•  1954 – John Enders received a Nobel
prize in Medicine for growing polio
virus in human embryonic kidney
cells 
 
 
•  In 1998, James Thomson (University of Wisconsin-
Madison) isolated cells from the inner cell mass of the early embryo, and developed the first human embryonic
stem cell lines. 
 
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Totipotent Each cell can develop into a new individual
Cells from early (1-3 days) embryos
Pluripotent Cells can form any (over 200) cell types
Some cells of blastocyst (5 to 14 days)
Multipotent Cells differentiated, but can form a number of other tissues
Fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells
 
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“CC” Carbon Copy
developing into all the cell types of the
body.
more di$cult to isolate, and purify. 
 
1. Excess fertilized eggs from IVF (in-vitro fertilization) clinics
2. Therapeutic cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer)
 
 
Tens of thousands of frozen embryos
a r e r o u t i n e l y
destroyed when
treatment. 
T h e s e s u r p l u s
embryos can be used
to produce stem cells. 
R e g e n e r a t i v e
medica l research
egg is removed and
replaced with the nucleus
of a mature, "somatic
example).
this process, and no
womb.
The Ethical Problem 
•  
There is a risk of commercial exploitation of the human participants.
•  ESC will lead to reproductive cloning.
 
"  Hematopoietic  stem cells – forms all blood cell types 
 
 
 
 
(37°C), 0.075% Collagenase
 After digestion with
(Mesenchimal Stem Cells) 
 
Chondrocytes   Adipocytes Osteocytes 
 
 
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MSC Adhesion To Pancreatic Islets 
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Cell Replacement
•  MSCs in direct contact with pancreatic islets started to express Pdx1, a pivotal gene of insulin production, and then differentiated into insulin releasing cells
Paracrine Effects
 
 
 
Derived From Bone Marrow, Adipose Tissue And Wharton’s Jelly
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Clinical Trials Globally 
 
 
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! ank You