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Steve JohnsonAssistant Director, Trade and Industry
International Tropical Timber Organization
Promoting the implementation of SFM in the tropics
Sustainable Forest Management: International Experiences and Mexican Perspectives
22-25 September 2014, Mexico City
Early Warnings
• The Limits to Growth
• Our Common Future
• Rio Summit 1992
• 1970-1980: 11.3 million ha/yr
• 1980-1990: 16.4 million ha/yr
• 1990-2000: 16 million ha/yr
• 2000-2005: 13 million ha/yr
• 2005-2010: 11 million ha/yr
Tropical Deforestation Rates
Outcomes of the Rio Earth Summit (1992)
• Rio Declaration
– Forest principles
– Agenda 21 on sustainable development
– CBD
– UNFCCC
– UNCCD
Tropical forests sustainably managed in 1988
• Less than 1 million ha
• IIED published report ‘No Timber Without Trees’
• 41 principles
• 36 possible actions
• Areas covered:
– Policy & legislation
– Forest management
– Socio-economic & financial aspects
ITTO Guidelines for the Sustainable Management of Natural Tropical Forests
• Better understanding of SFM
• Consistency in reporting
• Basis for certification
• 5 criteria and 27 indicators at national level
• 6 criteria and 23 indicators at FMU level
Criteria and Indicators (C&I)
• 28 training workshops organized
• More than US$ 30 million in C&I activities, including workshops
• 150 countries
C&I Workshops and Activities
• Guidelines for the Sustainable Management of Natural Tropical Forests (1991)
• Guidelines for the Establishment and Sustainable Management of Planted Tropical Forests (1993)
• Guidelines on the Conservation of Biodiversity in Tropical Production Forests (1993)
ITTO Guidelines
• Guidelines on Fire Management (1998)
• Guidelines for the Restoration, Manage-ment and Rehabilitation of Degraded and Secondary Tropical Forests (2002)
• ITTO/IUCN Guidelines for the Conserva-tion and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in Tropical Timber Production Forests (2009)
• Voluntary guidelines for the sustainable management of natural tropical forests (2014)
ITTO Guidelines
Region Country Mission Date
Africa
Cameroon September 2008Central African Republic March 2002
Republic of Congo October 2001Gabon January 2005
Côte d’Ivoire August 2008Liberia May 2005Nigeria August 2007Togo February 2008
Asia-Pacific
Cambodia September 2004Fiji October 2004
India April 2006Indonesia September 2001
Papua New Guinea February 2007Philippines May 2003Thailand March 2006
Latin America
Brazil October 2001Ecuador April 2004Guyana October 2002Mexico May 2005Panama August 2004
Peru June 2003Suriname August 2003
Trinidad and Tobago December 2002
Diagnostic Missions since 2000
Forest Industry Support
Certified Timber
Certification
• Origin: unsustainable management of tropical forests
• Process: C & I audits certification
• Certified area in tropical countries: 40 mill ha (2011), mostly FSC and MTCC (PEFC growing)
• Share of tropical countries in global certified forest area still small (around 10% of total)
• 36 million ha sustainably managed
• 25 million ha for production
• 11 million ha for protection
• Asia-Pacific: 20 million ha
• Africa: 6 million ha
• Latin America: 10 million ha
SFM Tropics 2005
• 53 million ha sustainably managed
• 30 million ha for production
• 23 million ha for protection
• Asia-Pacific: 20 million ha
• Africa: 11 million ha
• Latin America: 22 million ha
SFM Tropics 2011
• Vegetation survey
• Fauna survey
• Local communityinvolvement
Biodiversity Expedition in Sarawak
Lanjak-Entimau – Betung Kerihun
• 1 million ha biodiversity conservation area
Region Countries Area
Borneo Sarawak, Malaysia & Kalimantan, Indonesia
2.71 m ha
Emerald Triangle Forest Complex
Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR
0.36 m ha
Kabo-Ndoki Region Congo, Cameroon, Central African Republic
1.30 m ha
Mengamé-Minkébé Gorilla Sanctuary
Cameroon, Gabon 0.14 m ha
Cordillera del Condor Ecuador, Peru 2.42 m ha
Tambopata-Madidi Protected Area
Peru, Bolivia 4.20 m ha
Total 11.13 m ha
Transboundary Conservation Areas
MOU with CBD
The ITTO Thematic Programmes
• TP concept adopted in 2008
• REDDES
• TFLET
• TMT
• CFME
• IDE
TFLET CFME
IDETMT
SFM
REDDES
Notable Figures on Financing
Global Financial Requirement for SFM
UNCED (1992)--------------------- ---US$31.25 b/yr
Pretoria Workshop (1996) ------ ---US$33 b/yr
ITTO (for all tropical forests)---- ---US$11 b/yr
UNFF (2006)1 ---------------------- ---US$69.3 b/yr
UNFCCC (to halve DD) (2007)2 --US$20 b/yrNote: 1 From “Brief study on funding and finance for forestry and forest-based sector” commissioned by UNFF Secretariat; Related disinvestments, including compensation for deforestation and forest degradation, are added.
2 From “Financing flows and needs to implement the Non-legally Binding Instrument on All types of Forests” prepared for AGF of CPF; Opportunity costs for REDD and afforestation/reforestation costs are included.
Notable Challenges
Financing tropical SFM
Market access
Negative perceptions of tropical timber
Competing land uses
Poor governance
Equitable benefit sharing and stakeholder involvement
ITTO-CITES Programme
Good example showing ITTO’s approach to promoting SFM
Focus on products from 8 tropical tree species listed in CITES Appendices
Assistance provided to facilitate management plans, inventories, non-detriment findings, wood identification, etc
$15 million funding since 2007; more funds being sought for new phase to start in 2015/16
ITTO-CITES Programme
Website: www.itto.int
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Promoting sustainable development through trade, conservation and best-practice forest management in
tropical countries