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COMMON AREAS ofCOMMON AREAS of

RESEARCH and APPLICATIONRESEARCH and APPLICATION

1.1. DivisionDivision ofof LabourLabour

2.2. FamilyFamily ViolenceViolence


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CRITIQUECRITIQUE

1.1. FeministFeminist familyfamily theorytheory shedssheds lightlight onon otherotherissuesissues thatthat areare neglectedneglected oror ignoredignored by by otherother

theories,theories, suchsuch asas malemale--orientedoriented perspective perspective ofof

whatwhat waswas previously previously consideredconsidered objectiveobjective

researchresearch..

2.2. FeministFeminist familyfamily theorytheory isis notnot withoutwithout itsits criticcritic

thoughthough.. FeminismFeminism hashas beenbeen criticizedcriticized asas beingbeing

oppressiveoppressive toto menmen byby focusingfocusing onlyonly onon issuesissues thatthataffectaffect womenwomen.. FeministFeminist familyfamily scholarsscholars refuterefute

thisthis byby sayingsaying thatthat issuesissues thatthat areare importantimportant toto

womenwomen areare alsoalso importantimportant toto menmen..


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STRATEGICSTRATEGICandand

SYSTEMATIC FAMILYSYSTEMATIC FAMILY

THERAPIESTHERAPIES

Prepared by: Mr.Prepared by: Mr. JemersonJemerson N. DominguezN. Dominguez

CopyrightCopyright 1997 1997--2002 Melvin W. Wong, Ph.D. All Rights Reserved2002 Melvin W. Wong, Ph.D. All Rights Reserved

ChristianMentalHealthChristianMentalHealth.com.com


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IntroductionIntroduction

StrategicStrategic andand StructuralStructural familyfamily therapytherapy hashas

been been heavilyheavily influencedinfluenced by by Bateson'sBateson's

cyberneticscybernetics modelmodel.. TheyThey areare mostlymostly intentintent

uponupon changingchanging behaviorbehavior ratherrather thanthan insight,insight,

andand asas suchsuch areare famousfamous forfor creativecreative

interventionsinterventions.. ThereThere areare 33 mainmain modelsmodels inin

thisthis theorytheory::


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AA.. TheThe MentalMental ResearchResearch InstituteInstitute (MRI)(MRI) --

StartedStarted by by JacksonJackson whowho workedworked withwith

Bateson,Bateson, asas wellwell asas withwith HaleyHaley onon thethe

BatesonBateson projectproject..


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BB.. TheThe HaleyHaley andand MadanesMadanes StrategicStrategic

approachapproach -- TheyThey werewere heavilyheavily influencedinfluenced byby

Erikson,Erikson, Bateson,Bateson, andand MinuchinMinuchin.. EriksonErikson

believed believed thethe unconsciousunconscious waswas fullfull ofof

wisdomwisdom -- thus,thus, hehe didn'tdidn't needneed toto givegive peoplepeople

insight,insight, just just helphelp themthem getget accessaccess toto itit onon

theirtheir ownown..


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CC.. TheThe MilanMilan ModelModel -- PalazzoliPalazzoli waswas aa

prominent prominent ItalianItalian psychoanalystpsychoanalyst.. SheShe andand

herher teamteam ofof 88 otherother analystsanalysts readread thethe worksworks

ofof Bateson,Bateson, HaleyHaley andand diddid lotslots ofof

researchresearch.. InIn 19801980,, theythey split,split, withwith halfhalf

continuingcontinuing researchresearch andand thethe otherother doingdoing

trainingtraining..


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A.A.MRIMRI -- familiesfamilies makemake commoncommon--sensesense butbut

misguidedmisguided attemptsattempts toto solvesolve theirtheir problemsproblems..

TheThe solutionsolution selectionselection asas wellwell asas itsits successsuccessisis governedgoverned byby systemsystem rulesrules.. TheThe attemptsattempts

gogo awryawry andand thethe resultresult isis aa positivepositive feedbackfeedback

looploop thatthat makesmakes thethe problemproblem worseworse.. WhatWhat

dodo youyou do?do?

