Stem Study Guide Answers

1. Introduction & Diagram Monocot Dicot

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2. Functions

• Support leaves & flowers

• Transport water, minerals, & food

• Some also store excess food &/or photosynthesize

3. Herbaceous vs. Woody Stems• Herbaceous - soft, green & can

photosynthesize

-examples: petunias, carnations

• Woody - hard & rigid with cork &

vascular cambium

-examples: conifers, perennial

dicots

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4. Stems & Food Storage

• Corms - short, thick underground stem with leaf scales (gladiolus)

• Tubers - swollen underground stem with buds (potato)

• Rhizomes - horizontal underground stems that store food (iris)

4. Stems & Food Storage

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5. Benefit of food storage in stems

• Helps plant survive drought or cold and enable it to grow from year to year

6. Herbaceous stem - most abundant tissue

• Pith - lightweight space filler

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7. Tissue in herbaceous dicots but NOT monocots?

• Cambium

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8. Herbaceous Monocot vs. Dicot?

• Monocots have scattered vascular bundles whereas dicots have bundles arranged in a ring around the cambium

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9. Woody Stem Diagram

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10. Tree Cross Section & Aging

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11. Cause of Annual Rings?

• Seasonal changes

- springwood has many large vessels

= light rings

-summerwood (late in the season) has

fewer, smaller vessels = dark rings

12. Heartwood vs. Sapwood

• Heartwood - clogged xylem at center of

woody stem (non-functional)

& darker due to resins,

gums, & tannins

• Sapwood - lighter, functional xylem on

outer edges of stem

12. Heartwood vs. Sapwood

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13. Bark

• Tough, corky tissue that protects the stem from damage by insects & herbivores; also protects against water loss &

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14. Bark Tissues

• Bark is composed of:

-cork

-cork cambium

-cortex

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15. Phloem• Phloem can transport other substances

besides sugar, such as hormones, amino acids, & viruses

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16. True or False:Primary growth is growth in

diameter.

False; primary growth is growth in length

17. True or False: Buds for new leaves usually grow at

the nodes

• True

The End

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