National Plant Protection WorkshopHotel Le-Himalaya, Lazimpat, Kathmandu

Date: Falgun 19, 2075 (March 03, 2019) Sunday

STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT FLY IN NEPAL

Presented by:Debraj Adhikari, debhorti@yahoo.com

ASenior Agriculture Officer, Junar Superzone (PMAMP), SindhuliBFormer Principal Scientist, NARC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal

CProfessor of Entomology, Agriculture and Forestry University, NepalDFounder & CEO, Beijing Ecoman Biotech Co. Ltd., China

EChief, Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Management Centre, NepalFSecretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Nepal

Presentation Outline

About Fruit fly host country- Nepal

Introduction

Fruit fly species in Nepal

Quarantine fruit fly species

What we did after the agreement?

Fruit fly surveillance in Sindhuli

Fruit fly problem in Nepal

Fruit fly management

Assessment of fruit fly management measures

Chinese Citrus Fly

Area Wide Control Program

Conclusion

2Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

About Fruit fly host country- Nepal

Country: Nepal

Capital: Kathmandu

Geography: Surrounded by India and

China in land locked mode.

Climate: Tropical to temperate climates

geared with elevation ranging

from 90 to 8848 masl.

Nepal has four major seasons, namely

Winter, Spring, Summer and Autumn

• Only 30 percent of the total cultivated

land is irrigated in the country.

Nepal, occupying only 0.1% of earth, is

home to 2% of all the flowering plants

in the world.

Land use pattern in Nepal

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 3

Introduction

• There are several production problems of agricultural crops in Nepal. Obviously, crop insect pests pose problems to limit agricultural production.

• Fruit flies notoriously deplete vegetable- and tree-fruits qualitatively and quantitatively (Adhikari et al., 2018).

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 4

Introduction

• NPPO-Nepal is aware of the fruit fly pestilence in potentially tradable horticulture fruits of the country, and is making update on the country status of fruit flies through a regular surveillance (Sharma et al., 2015).

• Fruit fly management methods differ in their efficacy and are variably adopted by farmers.

• This presentation highlights the status and management of fruit fly in Nepal.

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 5

Fruit fly species in Nepal

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

S N Fruit fly species Reference Remarks

1 Bactrocera dorsalis Sharma et. al., 2015, Adhikari et al., 2017, Bhandari et al., 2017

Reported by Entomology Division NARC;and stored in Kirtipur laboratory

2 Bactrocera zonata Sharma et. al., 2015, Adhikari et al., 2017, Bhandari et al., 2017

Reported by Entomology Division NARC;and stored in Kirtipur laboratory

3 Bactrocera correcta Sharma et. al., 2015 Reported by Entomology Division NARC;

4 Bactrocera cucurbitae Sharma et. al., 2015, Adhikari et al., 2017, Bhandari et al., 2017

Reported by Entomology Division NARC;and stored in Kirtipur laboratory

5 Bactrocera tau Sharma et. al., 2015, Adhikari et al., 2017, Bhandari et al., 2017

Reported by Entomology Division NARC; and stored in Kirtipur laboratory

6 Bactrocera scutellaris Sharma et. al., 2015, Adhikari et al., 2017, Bhandari et al., 2017

Reported by Entomology Division NARC;and stored in Kirtipur laboratory

7 Bactrocera diversus Sharma et. al., 2015 Reported by Entomology Division NARC;

8 Bactrocera caudatus Sharma et. al., 2015 Reported by Entomology Division NARC;

9 Bactrocera minax Sharma et. al., 2015, Bhandari et al., 2017

Reported by Entomology Division NARC;

10 Bactrocera yoshimotoi Sharma et. al., 2015,Bhandari et al., 2017

Stored in Kirtipur laboratory

11 Bactrocera tsuneonis Nepal China Agreement, 2012 Listed in quarantine species of fruit fly

12 Dacus longicornis Adhikari and Joshi, 2016, Adhikari et al., 2017,

Reported from sweet orange orchards of Sindhuli 6

Fruit fly species in Nepal

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 7

Special Remark

Bactrocera tsuneosis• Collected species of fruit fly from Sweet Orange at

Helambu, Sindhupalanchock on 1984 was previously identified as Bactrocera tsuneosis which was later taxonomically corrected as Bactrocera minax.

• There exists no fruit fly species like B. tsuneosis in Nepal.

• But, while making Agreement with China, B. tsuneosis was listed as a Nepali species.

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

Fruit fly species in Nepal

Five other species of fruit fly were identified in the trainingof fruit fly identification which was conducted by PlantProtection Directorate, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur (R. D.Gautam, S. K. Singh and R. Kumar) in 2015 at NARCEntomology Division, Khumaltar and the species arepreserved in Plant Protection Laboratory, Hariharbhawan.

