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Status of Global Advancement of

Biotechnology in All Areas

Duane R. Berglund andPhil McClean

Department of Plant ScienceNorth Dakota State University

September 22, 2005

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The Crop Biotech Market Is Dominated By Five Countriesa

58.8%/118 ma(63%/106 ma)

Top Five Countries = 96% of market20 % increase in biotech acreage from 2003

a2004 growing season data. http://www.isaaa.org/Press_release/Briefs30-2003/press/b30_english.htm 2003 in parentheses.

6.7%/13 ma(6.0%/10 ma)

20.0%/40 ma(21%/36 ma)

6.2%/12 ma(3%/7 ma)

4.6%/9 ma(3%/7 ma)

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Impact of GM Crops onWorldwide Crop Production

GM crops are grown on 5%of the 3.7 billion acres of cultivated land in the world

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Global Value of Biotech Crop Market

• 2004 market value of Biotech crops was $4.70 Billion

• Represented 15% of the total global crop value of $32.5 Billion

• Projected global Biotech crop value in 2005 is a > $5 Billion

Source: CropBiotech.Net

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The Latest Biotech News

ND GMO Planting Decisions (Winter 2005)

• New law enacted during 2005 legislative session• Only the ND state government has the authority to ban plantings of GMO crops• Response to laws passed at county level in other states

EU Approving GMO-free Zones (May 2005)

• European Union GMO regulations permit regions to declare themselves GMO Free• Otherwise approved GMO products can be grown• 162 regions or provinces (like states in USA) have asked to be GMO free• 4500 total government units have made the request

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Economic Effect of Bt CottonIn China

$200/acre increase in income

$750 million increase nationally

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Benefits to Hungarian Farmers

Trait

Total benefit

Farmer realized

Industry realized

Bt corn (european cornborer) 3 mill 76% 24%

Bt corn (Western corn rootworm) 16 mill 65% 35%

Herbicide tolerant maize 14 mill 73% 27%

Herbicide tolerant sugarbeet 3 mill 50% 50%

From: Demont et al. 2005. Potential impact of biotechnology in eastern Europe: transgenic maize, sugar beet, andoilseed rape in Hungary.

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Virus resistance

Source: Monsanto

Herbicide resistant crops current: soybean, corn, canola, cotton, alfalfa coming: sugarbeet (on hold), lettuce, strawberry, wheat (on hold), Turf grass resistance gene from bacteria is source

papaya, squash, potato resistance gene from a virus

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Whats Being Looked at Today in the Biotechnology Labs.

Healthcare• 130+ medicines and

vaccines• 350+ products in clinical

trials

Environmental Cleanup • Microorganisms to

clean-up waste

Industrial Processes• Reduce impact of

processes in cleaning, textile and paper industries

Food Applications• Enzymes for cheese, yogurt,

baked goods, wine

Agriculture• Insect control• Other agronomic traits –

fusarium, leaf rust, drought and salt tolerance

• Improved Quality of grains• Food applications

Animal Healthcare andMarine Life

Source : Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO)

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Biotech chymosin

Source: Rent Mother Nature

Source: Chr. Hansen

Bacterial and Animal Biotechnology Products

enzyme used to curdle milk products gene from yeast harvested from GE bacteria replaces the calf enzyme

increases milk production gene from cow protein harvested from GE bacteria replaces cow protein originally harvested from pituitary glands of slaughtered cows

bST (bovine somatotropin)

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Next Generation of Ag Biotech Products

Source: Minnesota Microscopy Society

Golden Rice

Sunflower

Increased Vitamin A content Transgenes from bacteria and daffidol Controversory: large amount needed to solve problem and is a culture issue!!

White mold resistance Resistance gene from wheat

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Environmental Applications

Bioremediation

Indicator bacteria

cleanup contaminated sites uses microbes designed to degrade the pollutant

contamination is detected in the environment microbes sensitive to certain pollutants

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Land Mine Detection

Without this effort, that is dangerous to our military, children are maimed.

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Land Mine Detection

How biotechnology helps• Patented transgene added to plants• When metal from mine is detected

• Plant turns from green to red• Technology developed by Aresa Biodetection

Mine detected

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Biotechnology and Health

Product Use

Insulin Diabetes

Interferon Cancer

Interleukin Cancer

Human growth hormone Dwarfism

Neuroactive proteins Pain

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Edible Vaccines – A Biopharming DreamBiotech Plants Serving Human Health Needs

• A pathogen protein gene is cloned• Gene is inserted into the DNA of plant (potato, banana, tomato)•Plant must be isolated and highly regulated!• Humans eat the plant • The body produces antibodies against pathogen protein• Human are “immunized” against the pathogen• Examples:

DiarrheaHepatitis BMeasles

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Tooth decay

Future Health-related Biotech Products

Vaccines Herpes hepatitis C AIDS malaria

Streptococcus mutans, the mouth bacteria releases lactic acid that destroys enamel engineered Streptococcus mutans does not release lactic acid destroys the tooth decay strain of bacteria

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Top BiotechnologiesIn The Future

Nutritionally Enriched Crops• Malnutrition is widespread• Malnutrition is associated with many diseases• Modification of staple crops necessary to solve the problem

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Precautionary PrincipleWhy Europe Regulates Biotech Products

Precautionary Principle States• Commercial activities can be restricted by governments

IF a scientific or environment risk is perceived EVEN IF conclusive data is NOT YET available

It is:• A key principle that underlies European Union approaches to regulating biotech products• Incorporated into the Maastricht Treaty that lead to the formation of the EU

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• The principle makes it difficult to: determine when risk avoidance should take precedence

over the general welfare

• At its most basic, the principleRegulates man’s excitement of the new and novelCan prevent the most unexpected damage from occurring

• As interpreted the principle requires that: Biotech products should be regulated until compelling evidence proves they are safe

Effects of Applying the Principle

Precautionary Principle

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What Would Lead to Acceptanceof GMO Products?

Significantly Lower Prices

Norway (2003 study)Consumers would buy the product over non-GMO bread

If the cost of GMO bread 49.5% lower

Japan (2004 study)Consumers would preferentially buy GMO-base product

If the cost of GMO noodles was >50% lower

England (2001 study)Men: would pay 26% extra to avoid GMO technologyWoman: would pay 49% extra to avoid GMO technology

Data quoted from: AgBioForum (2004) 7:70-75

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Other Attitudes Toward Biotechnology

China• Will pay

16% premium for GM oil 38% premium for GMO rice 35% premium for processed GMO potato products

Colombia• 66% would try GMO products• GMO products most favorable to those with limited access to high quality food

Data quoted from: AgBioForum (2004) 7:70-75

Developing Countries

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Why Are Attitudes Different??

In these countries,

•An urgent need for available, nutritious food of good quality exitsted

• Individuals trusted their government

• Science in general had a positive public opinion

These attitudes are opposite of those expressed inEuropean public opinion pools.

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Thanks for your attentionANY QUESTIONS