STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT (SESA ...€¦ · Strengthening Climate Resilience in the Kafue Basin COUNTRY: ZAMBIA STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT (SESA)

Language: English

Original: English

PROJECT: Strengthening Climate Resilience in the Kafue Basin

COUNTRY: ZAMBIA

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT

(SESA)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

August 2013

Apaisa Team

Team Leader: Kisa Mfalila, Environmental Specialist, OSAN.4

Team Members: Léandre Gbéli, Agriculture Economist, OSAN.4

Lawrence Kiggundu, Infrastrucure Specialist, OITC.2

Lewis Bangwe, Agriculture Expert, ZMFO

Natan Jere, Procurement Specialist, SARC

Owusu Agyei, Finan. Mgt Specialist, SARC/ORPF.2

Sector Manager: Mr. Ken B. Johm, OSAN.4

Resident Representative: Mr. Freddie Kwesiga, ZMFO

Sector Director: Mr. Abdirahman Beileh, OSAN

Regional Director: Mr. Chiji Ojukwu, ORSB

Peer Reviewers

Peter Akari, Chief Water Policy Officer, AWF

Walter Odhiambo, Chief Development Policy Economist, ORPC1

Jean-Louis Kromer, Principal Nat. Resources Mngt Officer, OSAN4

Mam Tut Wadda-Senghore, Senior Transport Engineer, OITC.2

Yappy Silungwe, Senior Irrigation Engineer, OSAN.3

Cesar Tique, Agriculture and Rural Development Expert, MZFO

Paxina Chileshe-Toe, Climate Change Specialist

MINISTRY OF FINANCE

STRENGTHENING CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN THE

KAFUE BASIN PROJECT

(SCRIKA)

________________________________________

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

ASSESSMENT

(SESA)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

_________________________________________

Project Title : STRENGTHENING CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN THE

KAFUE SUB-BASIN PROJECT Country : THE GOVERNMENT OF ZAMBIA

Department : OSAN

Division : OSAN.4

Project Number : P-ZM-CZ0-001

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Government of the Republic of Zambia has requested the Bank to support the project–

Strengthening Climate Resilience in the Kafue sub-basin Project (SCRIKA) which aims to

strengthen the adaptive capacity of rural communities to better respond to current climate variability

and long-term consequences of climate change in the Kafue sub-basin. The ultimate objective is to

reduce poverty and enhance food security. The project will strengthen the capacity of rural

communities through demonstrated approaches of integrating climate risks into the local development

planning process in view of ensuring that extreme weather events and long term consequences of

climate change are intergrated into the development initiatives. Rural roads that link farmers to makets

will also be rehabilitated in the view of buffering the roads against extreme climate change. The

project will be implemented in the Kafue sub-basin of the Zambezi River Basin in nine (9) districts to

include–Choma, Kalomo, Namwala, Monze and Mazabuka Districts of the Southern Province, Itezhi-

tezhi, Chibombo and Mumbwa Districts of the Central Province, and Kafue District of the Lusaka

Province It comprises of three (3) components, (i) Community-Driven Participatory Adaptation, (ii)

Construction and Rehabilitation of Climate Resilient Roads, and (iii) Project Management and

Coordination.

1.2 The SCRIKA Project will be implemented over a period of five (5) years (2013-2018) and the

executing agency will be the Ministry of Finance. Planned activities will be coordinated by a Project

Coordination Team (PCT) using the existing Government structures at the Provincial and District

levels. SCRIKA is expected to directly benefit 800,000 rural communities including 30,000 female

headed households. The project will mobilise participating farmers into fully trained and empowered

farmer groups capable of responding to floods and drougths. It will increase employment opportunities

in the agriculture and natural resources sectors, as well as in agro-processing and value addition. The

Project will also facilitate private sector participation by setting up a matching grant for climate

change initiatives that focus on agro-processing and value addition.

1.3 The environmental and social impacts and benefits of the Project have been analyzed through

a detailed Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) in line with the requirements of the

Zambia environmental regulations, and the Bank’s Environemntal and Social Assement Procedures

(ESAP). This report summarizes the findings of the SESA, the legal and policy frameworks under

which the assessments were undertaken, a description of the project environment, an analysis of

project alternatives, an evaluation of potential impacts, and information related to Environmental and

Social Management Plan (ESMP).

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND JUSTIFICATION

2.1 The Strengthening Climate Resilience in the Kafue sub-basin (SCRIKA) project aims to

strengthen the adaptive capacity of rural communities to better respond to the current climate

variability and long-term consequence of climate change in the Kafue sub-basin. This will be achieved

by piloting adaptive mechanisms in the agricultural and natural resources management practices, as

well as in rural infrastructure through three mutually reinforcing components: (i) Community-Driven

Participatory Adaptation, (ii) Construction and Rehabilitation of Climate Resilient Roads, and (iii)

Project Management and Coordination. Since most adaptation interventions to date at the community

level have been very scattered and uncoordinated, the project will adopt a framework approach for

identifying scalable community sub-projects, using transparent criteria, to meet the objectives of the

Project

Component 1: Community-Driven Participatory Adaptation (US$ 18.5million grant)

2.2 The objective of this component is to strengthen the adaptive capacity of poor rural

communities and natural resources based production systems that are vulnerable to floods and

droughts in the Kafue sub-basin. It would support community based adaptation initiatives which will

be selected by communities through a demand-driven process facilitated by qualified non-

governmental organisations (NGOs) working in partnership with the local government at the Ward,

District and Provincial levels. Component 1 comprises two (2) sub-components.

2.3. Sub-component 1.1: Integrated Community-Based Adaptation (US$ 16 million grant) will

support three (3) areas of intervention:

Community-level Infrastructure Projects. This sub-component will support the upgrading of

community-owned infrastructure to withstand severe floods or droughts, while opening up

opportunities that will stimulate entrepreneurship and bolster income generating activities for

the beneficiary communities. Such activities will include micro-projects for flood control and

diversion structures, small-scale irrigation schemes, small-scale water reservoirs, small-scale

dams, feeder roads and culverts, de-silting and restocking ponds and water bodies, improved

wells and boreholes, reforestation and afforestation of community forest plantations, wildlife

estates and communal game ranches. The civil works for the micro-projects will be financed

either through contractors or through labour provided by communities. A typical cost of a

community-level infrastructure project will be approximately US$100,000.

Farm-Level Support Systems: This sub-component will support farm level initiatives.

Beneficiaries of the support will be identified through a system of wealth ranking that will

target the most poor, vulnerable farmers, majority of whom will be youth and women.

Activities under this sub-component will include training farmers on conservation agriculture,

management of soil moisture and fertility, inputs such as seeds for drought and flood resistant

crop varieties for crop diversification, seedlings for fruit orchards, livestock and fisheries for

diversification of farming systems, erosion control and improved grazing and pastures as well

as value addition investments. The participating NGOs together with communities will

produce plans that itemise the quantities of each of the support systems and the number of

beneficiaries required. An Input Voucher valued at US$ 400 - 500 will be provided to selected

farmers.