Major AssumptionsMajor Assumptions


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B.B. Haley andHaley and MadanesMadanes

11..HaleyHaley andand MadanesMadanes werewere concernedconcerned withwith thethefunctionfunction aa symptomsymptom served,served, asas itit markedmarked aa payoffpayoff

inin thethe systemsystem thatthat resultedresulted duedue toto thethe structurestructure ofof

thethe systemsystem.. TheyThey studiedstudied triadictriadic interactioninteraction overover

longlong periodperiod ofof timetime.. HaleyHaley eveneven wrotewrote aa bookbook onon

LeavingLeaving HomeHome.. HaleyHaley waswas particularlyparticularly concernedconcerned

withwith powerpower struggles,struggles, andand oftenoften prescribed prescribed thethe

symptomsymptom suchsuch thatthat thethe costcost ofof keepingkeeping itit upupoutweighedoutweighed thethe gainsgains.. MadanesMadanes waswas concernedconcerned

withwith incongruousincongruous hierarchies,hierarchies, wherewhere aa childchild usesuses

symptomssymptoms toto changechange thethe behaviorbehavior ofof thethe parentparent..


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22..HaleyHaley andand MadanesMadanes alsoalso formulatedformulated thatthat rulesrules

followedfollowed aa hierarchicalhierarchical order,order, andand thusthus

improvingimproving thethe hierarchicalhierarchical andand boundaryboundary

problemsproblems wouldwould preventprevent dysfunctionaldysfunctional feedbackfeedback

loopsloops fromfrom starting,starting, aa sortsort ofof "plan"plan ahead"ahead"

strategystrategy.. 33..HaleyHaley andand MadanesMadanes believe believe familiesfamilies gogo

throughthrough dysfunctionaldysfunctional stagesstages toto getget toto functionalfunctional

onesones..


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44.. MadanesMadanes posits posits fourfour categoriescategories ofof problemsproblems

resultingresulting fromfrom;;

a. desire to control and dominatea. desire to control and dominate

b. desire to be lovedb. desire to be loved

c. desire to love and protect othersc. desire to love and protect others

d. desire to repent and forgived. desire to repent and forgive

Thus, Haley andThus, Haley and MadanesMadanes are interested more inare interested more in

short sequences, but also in long ones that lastshort sequences, but also in long ones that last

months or years and reflect chronic structuralmonths or years and reflect chronic structural

problems.problems.


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C.TheC.The Milan GroupMilan Group

readread andand followedfollowed manymany ofof thethe worksworks ofof

MRIMRI andand HaleyHaley andand MadanesMadanes,, workedworked withwith

powerpower strugglesstruggles andand boundariesboundaries asas well,well, andand

focusedfocused onon longlong timetime spansspans spanningspanning eveneven

multiplemultiple generationsgenerations.. TheyThey workedworked mostlymostly

withwith anorexicanorexic andand schizophrenicschizophrenic familiesfamilies..


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Theoretical FormulationsTheoretical Formulations

A. Normal Family DevelopmentA. Normal Family Development

B. Problematic Family DevelopmentB. Problematic Family Development

C. Goals for TherapyC. Goals for Therapy D. Conditions for ChangeD. Conditions for Change


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A. Normal Family DevelopmentA. Normal Family Development

11..TheThe MRIMRI groupgroup disdainsdisdains conceptsconcepts ofof

"normality"normality.."" TheyThey do,do, however,however, believe believe thatthat

familiesfamilies shouldshould bebe ableable toto shiftshift solutionssolutions whenwhen

theythey aren'taren't working,working, inin orderorder toto preventprevent aa runrunawayaway positivepositive feedbackfeedback looploop

22..HaleyHaley andand MadanesMadanes emphasizedemphasized clearclear

generationalgenerational boundaries, boundaries, likelike thethe MilanMilan group,group,butbut diddid holdhold aa conceptconcept ofof normalitynormality andand believedbelieved

therapytherapy shouldshould changechange thethe dysfunctionaldysfunctional

structurestructure andand createcreate aa moremore functionalfunctional oneone..