B. nigrofemoralis (White & Tsuruta) Tiwari, 2016

B. latifrons (Hendel) Tiwari, 2016

B. aritfacies (Perkins) [Tiwari, 2016; and Bhandari et al., 2017] ,

B. tuberculata (Bezzi) [Tiwari, 2016; and Bhandari et al., 2017] and

D. ciliatus (Loew) Tiwari, 2016

Thus, presently, 17 species of fruit flies are available in Nepal.

Tiwari, D. B. (2016). Fruit fly and Their Management. Plant ProtectionBulletin. Plant protection Directorate, Hariharbhawan, Nepal 25: 7-8. 9

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

Quarantine fruit fly species

• In the Nepal-China bilateral agreement on 2012 to exportNepalese citrus fruits to China five species of fruit flieswere listed as pest of quarantine significance by thecontracting party.

Source: Sharma et. al., 2015Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

What we did after the agreement?

• Discussion, review, guidelines preparation and field

works to support agreement.

• PPD as NPPO has focused on specific survey to detect

the concerned pests.

• Pest survey protocols for quarantine pests and survey

plans are prepared.

• Orchard Selection and Registration (by DADO)

• Field survey for the particular pests are continued since

May 2014.

• Internal Quarantine Directive

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 11

Fruit fly surveillance in Sindhuli

12Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF FRUIT FLIES IN SWEET ORANGE ORCHARDS IN SINDHULI, NEPAL

Figure 2. Number of fruit flies trapped in different lures on May 2014 to May 2015 in Sweet

orange orchard of Sindhuli, Nepal.

13Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

The problem of fruit fly

• The groups of horticultural crops most affected by fruit fly problems were cucurbit fruits (79%) followed by tree fruits (14%) and solanaceous fruits (6%) Adhikari et al., 2018).

• G.C. (2001) recorded 42-68% bitter gourds losses due to fruit flies invasion.

• Chinese citrus fly (B. minax) is a very serious insect causing sweet oranges losses as high as 97 % by the end of harvesting season in the eastern middle mountain regions of Nepal (NCRP, 2012) and it is moving towards the central parts of the country (Adhikari et al., 2018). 14Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

Fruit fly managementS.

N.

Management

measures

Practices recommended by plant doctors

(No. of recommendation reported in POMS among 180 entries)

1 Sanitation Collect, remove, destroy,

bury infested fruits (127) i.e. 70.6%

2 Pheromone

lure/trap

Methyl eugenol, Cue lure,

composite lure (168) i.e. 93.3%

3 Chemical

insecticides

Malathion and other

insecticides (47) i.e. 26.1%

4 Botanicals Neem based (Azadiractin)

and JHOLMAL (44) i.e. 24.4%

5 Cultural

methods

Soil treatment/tillage, Removal of host plants,

Crop rotation, Clean cultivation,

Weeding, Pruning (40) i.e. 22.2%

6 Exclusion

measures

Netting whole plants, bagging

(wrapping fruits) (11) i.e. 6.1%

7 Food lure/

Protein

hydrolysate

Ripe fruits (pumpkin, banana + insecticide as

bait (8) i.e 4.4%Figure: Fruit Fly management measures recommended by the plant

doctors in the plant clinic sessions from September 2013 to July 201615Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

Assessment of fruit fly management measures

S N Management measures

1 Sanitation

2 Pheromone lure/trap

3 Chemical insecticides

4 Botanicals

5 Cultural measures

6 Exclusion measures

7 Food lure / Protein hydrolysate

8 Bio pesticides/Biological measures

9 Post-harvest fruit treatment

10 Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)

CriteriaEconomic, Effective, Safe, Practical and Locally available

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 16

Assessment of fruit fly management measures

Criteria Measures

Economic Sanitation, cultural, botanicals,

Effective Para-pheromone, sanitation, exclusion

Safe Para-pheromone, botanicals, exclusion

Practical Para-pheromone, sanitation, botanicals

Locally available

Sanitation, cultural, botanicals

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 17

Chinese Citrus Fly (Bactrocera minax)

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 18

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19Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

20Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 21

Chinese Citrus Fly (Bactrocera minax) (Enderlien)

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 22

Adhikari & Joshi, 2018Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 23

INTRODUCTION

24Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal Adhikari & Joshi, 2018

Loss of Sweet Orange Fruit

25Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

INTRODUCTION

26Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

27Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

28Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

29Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

Sanitation vs. miss-management

We have technology, What can we do ? 30Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal

Quarantine!

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 31

Conclusion

Fruit flies, Bactocera cucurbitae, B. tau, B. dorsalis, B. zonata, B. scutellaris, and B. minax are predominantly occurring flies in horticultural ecosystem and infesting fruits in Nepal.

B. minax is becoming dangerous pest of tight skinned oranges in Nepal.

The integrated management measures should be employed to manage fruit fly problems in horticultural crops.

Area Wide Control Program has been succeed to manage Chinese Citrus Fly in Sindhuli, Nepal.

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 32

Thank you!

Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 33