Matching Grant for Climate Change Adaptation Investments: The Project will support

medium to large-scale investments in activities that are considered to add value to primary

products supplied by local producers, and which will increase climate change resilience along

the value chain of agri-business. Entrepreneurs who have a viable business plan and secure

equity finance, loans or grants from government or financing institutions for climate change

related adaptation investments will be eligible for a matching grant of up to 25 percent of the

investment or a ceiling value of US$30,000 per investment. Such investments will target

communities that would benefit from value addition activities focusing on agro-processing,

game ranching, aquaculture fingerling production, eco-tourism, honey processing, biogas

plants, and wildlife management.

2.4 Sub-component 1.2: Support to Integrated Community Based Adaptation (US$ 2.5 million

grant). This sub-component will support the local government and community groups in each district

to incorporate climate risk management principals into local area development planning (sub-

component 1.1) and in selecting adaptation initiatives that will build climate resilience at the

community level. Support will be provided to local non-governmental organizations to mobilise, train

and facilitate communities in risk and vulnerability assessment at the district in integrating climate risk

management principals in local area planning. The sub-component will also support the work of Area

Development Committees in mobilising and creating awareness among local communities and in

supervising or backstopping the implementation of the micro-projects.

Component 2: Construction and Rehabilitation of Climate Resilient Roads (US$ 17.5million loan)

2.5 The objective of this component is to strengthen the climate resilience of rural roads that link

farmers to markets as well as to the Kafue National Park for a total of 127.25km in the Kafue sub-

basin to be able to withstand floods. The roads include, (to (i) Kalomo to Dundumwezi – 35.25km, (ii)

Dundumwezi to Ngoma - 50 km; and (iii) Itezhi-Tezhi to Namwala (42 km). The project roads are

minor arterial roads, connecting local centres of population. The majority of the vehicles will be

passenger, tourist and ZAWA vehicles, and the horizontal alignment of the road is such that a

perceived safe driving speed of 60-70 km/h can be adopted. It is therefore recommended that a Type

III cross-section be employed comprising 2x2.75m carriageway and 2x0.5 m shoulders.

2.6 The design standards comprise; (i) provision of cement stabilized fill of approach gravel

wearing course and over drainage structures shaped to provide good flow characteristics in invents of

overtopping; (ii) erosion protection of side slopes of approach fills and pavement layers; and (iii) tree

planting of selected areas in the catchment basin; (iv) 5percent camber to ensure that rain-water is

drained speedily to avoid saturating the wearing gravel layer; provision of side drains on either side of

the carriageway in cut conditions; cement stabilized against scour where gradients dictate; and (v)

limiting side slopes to a minimum of 1:5 reduce runoff velocities.

3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1. The National Conservation Strategy (NCS) was adopted as a policy document by the

Government of the Republic of Zambia in 1985 which led to the establishment of environmental

legislation and institutional set up in the country. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

process in Zambia is governed by the provisions of the Environmental Protection and Pollution

Control Act (EPPCA) No. 12 of 1990, Statutory Instrument No. 28 of 1997–the Environmental Impact

Assessment Regulations. Under EPPCA, it is mandatory that all development plans, policies and

projects undergo a process of environmental impact assessment and the administrative clearance by

the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) in conformity with the provision of the Act.

ZEMA is a statutory body created under an EPPCA in 1992 with the mandate of environmental

protection, pollution control, and monitoring implementation of mitigation measures highlighted in

environmental and social management plans. SCRIKA is covered by a Strategic Environmental and

Social Assessment (SESA) which was prepared by the Ministry of Finance in accordance with the

Zambia environmental regulations and the AfDB’s Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures

(ESAP).

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Zambia is endowed with diverse natural resources, which include some of the most fertile

soils, forest and water resources which accommodate diverse species of flora, fauna and fish resources.

The following is a review of some of the key country’s natural resources.

Social Economic environment 4.2 The two basins support 61% of Zambia’s rural poor whose livelihoods and economic well-

being are highly dependent on rain fed agriculture, and their natural resources systems and rural

infrastructure are highly vulnerable to climate change. The population consists mainly of smallholder

farmers (entrepreneurship has been slow to develop), who practice subsistence farming. Cultivating on

average an area of 2 ha, these smallholder farmers follow traditional agricultural practices

characterised by low input-low output production technologies, with a heavy dependence on family

labour.

4.3 In the Kafue sub–basin maize, groundnuts, cotton cassava tobacco and millet constitute the

main cash and subsistence crops, while livestock (cattle and goats) feature prominently in Mazabuka,

Namwala, Itezhi-Tezhi and Mumbwa. Ownership of cattle is a measure of wealth, but also a symbol of

status symbol. In addition, the crops grown are supplemented by fishing.

4.4 Heavy dependence on rain-fed agriculture (including livestock production) means the

communities in the basins are most exposed to climate change and its impacts, at the same time have

the least capacity to adequately adapt and protect themselves from the adverse effects of weather.

Physical environment

4.5 The Kafue Sub-basin is a major sub-catchment of the Barotse Sub-basin. It drains most of its

waters into the Zambezi River. The Basin constitutes around 20% of the total land area of Zambia

(Figure 1). It has a large concentration of mining, industrial and agricultural activities. The Kafue

River originating from the north-western part of the basin flows south to the Itezhi-tezhi storage dam.

At Itezhi-tezhi the river flows east and passes through the Kafue Flats, after which it joins the Barotse

Sub-basin, to empty its waters into the Zambezi River.

Five (5) districts in the project area were selected for field visits which fall in the Kafue Sub-basin

namely: Itezhi-tezhi, Namwala, Lufwanyama, Mufulira and Solwezi. The districts fall under agro-

ecological regions IIa (Itezhi-tezhi and Namwala) and III (Lufwanyama, Mufulira and Solwezi).

Topography, Geology and Soils

Topography

4.6 The Kafue Sub-basin has an undulating landscape with the terrain sloping gently towards the

plains creating landforms characteristics of open Miombo woodlands which are inundated with vast

contours of grasslands. Lying at an altitude of about 1,000 – 1,200m asl, the Kafue Basin is part of the

central African plateau.

Geology

4.7 The geology of the Kafue Sub-basin represents one of the ancient landmasses of the African

Continent and the underlying rock materials of much of this area are mainly the complexes of Katanga

sediments of the upper (late) Precambrian age (700 million years ago).

Soils

4.8 The soil types in the Basin have been due to the function of interacting factors: parent

material, geomorphology, and rate of weathering. The soils are deep dark clays, called

montimorillonite, and are capable of holding large quantities of water. They are rich in carbon, thereby

Figure 1: PPCR Pilot Districts, NIRAS Zambia (2012)

giving the characteristic dark colour. These soils are poorly drained and hydrate when wet, but

dehydrate when dry. Principally, the soil character of Kafue Sub-basin covering the South of Kafue

River bank are heavy alluvial clays near Namwala and Itezhi-tezhi areas, light brown to grey silt or

sandy loam in semi-arid regions (see Figure below). The region of Lufwanyama and Mufulira is

typical mineralized.

Climate

Seasonal variations

4.9 The Kafue Sub Basin has a tropical and sub-tropical climate with two main seasons: the rainy

season (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the dry season (May to

October/November), corresponding to winter. The dry season is subdivided into the cool and dry

season (May to August), and the warm and dry season (September to October).