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33..TheThe MilanMilan group,group, likelike thethe MRI,MRI, alsoalso disdainsdisdains

conceptsconcepts ofof "normality"normality.."" TheyThey do,do, likelike HaleyHaley andandMadanesMadanes,, believebelieve thatthat familiesfamilies shouldshould havehave clearclear

generationalgenerational boundariesboundaries.. However,However, unlikeunlike HaleyHaley

andand MadanesMadanes butbut likelike thethe MRI's,MRI's, theythey believebelieve thatthat

thethe therapytherapy shouldshould be be "neutral""neutral" andand notnot havehave

expectationsexpectations ofof familiesfamilies.. ThisThis way,way, thethe therapytherapy

helpshelps thethe familyfamily byby simplysimply examiningexamining thethe family,family,

askingasking questionsquestions toto helphelp themthem examineexamine theirtheir ownownfamilyfamily structure,structure, andand exposingexposing gamesgames afterafter whichwhich

theythey cancan redesignredesign theirtheir familyfamily intointo aa betterbetter

structurestructure onon theirtheir ownown..


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B. Problematic Family DevelopmentB. Problematic Family Development

There are three models for problem development;There are three models for problem development;a. cybernetic (runaway positive feedback loops)a. cybernetic (runaway positive feedback loops)

b. structural (flawed family hierarchies)b. structural (flawed family hierarchies)

c. functional (one member develops symptomsc. functional (one member develops symptoms

to control others)to control others)

The MRI use only the cybernetic model, HaleyThe MRI use only the cybernetic model, Haley

andand MadanesMadanes use all 3 but Haley stresses theuse all 3 but Haley stresses the

structural andstructural and MadanesMadanes the functional, and thethe functional, and theMilan's use both structural and functional.Milan's use both structural and functional.


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ExampleExample::

Tommy is 16 and has recently refused to go out of theTommy is 16 and has recently refused to go out of the

house.house.11..MRIMRI wouldwould focusfocus onon gettinggetting TommyTommy out,out, believingbelieving thethe

parentsparents attemptedattempted solutionssolutions keptkept himhim homehome..

22..HaleyHaley andand MadanesMadanes wouldwould focusfocus onon thethe triadictriadic

relationshiprelationship betweenbetween TommyTommy andand hishis 22 parentsparents.. HaleyHaleywouldwould wonderwonder aboutabout thethe parentsparents unresolvedunresolved conflictsconflicts andand

maritalmarital struggles,struggles, MadanesMadanes wouldwould wonderwonder aboutabout howhow

TommyTommy stayingstaying homehome helpedhelped oneone oror bothboth ofof hishis parentsparents..

33..MilanMilan wouldwould focusfocus onon thethe family'sfamily's historyhistory andand hiddenhidden

power power struggles,struggles, oror familyfamily games,games, inin whichwhich TommyTommy isis

embeddedembedded andand hashas toto staystay homehome toto helphelp aa familyfamily membermember

"win"win..""


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C. Goals for TherapyC. Goals for Therapy

1.1.MRIMRI simply change the current problemsimply change the current problem

(run away positive feedback loop) and send(run away positive feedback loop) and send

the family home, even if there are otherthe family home, even if there are other

serious problems. Unless the family asks forserious problems. Unless the family asks for

help on other problems, the therapy doesn'thelp on other problems, the therapy doesn't

intervene. MRI's help the family by makingintervene. MRI's help the family by making

them form clear, straight forward,them form clear, straight forward,immediate,immediate, behavioralbehavioral goals and sticking togoals and sticking to

them.them.


