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ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT BIOINDICATORS:
THE ECOMAN PROJECTA multi-biomarker approach to
ecosystem management
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT BIOINDICATORS:
THE ECOMAN PROJECTA multi-biomarker approach to
ecosystem managementMalcolm B. Jones
Rebecca Brown, Mark Browne, Awantha Dissanayake, Mike Depledge, Tamara Galloway & Dave Lowe
School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Plymouth
&Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Malcolm B. JonesRebecca Brown, Mark Browne, Awantha Dissanayake,
Mike Depledge, Tamara Galloway & Dave LoweSchool of Biological Sciences
University of Plymouth&
Plymouth Marine Laboratory
CURRENT ISSUESCURRENT ISSUES
• Limited public funds• Limited public funds
• Increasing range of pollutants • Increasing range of pollutants
• Multiple mechanisms of toxicity• Multiple mechanisms of toxicity
• Complex coastal ecosystems• Complex coastal ecosystems
• Diverse array of analytical and diagnostic tools• Diverse array of analytical and diagnostic tools
ECOMAN - PROJECT AIMSECOMAN - PROJECT AIMS
• To apply a ‘weight-of-evidence’ approach to their use in ecosystem management• To apply a ‘weight-of-evidence’ approach to their use in ecosystem management
• To develop more pragmatic environmental assessment techniques linking environmental degradation with its causes
• To develop more pragmatic environmental assessment techniques linking environmental degradation with its causes
BIOMARKER: A DEFINITIONBIOMARKER: A DEFINITION
• Functional measures of exposure to stressors expressed at the sub-organismal, physiological or behavioural level
(McCarthy and Munkittrick, 1996)
• Surrogate measures of organism health and chemical impact
• Functional measures of exposure to stressors expressed at the sub-organismal, physiological or behavioural level
(McCarthy and Munkittrick, 1996)
• Surrogate measures of organism health and chemical impact
PollutantPollutant
Effects on Individuals
Population & Community Effects
Physiological Response
Biochemical Response
Molecular ChangeR
esp
on
se T
ime
Res
po
nse
Tim
e
Eco
log
ical
Rel
evan
ceE
colo
gic
al R
elev
ance
SAMPLING STRATEGYSAMPLING STRATEGY
• Defined by ecosystem hierarchy• Defined by ecosystem hierarchy
• Considers trophic level of sentinel organisms• Considers trophic level of sentinel organisms
COMMON COASTAL ORGANISMS WITH DIFFERENT FEEDING TYPES
COMMON COASTAL ORGANISMS WITH DIFFERENT FEEDING TYPES
Halichondria paniceaHalichondria panicea Asterina gibbosa
Nereis diversicolorNereis diversicolor Nucella lapillusNucella lapillus
omnivorous scavengerfilter feederfilter feeder
omnivoreomnivore carnivorecarnivore
AIMAIM
• To conduct a rapid assessment of marine pollution in coastal sites of the UK using the ECOMAN approach
• To conduct a rapid assessment of marine pollution in coastal sites of the UK using the ECOMAN approach
Chemical analysisPAHsmetals
biocides
Background informationBackground information
Detailed impact assessment and remedial actionDetailed impact assessment and remedial action
Types of exposurehydrocarbons - PAH fluorescence
metals - metallothioneingenotoxins - micronucleus
endocrine disruptors - imposex, intersex
Biological effects:general health
lysosomal stabilitycardiac output
immunocompetence
HOW CAN THESE DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS BE USED
TO REFLECT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY?
HOW CAN THESE DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS BE USED
TO REFLECT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY?
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SITES(Anova, Kruskal Wallis)
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SITES(Anova, Kruskal Wallis)
Biomarker
esterase activitymetallothioneintotal proteinPAH in urine
Biomarker
esterase activitymetallothioneintotal proteinPAH in urine
C. edule
filter feeder
p = 0.0178p = 0.0117
C. edule
filter feeder
p = 0.0178p = 0.0117
L. littorina
grazer
p = 0.0000
L. littorina
grazer
p = 0.0000
C. maenas
carnivore
p = 0.0016p = 0.0473
C. maenas
carnivore
p = 0.0016p = 0.0473
molecular
cellular
physiological
molecular
cellular
physiological heart rateintersex indexheart rateintersex index
micronucleilysosomal stabilityphagocytosis
micronucleilysosomal stabilityphagocytosis
p = 0.0060p = 0.0060
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSISMULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Univariate analysis describes associations and relationships between individual
variables
Multivariate analysis examines the complex inter-relationships between many variables
simultaneously
Univariate analysis describes associations and relationships between individual
variables
Multivariate analysis examines the complex inter-relationships between many variables
simultaneously
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSISMULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
• Allow sites to be distinguished chemically• Allow sites to be distinguished chemically
• Allow sites to be distinguished biologically• Allow sites to be distinguished biologically
• Define the most sensitive organisms/biomarkers• Define the most sensitive organisms/biomarkers
• Establish the relationship between biological and environmental variables• Establish the relationship between biological and environmental variables
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
• In this pragmatic approach, ecological relevance guides the choice of species and biomarker
• In this pragmatic approach, ecological relevance guides the choice of species and biomarker
• Ecosystem decline is not linear• Ecosystem decline is not linear
• Multivariate analysis can reveal complex inter-relationships between suites of biomarkers and environmental variables
• Multivariate analysis can reveal complex inter-relationships between suites of biomarkers and environmental variables
SUMMARYSUMMARY
• The ECOMAN approach provides a viable framework for the incorporation of biomarkers into environmental management strategies
• The ECOMAN approach provides a viable framework for the incorporation of biomarkers into environmental management strategies
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Becky Brown• Awantha Dissanayake• Mark Browne• David Lowe• Tamara Galloway• Mike Depledge
• Becky Brown• Awantha Dissanayake• Mark Browne• David Lowe• Tamara Galloway• Mike Depledge
• Ylva Olsen• Utra Mankasingh• Jo Hagger
• Funded by DEFRA & The Environment Agency
• Ylva Olsen• Utra Mankasingh• Jo Hagger
• Funded by DEFRA & The Environment Agency