Rainfall patterns

4.10 Rainfall over the Kafue catchment is derived mainly from a low-pressure system caused by the

convergence of the Trade Winds known as the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Annual

rainfall varies from 1,300mm in the north to 800mm in the south. Natural variations in rainfall are

more significant in the southern and western areas where the frequency and duration of dry spells is

greater. This is caused by the inter-annual changes in the southern extent of the ITCZ.

Temperature

4.11 Like most parts in Zambia, the temperatures prevailing in the Kafue Sub-basin are generally

warm, but cooler than in the rift valley areas. The variation is due to differences in altitude; the Flats

such as Kafue flats, Namwala and Itezhi-tezhi are on higher elevation than the low-lying valley areas.

Generally, mean monthly temperature range from 14oC in June/July to 27.5

o C in October; the mean

maximum and minimum temperature range from 16 ºC to 34 ºC in October; and, 7 ºC to 24 ºC in July

respectively.

Climate Change

Flood prone areas of the Kafue Sub-basin

4.12 The Kafue catchment has two major natural flood control features, which contribute to the low

yield of catchment outflows compared to the catchment average rainfall. The main natural features of

the Basin are extensive dambos - the Lukanga Swamps and the Kafue Flats, which have been known

to be prone to flooding. At the height of rains, flow may be reversed in the lower Lukanga as water

from the Kafue River spills into the Lukanga Swamp. At peak flows the Kafue River experiences

Riverine flooding which is quite extensive in some areas affecting surrounding human habited

environments. This riverine flooding has been known to disrupt ferry operations and other social and

economic activities along the river banks because it makes routes to the river impassable. The cause of

Riverine flooding is the slow discharge of large volume of water due to among other compounding

challenges, siltation. This is seen in the flood prone areas of Lushiwashi swamp, Busanga swamp,

Lukanga flats, Lake Itezhi-tezhi and Kafue flats.

Floods and droughts in Kafue Sub-basin

4.13 The Kafue Flats is a good example of an area which is subjected to flooding and drought. The

year 1994 saw severe floods in the Flats when fishing camps and some settlements along the river

were inundated resulting in the displacement of people. Mud brick houses especially those in the

plains collapsed; two bridges in the Kafue Flats were washed away cutting off Monze and Namwala

towns from the rest of the country. All the pontoons on the river were rendered non-operational due to

torrential currents. The earlier floods of 1977/78 and 1988/89 were equally devastating. The most

recent floods in the Kafue Sub-basin are the flash floods which occurred in various places in the

2005/2006 rainy season. The flash floods that affected the Kafue Gorge Power Station in December

2005 rank highly in terms of extent of damage, which disrupted power generation for a period of two

weeks. Wide spread flooding was also reported in months of February and March 2006 which affected

housing units and agricultural fields in Mazabuka, Monze and Choma.

Hydrology

4.14 The Kafue river first flows in a south-easterly direction through the Copperbelt, traversing the

Mpatamatu and Itezhi Tezhi Gorges, crossing the Kafue Flats in a broadly meandering course from

west to east. Near Kafue town, the river leaves the basin and flows through the Kafue Gorge. Here its

annual discharge has on occasion exceeded 28.3 billion m3, representing a sustained outflow rate of

898 m3/sec over the year. In its middle course, between the Mpatamatu Gorge and the Kafue Flats, the

Kafue River picks up its main tributaries, the Kafalufuta, Lufwanyama, Lushwishi, Lunga, Lukanga

and Lufupa Rivers. Most of these rivers have narrow floodplains or strip swamps along parts of their

upper courses, and both the Lufupa and Lukanga flow through areas of permanent swampland. The

Lufupa flows into the basin of the Busanga Swamp, from which it sometimes fails to emerge in dry

seasons. Prior to its confluence with the Kafue, the Lukanga River flows through a shallow depression

containing the Lukanga Swamp. This is the largest permanent swamp in the basin having an area in

excess of 210, 000 ha. East of Itezhi Tezhi, seasonal flood waters spread over the broad floodplain of

the Kafue Flats. Here the greatly re-enforced river crosses the floor of the basin. The entire basin is

riddled with dambos, with the total water retention capacity which is enormous, so that their influence

on the surface hydrology of the basin is profound.

5. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES

5.1 Negative impacts

5.1.1 The Project is classified as Environment Category 2. It is expected to generate both positive

social-economic and environmental impacts that will outweigh the likely negative impacts. The

infrastructure to be developed/rehabilitated will be small-scale in nature (community level

infrastructure) and hence will not induce any potential, significant or irreversible environmental and

social impacts. In addition, the project will not involve land acquisition or resettlement. The negative

impacts will include: (a) increase in soil erosion related to construction and rehabilitation activities

particularly in degraded lands with loose soils, (b) Increased turbidity in water sources from effluent

or runoff containing high content of suspended solids from construction sites. In addition, accidental

spillage of fuel, lubricants and other chemicals used in the construction process and wastewater from

workers’ camp would likely be a source of water contamination, (c) Limited clearance of vegetation

covers during the construction phase may occur at the construction sites, and at borrow pits. Removal

of vegetation cover would increase erosion potentials and dusts generation into the air. The level of

impacts depends on: land area to be cleared and density of existing vegetation cover, which is

associated with the amount of waste to be generated and physical characteristics of the soil, (d)

Increased localized noise levels and vibration due to earthmoving equipment and machinery,

construction plants and construction activities such as piling, excavation or installation of equipment,

loading of construction materials, concrete pouring, drilling. Increased localized noise levels usually

occur in short term. The scope of impacts would depend on (i) number, frequency and working

durations of noise sources, and (ii) time of the day (night time), (e) Reduced localized air quality due

to dust from construction sites and surrounding areas, include the areas along materials transportation

route affect localized air quality. Increased dust level along the road used for transportation of as

granular construction materials drop, dust from temporary loading of granular construction materials

such as sand or stockpile from excavation works, dusts from construction waste dumping sites. The

impacts usually last in a relative short time, are of low magnitude but can causes nuisances to local

people, and disturb local daily life. The scope of impacts depends on, (i) the number and frequency of

vehicles in use, (ii) the quantity of granular materials to be temporarily loaded at a time, (iii) the size

of the granular materials, and (iv) weather conditions, and dust emissions, (f) During the operational

phase the likely impacts would include solid waste and effluent from the agro-processing.

5.1.2 Positive impacts on the environment are likely to result from the community-driven

adaptation activities which promote the use of sustainable land and water management practices

incorporated into the main agricultural production systems. The adaptation activities will include

micro-projects for flood control and diversion structures, small-scale irrigation schemes, improved

wells and boreholes, reforestation of small-scale community forestry, conservation agriculture,

livestock and fisheries for diversification of farming systems, etc. Positive environmental impact will

likely include reduced soil and water erosion, increased soil fertility through moisture retention,

safeguards/buffers against floods (increased resilience against climate variability in the form of

floods), and potential in reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the use of approaches such as

conservation agriculture. Potential positive impacts include improved moisture retention and soil

composition from agriculture diversification, control of soil erosion, increased agro-biodiversity,

reduced water stress, control of disease vectors, and enhanced community skills for better land use

planning and management.