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22..HaleyHaley isis alsoalso behavioralbehavioral,, concernedconcerned withwith thethe

immediateimmediate problem, problem, andand antianti-- insightinsight.. UnlikeUnlikeMRI,MRI, hehe wantedwanted aa structuralstructural rere--organizationorganization ofof

thethe family,family, likelike thethe structuralstructural therapies,therapies, butbut oneone

whichwhich wouldwould proceedproceed inin stepssteps andand havehave subsub--

goalsgoals alongalong thethe wayway allall dealingdealing withwith thethe

presenting presenting problemproblem.. MadanesMadanes believes believes thatthat

additionaladditional goalsgoals suchsuch asas happinesshappiness andand thethe

abilityability toto work,work, love,love, andand play play areare importantimportantalsoalso..


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3.3.MilanMilan held that the therapy was responsible forheld that the therapy was responsible for

change, and had to basically manipulate andchange, and had to basically manipulate and

outwit the family and their games thoughoutwit the family and their games though

strategies designed to expose games and reframestrategies designed to expose games and reframe

member's motives.member's motives. PalazzoliPalazzoli focused on exposingfocused on exposing

"dirty games," and"dirty games," and BoscoloBoscolo on understanding theon understanding thegames and the family better.games and the family better. BoscoloBoscolo did not takedid not take

responsibility for the family's change, and wantedresponsibility for the family's change, and wanted

to collude with them and get them to make theirto collude with them and get them to make their

own changes to whatever new structure theyown changes to whatever new structure they

would devise.would devise.


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2.2.Haley andHaley and MadanesMadanes also believed insight to bealso believed insight to be

of little use, tried to keep resistance low, andof little use, tried to keep resistance low, and

focused onfocused on behavioralbehavioral change, arguing thatchange, arguing thatbefore the family can think or feel differently,before the family can think or feel differently,

they must act differently.they must act differently.

3.The3.The MilanMilan also try to keep resistance low andalso try to keep resistance low andmotivation high. They also try to find themotivation high. They also try to find the

"customer" or the most motivated family member"customer" or the most motivated family member

and work with them. While they may not haveand work with them. While they may not have

the "problem," they may be the most motivatedthe "problem," they may be the most motivated

for change, and since one person can change afor change, and since one person can change a

system, they may be the most successful level tosystem, they may be the most successful level to

use in producing change.use in producing change.


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A.MRI TechniquesA.MRI Techniques -- there arethere are

basically 6 steps to treatmentbasically 6 steps to treatment

1.introduction and setup1.introduction and setup -- MRI's limitMRI's limit

session to 10 and set up a powerfulsession to 10 and set up a powerful

motivatormotivator

2.definition of the problem in clear2.definition of the problem in clear

behavioralbehavioral termsterms

3.estimation of the3.estimation of the behaviorbehavior (run away(run away

positive feedback loops) maintaining thepositive feedback loops) maintaining the

problemproblem

4.setting goals4.setting goals

55 selectingselecting andand makingmaking interventionsinterventions


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55..selectingselecting andand makingmaking interventionsinterventions

a.a.reframingreframing -- providing the family with a rationalproviding the family with a rational

for treatment. The MRI therapist may not believefor treatment. The MRI therapist may not believe

what they tell the family, but that is unimportantwhat they tell the family, but that is unimportant

as long as its a rational explanation. The point of itas long as its a rational explanation. The point of it

is not to bring insight, but to induce complianceis not to bring insight, but to induce compliance

b.b.outpositioningoutpositioning -- having someone take the rolehaving someone take the roleother family members place on them to theother family members place on them to the

extremeextreme

c.c.paradoxicalparadoxical interventionsinterventions -- compliance based,compliance based,to simply get the family to change theirto simply get the family to change their behaviorbehavior

by complying with a directive, or defiance based,by complying with a directive, or defiance based,

in the hopes that the family will defy the directivein the hopes that the family will defy the directive

and improveand improve


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d.d.symptomsymptom prescriptionprescription or an exposureor an exposure

based paradoxbased paradox -- to expose the family'sto expose the family's

hidden relationshipshidden relationships

e.e.restrainingrestraining techniquestechniques -- telling thetelling the

family they can't move very fast becausefamily they can't move very fast because

they aren't readythey aren't ready

6.termination6.termination

B H lB H l dd M dM d f thf th


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B.HaleyB.Haley andand MadanesMadanes use many of theuse many of the

same strategies listed above, but with thesame strategies listed above, but with the

hope of changing the family's structurehope of changing the family's structurein the long run. Therapy begins byin the long run. Therapy begins by

1.a1.a socialstagesocialstage -- everyone is greeted and spokeneveryone is greeted and spoken

to in order to make everyone feel more relaxedto in order to make everyone feel more relaxedand less defensive.and less defensive.

2.a2.a problem stageproblem stage -- introduce yourself and repeatintroduce yourself and repeat

what you know, then speak to each person and getwhat you know, then speak to each person and gettheir opinions and ideas about the problem. Haleytheir opinions and ideas about the problem. Haley

engages the father first, and observes all theengages the father first, and observes all the

family members interactions to uncover hiddenfamily members interactions to uncover hidden

triangles.triangles.

33 anan interactioninteraction stagestage HaleHale hashas membersmembers talktalk abo tabo t


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33..anan interactioninteraction stagestage -- HaleyHaley hashas membersmembers talktalk aboutabout

differingdiffering perspectivesperspectives onon thethe problemproblem.. ByBy askingasking whatwhat

theythey havehave triedtried before, before, hehe gainsgains informationinformation andand alsoalso

underscoresunderscores thethe family'sfamily's needneed ofof hishis helphelp.. HaleyHaley maymay endendaa firstfirst sessionsession withwith aa simplesimple directive,directive, notnot advice,advice, butbut aa

directivedirective.. HaleyHaley maymay prescribeprescribe somesome ordeal,ordeal, suchsuch thatthat thethe

costcost ofof maintainingmaintaining thethe symptomsymptom isis moremore thanthan thethe benefitbenefit

ofof thethe symptomsymptom.. MadanesMadanes oftenoften hadhad people people followfollow aadirectivedirective byby tellingtelling themthem itit waswas justjust forfor pretendpretend oror playplay..

HaleyHaley focusedfocused moremore onon restoringrestoring powerpower toto thethe parents,parents,

whilewhile MadanesMadanes focusedfocused moremore onon creatingcreating newnew andand

pleasurablepleasurable interactionsinteractions forfor thethe parentparent andand childchild.. MadanesMadanesdevelopeddeveloped aa classificationclassification systemsystem forfor families,families, asas wellwell asas

guidelinesguidelines forfor whenwhen toto useuse hers,hers, Haley's,Haley's, oror MRIMRI

techniquestechniques..


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C. MilanC. Milan -- There are severalThere are several

Milan models.Milan models.

TheThe originaloriginal modelmodel waswas veryvery strategicstrategic..

FamiliesFamilies werewere treatedtreated byby aa malemale andand femalefemale

cotherapistcotherapist teamteam;; therapytherapy werewere observedobserved byby

otherother membersmembers ofof thethe teamteam;; familiesfamilies werewere

seenseen onceonce aa monthmonth forfor onlyonly 1010 sessionssessions..