5.1.3 Positive socio-economic impacts will be generated from increased agricultural productivity

which in turn will generate multiplier effects on the targeted communities through increased income

and creation of job opportunities especially to the thirty percent of targeted women. Rehabilitation

works on the existing rural roads will entail upgrading of drainage systems to climate proofed design

standards, dredging and erosion control measures (embankment stabilization with earthworks and

vegetative approaches). The infrastructure works will enhance the climate resilience of against floods.

The road works will be limited to existing road alignment and right of way.

Climate Change:

5.1.4 Over the last four decades, the Kafue basin has experienced increased mean annual

temperature of 1.3 degrees C, and decreased mean rainfall of 1.9mm/month, whereas rainfall seasons

have become less predictable and shorter, with rainfall occurring in fewer but more intense events.

From 2000 to 2007, the intensity and frequency of droughts and floods and the number of people

affected has also changed, with a net trend towards more floods and, over a longer time-period,

droughts. Moreover, the area affected by floods and droughts appears to have expanded. The 2006/07

floods affected 41 districts in nine provinces, and the 2004/05 drought left nearly two thirds of Zambia

with little or no rainfall. Both average annual temperature and rainfall are projected to increase by 3.6

degrees C and 3 percent respectively by 2100. The predominant coping strategies adopted by the

communities, include, reducing meal quantities, numbers and composition (shifting to a vegetable only

diet and relying on less preferred wild foods. The Project activities will promote climate change

adaptation and foster diversification of livelihoods which will ultimately enhance the climate change

adaptive capacity farmers and natural ecosystems. The project will significantly support the adoption

of sustainable management of land and water resources, strengthen adaptive capacity of communities

through training and develop skills and demonstration sites for conservation during the dry seasons,

restoration of degraded lands and increased vegetation cover with different drought perennials. The

Project will support sustainable land and water management technologies, water storage infrastructure,

conservation agriculture, etc. in building the adaptive capacity of the farmers and the agricultural

production systems, and climate proof farm-to-market rural roads to enable them to withstand period

of floods.

6.3 Mitigation Measures

6.3.1 In order to mitigate the potential negative impacts the MoF will implement the following

mitigation measures: (a) re-vegetating cleared land, (b) restoration of borrow-pits, use of gabions and

appropriate drainage systems to control erosion, (c) installation of systems for solid waste and effluent

management. For the planned roads and other infrastructure works, the detailed engineering design is

currently on-going and which will include detailed site-specific environmental and social impact

assessment studies, will be ready before the project becomes effective. For the participatory adaption

activities, during the implementation, environmental and social assessment will be obligatorily

conducted in compliance with the Zambia Environmental Assessement procedures, and the AfDB

Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures. The impact studies and the corresponding

environmental licenses for each sub-project intervention will be submitted to the Bank as

implementation advances, in terms of the Loan Agreement, prior to the corresponding civil works

being put out to tender. The same approach will be applied with regard to the Resettlement Action

Plans should there be any Project intervention entailing involuntary resettlement. Alternatives will be

considered on the decision of location of the facilities, choice of the construction materials, and choice

of the cliamre change technologies to be adopted.

6.4 Environmental and Social Management Plan

6.4.1 The proposed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) (Table 6) for project In

each case the EMP identifies parties responsible for monitoring actions, and any training or capacity

building needs.

The following table is an outline of the significant environmental and social issues.

Table 6 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

SUBPROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURE(S) RESPONSIBILITY CAPACITY BUILDING

Agriculture and Livestock

Practices

Land Husbandry

Introducing/scaling-up

conservation tillage and

soil moisture retention -

improved management of

soil moisture through use

of mulch/organic matter

and conservation of soil

organic matter;

Increased pressure on land as demand

is likely to be triggered by improved

incomes from good soil management

and moisture retention

Intensives use of land may lead to

unsustainable land use practices such

as increased/inappropriate use of

pesticides and fertilisers

Increased land clearing that may

result in deforestation, land

degradation and soil erosion

“Composting” of animal manure, grass and plant

material for application to fields – for increased soil

moisture retention and improved soil texture in

sandy areas such as those the Barotse Sub-basin

Use of mulch/organic material to reduce loss of soil

moisture through evapotranspiration

Sensitisation and capacity building on land

planning use management

Promotion of good land use planning and practices

such as terracing on steep slopes

Promotion of agroforestry as part of erosion control

measures

Promote erosion control along areas adjacent to the

canals

SPIU

MOF district

extension staff

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs

Sensitisation campaigns on

land management in the

context of climate change

Training in environmental and

land husbandry practices

Training in conflict resolution

Strengthening of extension

skills and mentoring support

provided by both government

and NGO facilitators

Crop Husbandry

Diversifying

agricultural

practices such as

crops/varieties

grown including

those that can be

drought tolerant or

grown under water

logged conditions or

staggering time of

plantings;

Changing times for

applying agriculture

inputs to take

advantage of

available moisture

and rainfall;

All year round crop production is

likely to increase demand for water

leading to construction of weirs and

small dams which may affect water

flows downstream,

Diversification to climate resilient

crops may introduce some invasive

species

Use of chemical fertilizers likely

impact the environment and affect the

quality of water in the rivers and

streams

Increased crop production will likely

increase the use of

herbicides/pesticides which will affect

the environment and the quality of

water

Increased crop production likely

increase demand for improvement of

market centres and access (feeder)

roads and farm-to-market road

network which will impact the

environment (see section on rural

roads below)

Introduce good practices for water resources

sharing and management that reduce/eliminate

water conflicts

Utilise furrows and drainage canals to drain excess

water from fields to allow early planting

Utilise water conservation technologies and

strategies to reduce demand for ground and surface

water

Introduce good crop husbandry planning and

farming best practices that include ideal timing for

planting and application of soil nutrients

Promotion of organic farming alongside

conservation agriculture

Introduce management plans for appropriate use of

fertilisers

Develop a pesticide management plan (PMP) that

adheres to WB and AfDB safeguard policies and

ZEMA regulations

Promote use of integrated pest management and

only use herbicides/pesticides as a last resort

particularly near rivers, streams, canals and small

dams

Use pesticides/agro-chemicals with short residual

period

SPIU

MOF district

extension staff

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs


crop and horticultural

production in the context of

climate resilience

Training in climate resilient

agricultural practices

Training in good fertiliser and

pest/pesticide management in

environmentally sensitive

environments

Training in post-harvest

technologies, value addition

and marketing

Sensitisation in basic

requirements of environmental

safeguard policies and local

legislation

Avoid introducing alien plant species or crop

varieties that may be invasive

Animal Husbandry

Diversifying livestock

production (small

livestock raised) and

when appropriate

culturally or land-use wise

use /or integration of

crops and livestock (e.g.

goats, sheep, chickens) in

a mixed farming system

Improved management of

pastures/ grazing land

Livestock production

(increase proportion of

climate resilient livestock

or increased livestock

variety)