TherapyTherapy werewere supposedsupposed toto bebe neutralneutral andand

distantdistant.. SessionsSessions hadhad 55 partsparts


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1.1.presessionpresession -- tentative hypothesis aretentative hypothesis are

mademade

2.2.sessionsession -- the hypothesis are tested andthe hypothesis are tested and

refinedrefined

3.3.intersessionintersession -- the team would meet withthe team would meet withthe therapy while the family waitedthe therapy while the family waited

4.4.interventionintervention -- the therapy would return tothe therapy would return to

deliver the intervention. There are severaldeliver the intervention. There are severalinterventions usually used:interventions usually used:


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aa..positivepositive connotationconnotation -- reframereframe thetheproblem problem but but inin aa wayway thatthat thethe familyfamily

membersmembers areare notnot blamedblamed oror labeledlabeled asas badbad

bb..ritualsrituals werewere directivesdirectives toto engageengage thethe

wholewhole familyfamily inin somesome behavior behavior thatthatexaggeratedexaggerated oror broke broke rulesrules andand familyfamily

mythsmyths.. FamilyFamily membersmembers maymay thankthank eacheach

otherother forfor theirtheir respectiverespective symptoms,symptoms, mothermotherandand fatherfather maymay alternatealternate daysdays forfor parentalparental

responsibilitiesresponsibilities


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55..postpost--sessionsession -- thethe teamteam wouldwould analyzeanalyze thethe

family'sfamily's reactionreaction andand plan plan forfor thethe nextnext

sessionsession


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EMERGENT MODELSEMERGENT MODELSOF THE NINETIESOF THE NINETIES

Prepared by: Mr.Prepared by: Mr. JemersonJemerson N. DominguezN. Dominguez


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IntroductionIntroduction

InIn thethe lastlast decades,decades, familyfamily therapytherapy hashas beenbeen

transformedtransformed.. TheThe earlyearly emphasisemphasis onon behaviourbehaviour

andand thethe overwhelmingoverwhelming powerpower ofof familyfamily systemssystems

hashas evolvedevolved intointo thethe recognitionrecognition thatthat systemssystems areare

influentialinfluential butbut notnot determinative,determinative, thatthat syndromessyndromes

areare notnot alwaysalways causedcaused byby and,and, instead,instead, cancan causecause

familyfamily problems, problems, andand thatthat individualindividual familyfamilymembersmembers notnot onlyonly actact andand interactinteract butbut alsoalso havehave

heartshearts andand mindsminds..


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Emergent models include:Emergent models include:

1.1. SolutionSolution--FocusedFocused ModelModel (by(by SteveSteve dede ShazerShazerwithwith BillBill OHanlonOHanlon && MicheleMichele WeinerWeiner--Davis)Davis)

2.2. Collaborative,Collaborative, ConversationalConversational ModelModel (by(by

HarleneHarlene Anderson,Anderson, HarryHarry GoolishianGoolishian,, LynnLynnHoffman,Hoffman, && TomTom Andersen)Andersen)

3.3. DeconstructionDeconstruction ModelModel (by(by MichaelMichael White)White)

4.4.

PsychoeducationalPsychoeducational andand MedicalMedical FamilyFamily ModelModel(by(by CarolCarol Anderson,Anderson, JohnJohn Rolland,Rolland, etet..alal..))

5.5. InternalInternal FamilyFamily SystemsSystems (Richard(Richard Schwartz)Schwartz)

F Di iF Di i


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Future DirectionsFuture Directions

Emergent TrendsEmergent Trends

1. Greater link between theory and assessment.1. Greater link between theory and assessment.

2. Greater emphasis on2. Greater emphasis on biopsychosocialbiopsychosocial models.models.

3. Emphasis on constructivist approaches to3. Emphasis on constructivist approaches to

family theory. Analysis of the family as afamily theory. Analysis of the family as a

group thatgroup that

observes itself and its environmentobserves itself and its environment

formulates hypotheses, and holds lastingformulates hypotheses, and holds lasting

belief patterns (Doherty &belief patterns (Doherty & BaptisteBaptiste, 1993, p., 1993, p.

521).521).

4. Emphasize race/ethnicity and gender4. Emphasize race/ethnicity and gender


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Two Divergent PathsTwo Divergent Paths

1. Theory that is tied directly to research1. Theory that is tied directly to research

activities.activities.2. Theory that is influenced by nontraditional2. Theory that is influenced by nontraditional

research paradigms which emphasizeresearch paradigms which emphasize

epistemology (theory of knowing) andepistemology (theory of knowing) and

properties of interacting therapeutic systems.properties of interacting therapeutic systems.


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SolutionSolution--Focused ModelFocused Model

SolutionSolution FocusedFocused TherapyTherapy (SFT)(SFT) isis

sometimessometimes linkedlinked toto generalgeneral BriefBrief Therapy,Therapy,

ProblemProblem--FocusedFocused Therapy,Therapy, andand PossibilityPossibility

TherapyTherapy..

AllAll shareshare somesome commoncommon pointspoints ofof focusfocus::


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AA betterbetter approachapproach movesmoves clientclient focusfocus offoffofofwhat'swhat's wrongwrong andand ontoonto what'swhat's right,right, stressesstresses

thethe resourcesresources andand skillsskills clientsclients have,have, andand

helpshelps themthem taketake thethe rolerole ofof expertexpert (which(which

theythey holdhold anyway)anyway) andand taketake responsibilityresponsibilityfromfrom therethere forfor settingsetting theirtheir ownown goalsgoals andand

reachingreaching themthem.. It'sIt's notnot aboutabout what'swhat's missingmissing

andand causescauses woewoe,, butbut what'swhat's presentpresent andand cancanleadlead toto happinesshappiness


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SolutionSolution buildingbuilding isis thethe goal,goal, andand asas youyou changechange

thethe languagelanguage thatthat shapesshapes howhow youyou thinkthink aboutabout thetheproblemproblem,, youyou changechange thethe languagelanguage thatthat shapesshapes

howhow youyou thinkthink aboutabout thethe solutionsolution

ThereThere isis nono theorytheory behindbehind this,this, andand youyou needneed notnotfullyfully understandunderstand thethe problem problem toto fixfix itit.. TheThe

solutionsolution maymay notnot eveneven looklook likelike itit willwill fitfit oror

resolveresolve thethe problem, problem, andand that'sthat's finefine -- aa smallsmall

enoughenough changechange willwill nudgenudge thethe systemsystem inin aadifferentdifferent directiondirection andand thatthat maymay be be allall that'sthat's

neededneeded


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TherapistsTherapists maintainmaintain aa futurefuture focus,focus, withwith

languagelanguage likelike "when"when thisthis isis fixedfixed"" "notice"notice

whenwhen thisthis problemproblem doesn'tdoesn't happenhappen thisthis

weekweek"" "write"write downdown whatwhat youryour partnerpartner doesdoes

toto fixfix thethe problemproblem thisthis weekweek""

RatherRather thanthan summingsumming upup whatwhat thethe therapisttherapist

thinksthinks thethe clientsclients isis saying,saying, thethe therapisttherapist asksasksquestionsquestions toto focusfocus andand directdirect thethe client'sclient's

thinkingthinking andand viewview


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What's the role of the therapist?What's the role of the therapist?

Therapists SayTherapists Say

ConsultantConsultant

Ask scaling questionsAsk scaling questions

ParaphraseParaphraseLook for strengths andLook for strengths and

resourcesresources

Listen, give ideasListen, give ideas

Clients SayClients Say

MediatorMediator

FriendFriend

Sounding boardSounding boardMade suggestionsMade suggestions

SaviorSavior


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Why did you seek therapy?Why did you seek therapy?