Clearing of land to create grazing

fields

Increased numbers of climate resilient

livestock may result in over

exploitation of natural resources that

include water and pasture land

Contamination of

water bodies at livestock watering

points/crossing points

Unsustainable use of

wetlands for grazing and watering

animals during dry periods of the year

may disrupt wetland ecological

processes

introduce mixed farming approaches by integrating

crop and livestock production systems

avoid overgrazing due to overstocking through

effective control of livestock numbers staying

within carrying capacity of the land

Put in place effective soil erosion control measures

for managing pastures and reduces contamination

of water at livestock watering points

Where feasible and culturally acceptable, consider

introduction of rotational grazing and zero-grazing

supported by production of fodder crops

Mix different livestock species (goats, sheep, cattle,

donkeys) to fully exploit vegetation resources

Where feasible, consider reforestation and

replanting of climate tolerant grass varieties

Community sensitization on good pasture

management and use of communal feedlots and

introduction of fodder crops

SPIU

MOF district

extension staff

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs


livestock diversification and

pasture management

Training in good livestock

production, including breeding




legislation

Small-Scale Aquaculture-

Construction/rehabilitation of

fish ponds in order to ensure

supply of fish throughout the

year

Restocking of fish ponds

Poor aquaculture management may

disturb the bio-diversity of the

ecosystem

Aquaculture may result in the

introduction of alien fish species some

of which may be invasive

Select locations which do not have other important

land uses e.g. use of existing depressions, hollows

and ditches.

Avoid siting points adjacent to areas with high

biodiversity values

Construct ponds in a manner that ensures good

drainage and erosion control

Plant vegetation (trees and grasses) on the edges

and between ponds

Good aquaculture management should be promoted

to ensure that there are no direct threats to the

ecosystem and to the indigenous fish species.

SPIU

MOF district

extension staff

Fisheries Dept.

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs

Specialised training in

aquaculture management

through short courses and/or

exchange visits

Training in biodiversity

management and conservation

of fragile ecosystems through

short courses and/or exchange

visits

Community level water

Infrastructure(boreholes , wells

small dams, reservoirs, weirs,

small scale Irrigation

Schemes)

To provide access to water

during prolonged droughts

Prevent waterlogging and

manage water flows during

Inadequate access to water may lead to

inappropriate use or over exploitation

of existing resources such as wetlands

flooding likely to lead to loss of

natural habitat and altered aquatic life

Disruption of water flow downstream

Disruption of fish migration

Disruption of flow of sediments with a

high nutrient value

Rehabilitate boreholes/wells that provide water in

all seasons

Construction of small-scale water regulation

structures (flood gates, canals, weirs and small

dams)

Construction of ponds/canals for water retention,

storage and drainage

Avoid construction of small water structures near or

adjacent to protected areas or natural habitats e.g.

SPIU

MOF district

extension staff

Water Affairs

Dept.

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs

Basic training in integrated

water resources management

and conservation of natural

habitats through short courses

and/or exchange visits

Basic training in water use and

resource management in

relation to smallholder under

irrigation through short

prolonged flooding

Water aquaculture

production

flood control, erosion control

recreation facility for local

tourism

-

Siltation in the absence of good

erosion control

Water logging

Soil erosion and degradation

Clearing of vegetation to increase

irrigated area

Increased use of agrochemicals and

fertilizers due to increase agricultural

production under irrigation scheme

wetlands

Planting of trees and grasses to protect dam walls as

soil erosion prevention measure

Promote appropriate use of fertilizers and agro

chemicals in the area near or adjacent to the small

dam or reservoir or canals

Siting of small irrigation schemes in less climate

sensitive terrain such steep slopes

Promote cultivation of crops that require less water

Ensure full community involvement in the control

and distribution of water

courses and/or exchange visits

Wildlife Sanctuaries,

communal game ranching

In areas near national parks and game

management areas, infrastructural sub-

projects may lead to destruction of

natural habitat that result in the

- displacement of wildlife;

- blocking of wildlife migration

routes

- competition for pasture

between domestic and wild

animals

Fencing off of protected wildlife habitats (national

parks and game management areas)

Consider the possibility of establishing wildlife

sanctuaries or wild life estates linked to income

generation through tourism

Establish communal game ranching to ensure

conservation of wildlife/natural resources supported

by income generation through tourism and

controlled game hunting

SPIU

MOF district

extension staff

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs

Specialised training in wildlife

management and game

ranching

Training in biodiversity

management and conservation

of fragile ecosystems

Training Business management

and entrepreneurial skills

through short courses and/or

exchange visits

Community forests,

reforestation

Effective benefit-sharing

ensures sustainable

management of community

forests

Increased pressure on land due to

increased farming activities may result

in unsustainable utilisation of natural

resources such as deforestation,

encroachment on watershed areas and

dambos, soil erosion etc.

Illegal logging of timber may lead to

large scale deforestation and

destruction of natural habitats

Introduction of invasive tree species

(e.g. black wattle) may threaten the

ecosystem

Establishment of forests managed by the

community drawing on local culture, traditions and

indigenous knowledge

Avoid locating forests near or adjacent to protected

areas such as wetlands, watershed and areas with

high biodiversity value e.g. the Kafue Flats and

Barotse Plains

Establishment of tree nurseries including fruit-tree

seedlings

Tree planting of fast growing indigenous tree

species using local labour

Ensure well-planned harvesting of trees e.g.

unconnected blocks

Promote the use of non-timber forestry products

(NTFPs – e.g. wild fruits, honey, mushrooms,

caterpillars)

SPIU

MOF district

extension staff

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs

Basic training in management

and forests and conservation of

natural habitats through short

courses and/or exchange visits

Training in business

management and

entrepreneurial skills through

short courses and/or exchange

visits

Roads

Upgrading and

maintenance of

Increased pressure on natural

resources (land, water, forests) as a

result of influx of population due to

voluntary settlement along the

Promote controlled settlement along improved

roads with assistance of traditional and local

authorities

Minimise clearing of vegetation

SPIU

MOF district

extension staff

MTWSC

Training in environmental and

natural resources management

in relation to road construction


community feeder roads

in the Kafue Sub-basin

Rehabilitation of

community road

infrastructure (farm-to-

homestead) to climate

resilience standards

improved roads

Loss of natural vegetation near

roads/important habitats

Air pollution (increased dust) during

construction/ rehabilitation of roads

extraction of road construction

materials e.g. gravel from borrow-pits

Disruption of water flow /blocked

drainage at culverts and bridges

Contamination through accidental

spillage of lubricants and fuels

Institute erosion control measures especially at

culverts/bridges

Design roadside drainage control (culverts/bridges

that can handle anticipated water flows

Ensuring culverts and bridges of correct size and

are installed at strategic points along the road

Ensure adequate and timely maintenance of

culverts and bridges

Put in place measures to prevent spilling of oils and

fuels and where feasible, recycle used oils.

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs



legislation

Training in conflict resolution

Protection of local

infrastructure and assets

Climate proofing of local

community infrastructure

such as community

service centres (markets,

clinics, schools etc)

No major environmental impacts are

anticipated from the sub projects

Strengthening of local planning processes,

participatory land use planning, development

planning, community planning of protected area

planning

Siting and construction of new buildings in areas

which are shielded from floods, storms and strong

wind

Construction of drainage/storm drains protect fields

from floods

Construction of gabions and other

stabilization/erosion prevention structures to protect

fields

Siting and construction of construction of ponds,

channels for water retention, storage and directing

running off

Dredging, ditching, construction of cut-off channels

direct water flow

SPIU

MOF district

extension staff

MTWSC

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs


environmental and natural

resources management

Training in environmental

protection and ecosystems

planning and management




legislation

Enhanced Local capacities for

coping with Climate Change

Support to community

level climate adaptation

No major environmental impacts are

anticipated from the subprojects

Develop mechanisms’ for Climate vulnerability and

hazard mapping

Strengthening the level of community organisations

e.g. water users associations, traditional structures

Development of climate information management

systems that tap into both modern and tradition

weather warning systems

Strengthening of local climate resilience structures

such as Satellite Disaster Management Committees,

Community, Water User Associations, Village

Development Committees, Marketing Associations,

Women Development Groups, Youth Organizations

Strengthening of community level organisation and

governance

SPIU

MOF district

extension staff

ZMD

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs

Sensitisation and training in

climate information systems

change adaptation including

vulnerability and hazard

mapping




legislation

Strengthening of traditional institutions in climate

resilience

SUBPROJECT SOCIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT

MEASURE(S)

RESPONSIBILITY CAPACITY BUILDING

Agriculture and Livestock Practices

Land Husbandry

Introducing/scaling-up conservation

tillage and soil moisture retention -

improved management of soil

moisture through use of mulch/organic

matter and conservation of soil organic

matter;

Increased yields may lead to voluntary

resettlement which is likely to generate a

host of social conflicts as the value of land

will rise

Increased income may lead to a disruption

of traditional lifestyles which may

encourage risky social behaviour like

increased alcohol consumption and

promiscuity. This may lead to an increase

in the spread of HIV/AIDS and STIs.

Formulate and implement conflict resolution

measures based on local traditions and conflict

resolution mechanisms

Provision of training on land-related conflict

resolution and management

sensitisation and training in good land

husbandry to increase yields

Formulate and implement measures to manage

public health aimed at preventing waterborne

SPIU

MAL district

extension staff

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs

Sensitisation/Training in;

assessment social impacts of

climate resilient sub-projects

basic requirements of social


legislation

conflict resolution

agricultural and livestock


MEASURE(S)


Crop Husbandry

Diversifying agricultural practices

such as crops/varieties grown

including those that can be drought

tolerant or grown under water logged

conditions or staggering time of

plantings;

Changing times for applying

agriculture inputs to take advantage of

available moisture and rainfall

Animal Husbandry

Diversifying livestock production

(small livestock raised) and when

appropriate culturally or land-use wise

use /or integration of crops and

livestock (e.g. goats, sheep, chickens)

in a mixed farming system

Livestock production (increased

proportion of climate resilient

livestock or increased livestock

variety)

Improved management of pastures/

grazing land

Increased demand for market space and

facilities due to increased yields

Increased health risk resulting from poor

water quality caused by increased use of

fertilizers and agro chemicals.

Increased social/marital conflicts due to

empowerment of women

Increased business opportunities may

result in mixing of people from different

back grounds which may undermine

traditional values and culture.

over grazing of natural resources that may

reduce availability of NTFPs due to

increased numbers of climate resilient

livestock

destruction of cultivated crops such as

grains, vegetables, fruit trees by livestock

(e.g. goats, cattle)

Increase in number of diseases from

contaminated animal watering points

diseases

Ensure full involvement of entire community

(not juts opinion leaders) to avoid land

conflicts

Intensify HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns

sensitization on the dangers of increased

interaction with outside communities and the

need for protection of local culture and

traditions

expand/renovate existing market places to

make them climate resilient

sensitisation and training in good crop

husbandry and management of water

resources

Post-harvest processing facilities for agro-

products to facilitate marketing

Storage facilities for agro-products to

facilitate marketing

promotion of use of organic fertiliser and

herbal/biological control of pests

sensitisation and training in good livestock

management planning including land use and

pasture management

promotion of best practices in mixed

(integrated farming)

diversification

climate sensitive

crop/livestock production and

management

best practices and livestock

management practices

water resources management

Small-Scale Aquaculture-

Construction/rehabilitation of fish

ponds in order to ensure supply of fish

throughout the year

Restocking of ponds

Fish ponds may promote breeding of

mosquitoes, the spread of bilharzia and other

water borne diseases such as dysentery,

cholera and diarrhoea.

Construction of ponds and small dams

may also increases diseases among

domestic animals

May increase conflicts in resources and

economic benefits.

Blocked access to sites of cultural

importance such a burial grounds or

national monuments.

Institute measures for controlling disease

carriers such as mosquitoes



diseases

Promote conflict resolution and prevention

Avoid locating aquaculture in areas near or

adjacent to important cultural resources and

sites.

SPIU

MAL district

extension staff

Department of

Fisheries

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs


Basic aquaculture

management

Public Health campaigns on

prevention of malaria and

waterborne diseases

Community level water

All year round crop production is likely to

Institute measures for controlling disease

SPIU



MEASURE(S)


Infrastructure(boreholes , wells small

dams, reservoirs, weirs, furrows

Irrigation Schemes )

To provide access to water during

prolonged drought

Prevent waterlogging and manage

water flows during prolonged flooding

Water aquaculture production

flood control, erosion control

recreation facility for local tourism

increase demand for water leading to

construction of weirs and small dams

which may mosquito breeding malaria and

other waterborne diseases

Community level water infrastructure may

block access to sites of cultural importance

such a burial grounds or national monuments.

Establishment of small dams, weirs, boreholes,

wells and furrows may lead to land conflicts

carriers such as mosquitoes and carry out

malaria sensitization campaigns and control

measures



diseases


Avoid locating community level water

infrastructure in areas near or adjacent to

important cultural resources and sites

MAL district

extension staff

Department of

Water Affairs

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs

Basic water infrastructure

management

Public Health campaigns

on prevention of malaria

and waterborne diseases

Irrigation infrastructure

and management

prevention of malaria and

waterborne diseases

Wildlife Sanctuaries/ Estates,

Communal Game Ranching

spread of diseases among domestic

animals due to introduction of wildlife

Fencing off areas for game

ranching/wildlife estates may block access

to sites of cultural significance and NTFPs

Increased opportunities for tourism may

further lead to mixing of people with

different cultural backgrounds which may

lead to interference in traditional lifestyles.

land conflicts due to large amount of land

required

Game ranching may result in benefit -

sharing conflicts

Physical separation of domestic animals from

wildlife through erection of fences

avoid siting sub-projects near significant

cultural sites and

provision for controlled access points for

communities and livestock

Strengthen cultural traditional practices

through recognition and support to cultural

ceremonies and activities

siting of wildlife/communal game ranches

away from land with higher economic value

SPIU

MAL district

extension staff

Dept. of

wildlife/ZAWA

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs

Sensitisation/basic training

in;

Wild life management

Community game ranching

Tourism/Hospitality

management

Community forests, reforestation

Sustainable management of

community forests

Management of fragile ecosystems

such as wetlands

Conflicts arising from benefit-sharing

from forest resources

blocked access to important cultural

sites/razing lands

reduce available land for agricultural

purposes which in turn may lead to social

conflicts


Identify all significant sacred cultural sites in

the project areas, and land with greater

agricultural/economic values

Land use planning sensitive to demand for

land

SPIU

DTOs

Dept. of Forestry

NGOs/CBOs


in;

management of Community

natural resources

management of community

forests

protection of ecosystems

(wetlands)