Therapists SayTherapists Say

I suggested they take aI suggested they take a

break over summer since itbreak over summer since it

was a school issue, shewas a school issue, sheagreed, she called lateragreed, she called later

about another issue that wasabout another issue that was

not therapy relatednot therapy related

Clients SayClients Say

It was the therapist'sIt was the therapist's

decision I was torn Idecision I was torn I

wanted my son to havewanted my son to havesomeone to talk to I stillsomeone to talk to I still

have difficulties with himhave difficulties with him


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Goal/sGoal/s

SFTSFT focusesfocuses onon exceptionsexceptions toto thethe problem,problem,

thinkingthinking thatthat aa changechange inin behavior behavior willwill

naturallynaturally developdevelop thenthen.. It'sIt's sortsort ofof insightinsight--

oriented,oriented, butbut notnot inin traditionaltraditional ways,ways, sincesince itit

isis futurefuture focused,focused, andand doesn'tdoesn't getget tootoo deepdeep

intointo oneone member'smember's "pathology,""pathology," butbut ratherrather

focusesfocuses onon whatwhat thethe systemsystem cancan dodo toto adaptadapttoto it,it, andand let'slet's thethe couplecouple decidedecide ifif thatthat

"pathology""pathology" isis aa problemproblem oror notnot

ThTh thth it lfit lf hh bb li dli d tt i ti t ff


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TheThe theorytheory itselfitself hashas beenbeen appliedapplied toto varietyvariety ofof

settings,settings, fromfrom therapytherapy withwith individualindividual experts,experts, toto

schoolschool prevention prevention programsprograms withwith parentparent--schoolschool--teenteen teamsteams asas thethe experts,experts, toto substancesubstance abuseabuse

treatmenttreatment withwith abusersabusers andand sponsorssponsors.. It'sIt's beenbeen

usedused withwith psychiatric psychiatric populations populations (Bozeman,(Bozeman,

19991999),), couplescouples (Lambert,(Lambert, 19981998,, andand ZimmermanZimmerman

etet al,al, 19971997),), elderlyelderly (Dahl,(Dahl, 20012001),), youthyouth offendersoffenders

(Seagram,(Seagram, 19971997),), schoolschool--agedaged childrenchildren (Corcoran,(Corcoran,

20002000),), andand childrenchildren withwith LDLD (Franklin(Franklin etet al,al,20012001),), allall withwith successsuccess..

CC SS


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CoupleCouple MemberMember StatusStatus

CouplesCouples whowho seekseekSFTSFT areare classifiedclassified asas oneone ofof

threethree typestypes::

AA.. VisitorVisitor -- ""IIdon'tdon't needneed anyany helphelp sincesince I'mI'm notnot

thethe problemproblem.."" ConfrontingConfronting themthem onon theirtheir lacklack ofof

responsibilityresponsibility isis easy,easy, butbut notnot veryvery helpfulhelpful.. TheyTheyneedneed complimentscompliments forfor comingcoming inin andand toto getget themthem

toto comecome backback andand bebe moremore activeactive


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BB.. ComplainantComplainant -- ""WeWe needneed helphelp andand areare

sufferingsuffering but,but, someonesomeone elseelse isis responsibleresponsible

for for fixing fixing itit.."" TheyThey needneed complimentscompliments toto

comecome back,back, andand homeworkhomework toto focusfocus theirtheir

attentionattention onon thingsthings theythey controlcontrol thatthat impactimpact

thethe other'sother's behaviorbehavior,, especiallyespecially beforebefore

"good""good" interactionsinteractions


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CC.. CustomerCustomer -- "We"We needneed helphelp.. WeWe areare bothboth

partpart ofof thethe problem,problem, andand wewe areare bothboth herehere toto

fixfix itit but but don'tdon't knowknow whatwhat toto dodo..""

ComplimentCompliment themthem forfor coming,coming, thenthen givegive

homeworkhomework toto shiftshift theirtheir attentionattention awayaway fromfrom

problemsproblems andand onon toto exceptionsexceptions andand strengthsstrengths


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DURATIONDURATION

Sessions last about an hour, include a shortSessions last about an hour, include a short

break, and are loosely scheduled, meaningbreak, and are loosely scheduled, meaning

couples may have 1 or more sessions, withcouples may have 1 or more sessions, with

the average being 3the average being 3--4 sessions. What you4 sessions. What you

do depends on the couple members' statusdo depends on the couple members' status

when they come in.when they come in.

Documents

Strategic Family System