Roads

Rehabilitation of community road

infrastructure (farm-to-homestead) to

climate resilience standards

Increased traffic accidents and deaths

negative impact on morals, and local

culture and traditions due to increased

interaction with outside communities,

traders and tourists

Removal of natural vegetation near roads

and borrow pits may deny communities

access to NTFPs

increased incidence of malaria and other

Sensitization on road safety and consider

using speed bumps in areas with high

population of people

sensitization on the dangers of increased

interaction with outside communities and the

need for protection of local culture and

traditions

support to traditional ceremonies and cultural

SPIU

MAL district

extension

staff/MTWSC

DTOs

NGOs/CBOs


in;

Road safety and road

regulations

preservation of local

culture and traditions


requirements of social


MEASURE(S)


water borne diseases due to unfilled

borrow pits/quarries

activities

avoid siting borrow pits near forests rich in

NTFPs

sensitization on prevention of water borne

diseases.

safeguard policies and

local legislation relevant to

road projects

conflict resolution

Protection of local infrastructure and

assets

Climate proofing of local community

infrastructure such as housing,

community service centres (markets,

clinics, schools etc.)

Platforms for evacuating people and

animals during prolonged floods

No major negative social impacts are

anticipated

Awareness campaigns on climate resilient

infrastructure

Mainstreaming climate resilience community

infrastructure in IDPs and LAPs


in;

Climate proofing of

infrastructure at

community level

Basic skills in planning,

rehabilitation, maintenance

of climate resilient

infrastructure

Local Climate Change coping

capacities

Support to community level climate

adaptation

No major negative social impacts are

anticipated

Formalisation of climate information systems

at community and district levels

Integrating climate community information in

IDPs and LAPs

7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

7.1 The lead implementing Agent (MOF) with the help of relevant authorities must monitor the

environmental effects of project implementation and the success of mitigation measures. This should be

done by an independent team of experts to include MOF, ZEMA, Dept of Works, Project PCU, District

Councils, DWD, Min. of Health etc. Areas to be monitored include:

Soils: The farmers must ensure that no gullies or rills develop in the project area.

Vegetation: To make sure the local residents do not collect firewood excessively.

Loss of natural and cultural heritage:

To protect some natural features, antics and relics in the project area,

including chance finds.

Wildlife: Monitoring must be done to protect wild animals from being snared.

Marginal lands/fragile ecosystems:

Marginal lands and fragile ecosystems must be protected against overuse.

Chemical pollution: In order to monitor the amount of pollutants in the soil or water,

samples must be taken regularly from them for pollution testing.

Water resources: Both quality and quantity of water resources in the rivers must be

properly managed for sustainable livestock management to persist.

Ambient air quality: All air polluting activities need to be checked regularly to minimise

their effect on air quality.

Socio-Cultural Issues: Regular health checks of the work force/farmers are a way to monitor

disease patterns.

Noise and Vibrations: Monitor noise levels from the machinery to ensure that it conforms to

the limits recommended for noise levels.

7.2 It is recommended that all environmental parameters mentioned above be monitored during the

implementation and operation stages and any impacts should be mitigated as soon as possible. The

farmers and the PCU should monitor on a daily basis. In the course of monitoring, if and when any

significant impacts are detected, the monitoring team should meet and address the issue. All team

members should keep records of such meetings.

Table 7: Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan

ISSUE METHOD OF MONITORING AREAS OF

CONCERN

POSITIVE

INDICATOR

FREQUENCY RESPONSIBLE

AUTHORITIES

Soils The Developer should

make a daily inspection of

earth works, and ensure

that slopes are suitably

graded. Once earthworks

are complete the PCU

should monitor the

restoration measures

implemented by the

Contractor, such as re-

vegetation

Soil erosion

Conservation

activities

Rangelands

management

an absence of

rills, gullies or

other erosion

features occurs

Regularly

and ongoing

as project is

implemented

Department of

Forestry

Vegetation The farmers must clear area to

be used and site works only. Clearing of the

project site and

disturbance of

animals.

flora and fauna

No unnecessary

vegetation

cleared

Regularly

and ongoing

as project is

implemented

Department

of Forestry

Zambia

Environmental

Management

Agency

(ZEMA).

Animals

(Game

corridors)

The farmers and the

Environment Department staff

should carry out regular

inspections of the area and

check that usual animal access

routes are maintained.

Game corridors

Usual animal

access routes are

maintained /not

disrupted.

Reduced, human,

animal conflict.

Regularly

and ongoing

as project is

implemented

Zambia

Environmental

Management

Agency

(ZEMA).

Zambia

Wildlife

Authority

Birds Interference with nesting sites Nesting sites

Migratory routes

Reproductive

patterns of birds

undisturbed

Regularly

and ongoing

as project is

implemented

Zambia

Environmental

Management

Agency

(ZEMA).

Zambia

Wildlife

Authority

Small

mamMoFs

habitat loss

Ensure that no unnecessary

habitat loss occurs. Animal habitats No MamMoFs

are displaced

from their

habitats.

Regularly

and ongoing

as project is

implemented

Zambia

Environmental

Management

Agency

(ZEMA).

Zambia

Wildlife

Authority

Poaching Monitoring is the responsibility

of the Zambia Wildlife

Authority and the Police

Departments.

Poaching Number of

poaching

incidences

reduced or

eliminated.

Regularly

and ongoing

as project is

implemented

Zambia

Environmental

Management

Agency

(ZEMA).

Zambia

Wildlife

Authority

Police

department

Crime The PCU should Liaise with

police department if crime/theft

becomes a problem.

Criminal activities

in the area

Crime theft kept

to a minimum.

Incidences of

stock theft and

house breaking

minimized.

Regularly

and ongoing

as project is

implemented

Zambia

Wildlife

Authority

Police

department

District

Administrator

Noise Noise monitoring should be

carried out on an ad-hoc basis by

the Environmental Monitor or

the PCU to establish noise levels

in the work areas.

Noise Levels Noise levels at

the nearest

sensitive receiver

would be kept to

a minimum.

Regularly

and ongoing

as project is

implemented.

Ministry Of

Health

Zambia

Environmental

Management


CONCERN

POSITIVE

INDICATOR


AUTHORITIES

Agency

(ZEMA).

Health The PCU must ensure that

education and awareness

campaigns are implemented.

The Ministry of Health, local

authority should carry out

awareness campaigns on animal

related diseases, water-borne

diseases and carry out vector

control methods such as regular

spraying of potential breeding

sites (ponds)

Public health

Ensure that stagnant

water is sprayed to

destroy mosquito

larvae.

Waste management

at Sub-project sites.

Disease outbreak

due to

concentration of

people at the Sub-

project sites.

Disease outbreak

due to dust and

water pollution.

Control and

management of

various animal

diseases

Reduction in

number of cases

of such diseases

as Avian flu, foot

and mouth,

AIDS/STD

related diseases

recorded at

hospital and

medical clinic

Reduction in

number of

diseases such as

MoFaria and

cholera

Regularly

and ongoing

as project is

implemented

Health

ministry

Project PCU

MOF

Archaeology Provision should be made to

allow archaeologists to be

present on site during the

excavation periods if they so

wish. The PCU should inspect

all excavations, and where

archaeological remains are

found work must stop until the

PCU has given the all clear to

proceed. The PCU should

contact the Museums

Authorities in the event of a

significant archaeological find.

Archaeological

Findings

Archaeological

remains not

excavated,

disturbed or

destroyed.

Regularly

and

ongoing as

project is

implement

ed

Room for

chance

finds

National

Heritage

Conservation

Commission

Energy The Developer must inspect the

provisions made by the

Contractor to supply energy to

the workforce, and ensure that

fuel wood is not being collected.

The Environmental Department

should enforce legislation which

prohibits cutting down of trees.

The Environmental Department,

PCU and local leadership

(cultural and political) should

sensitize the workers against

cutting down of trees.

Types of energy

sources used in the

project

Energy supplied

by electric

generator or other

suitable source.

Deforestation and

resultant erosion

controlled and

reduced

Regularly Department

of Forestry.

Zambia

Environmental

Management

Agency

(ZEMA).

Air Pollution Observations should be made on

the level of dust generated

during the Agricultural Activity

implementation by the

Environmental Monitor or PCU.

Dampening should be carried

out if levels are unacceptable.

Levels of dust

emissions

Deposition of

dust on surfaces

should decrease

with increased

dampening

Regularly Health

ministry

Project PCU

MOF

Water

resources Water resources should be

managed well

The Ministry of Health should

test borehole water quality in

the area to ascertain the

suitability for human

consumption.

Watercourses and

impoundments.

Surface water

quality

Ground Water

Quality

Recommended

distances from

Water made

available for

environmental

concerns.

Pollution of

water

resources

monitored/det

Tests for water

pollution to be

done regularly

Health

ministry

Project PCU

MOF

Department of

Water

Development,

(DWD)


CONCERN

POSITIVE

INDICATOR


AUTHORITIES

watercourses.

Possible dam

construction sites.

ected early

and remedial

measures

taken on time

Zambia

Environmental

Management

Agency

(ZEMA).

Landscape The PCU should make visual

inspection of earth works to

ensure that excessive excavation

is not being carried out.

Temporary screening may be

appropriate in some cases.

Visual intrusions

Aesthetics

Landscape

alteration reduced

to a minimum

Monthly National

Heritage

Conservation

Commission

Zambia

Environmental

Management

Agency

(ZEMA).

Complaints The PCU should inspect the

record of complaints made by

local residents, to be kept by the

farmers, and should check that

action is taken quickly and that

the number of complaints do not

rise significantly.

Complaints Number of

complaints

decreases.

Regularly Project PCU

MoF

Zambia

Environmental

Management

Agency

(ZEMA).

Local

governance

MoF to ensure the following

compliancy to designs

Employment opportunities

and recruitment are

transparent.

Allocation of land is

overboard

Cultural values are

respected.

Land management

Land allocations

Socio cultural

issues

Local governance

Social Aspects,

Land rights

Disputes over

land reduced

Cooperation of

local

leadership is

secured

Locals

employed in

the projects

Regularly Ministry of

Local

Government

District

Councils

Project PCU

MOF

Agricultural

Activities Ensure that Agricultural

Activities follow designs and

recommendations given for

proper agricultural practices.

Ensure overall management of

the Programme.

Appropriate land use

downstream is done and no

pollution of crops from

contaminated water from

spillages occur.

Siting of works,

plan

Land degradation

curbed

Program running

smoothly

Regularly PCU

MOF

Table 9: Total Cost for the ESMP (in U.S. dollars) and disbursement schedule

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total

1. Training and Workshops 14,400 14,400 14,400 43,200

2. Site-specific ESMPs 30,000 30,000 60,000

3. Mitigation measures 72,000 72,000 72,000 42,000 42,000 300,000

4. Monitoring 10,000 23,793.75 53,793.75 53,793.75 23,793.75 165,175

5. Annual Audit 10,000 10,000 10,000 30,000

6. End-of Project Audit 10,000 10,000

TOTAL 608,375

8. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND PUBLIC DISCLOSURE

8.1 All stakeholders were consultated. The public consultation methods used included i) MoF

interviews with the individual stakeholders, ii) focussed group discussions with farmers iii) direct

observation and discussion in the field. The major elements of the consultation program will be timed

to coincide with significant planning and decision-making activities in the project cycle. In terms of

Zambia’s EA process, public consultation should be undertaken during (i) the preparation of the EA

terms of reference; (ii) the carrying out of an EA; (iii) government review of an EA report; and (iv) the

preparation of environmental terms and conditions of approval. To meet the consultation and

disclosure requirements of the Bank, the Zambia Government will issue a disclosure letter to inform

the Bank of (i) the Government’s approval of the site specific ESMPs; (ii) the actual disclosure of

these documents to all relevant stakeholders and potentially affected persons in Zambia, and (iii) the

Government’s authorization to the Bank to disclose these documents. The steps towards disclosure of

the Environmental documents have to be completed prior to appraisal of the Project.

8.2 Results of the Stakeholders’ Survey: Generally everybody, i.e. Government departments, NGOs,

Locals in the project area were very supportive of the project and in the stakeholders meetings about

95% of the respondents had no objection to the Livestock infrastructure rehabilitation/construction

project being implemented. Some association members had reservations as they held the whole

consultation process with suspicion since many such promises have never been fulfilled. The

stakeholders also hoped that the project would provide them with an opportunity for livelihood

improvement. As a result they expect to be employed during the project lifecycle. An analysis of the

Environmental Aspects Raised showed that 30% of the respondents were concerned with deforestation

and land degradation that may be caused by the project. The social aspects analysis showed that 35%

of the respondents expressed anxiety and anticipation as they were eager to have the project

commence but are not sure when it will happen. In terms of the economic aspects the majority of

respondents (40%) were very eager to know about employment creation and business opportunities

that will be afforded by the project. They expressed that once this is inplace, then improved incomes

and livelihoods would then be automatic.

9. CONCLUSION

9.1 The proposed project has potential to significantly improve small holder production,

productivity and income in the target Provinces, Luapula, Northern and Muchinga. An improvement in

the income of the Smallholder farmers will translate to improved food security as they now will have

cash to secure other needs. Besides, project development and operation will provide considerable

economic opportunity for material/equipment suppliers, construction contractors and agriculture

professionals. The environmental impacts that the developmental activities are likely to cause include

disturbance of soil from digging of pits and foundations, and road construction activities, tree cutting

and general vegetation clearing, emission of dust and generation of noise. These envisaged

environmental impacts will be experienced during the construction phase and will be localized,

minimal short term and can be mitigated.

9.2 It is therefore recommended that the mitigation measures developed for the identified potential

environmental and social impacts be strictly implemented for the project to maximise the positive

effects and minise the negative impacts. The project overally will not have any apparent

significant environmental impacts if the recommended mitigations are carried out.

Documents

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT (SESA ...€¦ · Strengthening Climate Resilience in the Kafue Basin COUNTRY: ZAMBIA STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT (SESA)