Printed in 1963 in the Workshops of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,

Place de Fontenoy. Pa~is-7~. France

ST/ S/ 8 SS 62. XVI. 8 A 0 Unesco 1963

Unescoj ST/ S/ 8 Corr. Paris, 31 May 1963 Original : English

Statistics OR Radio and Television 1950-1968

C O R R I G E N D U M

Page Table Country

43 1 Chile

45 1 India

75 7 Saudi Arabia

76 7 N e w Zealand

Column 9, delete footnotes 7, insert 6 Column 6 second line, delete 9, insert 59 Second column, insert September 1957

Second column, insert End of 1961

A D D E N D U M Country pres en tation

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Unesco Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of the frontiers of any country or territory.

statistics on radio

and television 1950 - 1960

unesco

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

I . RADIO BROADCASTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 . Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 . Radio broadcasting transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 . Radio broadcasting receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

I1 . TELEVISION BROADCASTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4 . Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5 . Television broadcasting transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6 . Television broadcasting receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

111-RADIOANDTELEVISIONBROADCASTINGPROGRAMMES . . . . . . . . . . 27 7 . Radio broadcasting programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 8 . Suggestion for an international classification

of radio broadcasting programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 9 . Television broadcasting programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

IV-STATISTICALTABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

A . Radio broadcasting : 1 . Number of transmitters and total transmitting power: 1950. 1960 . . . . . . . . 38 2 . Total number of receivers and receivers per 1 000 inhabitants : 1950. 1960 . . . . 50 3 . Total number of receivers and receivers per 1 000 inhabitants

(in selected countries) : 1950 - 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4 . Total number of wired receivers : 1950. 1955 and 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5 . Composition of domestic radio broadcasting programmes according

to national classifications. during a typical week in 1959 . . . . . . . . . . 61 6 . Percentage of time devoted to news. music and other types of programmes ;

from total broadcast time during a typical week in 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . 69 B . Television broadcasting :

7 . Total number of transmitters in operation for regular and experimental broadcasts : 1953. 1958. 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

8 . Total number of receivers and receivers per 1 000 inhabitants : 1953. 1958. 1960 . . 77 9 . Total number of receivers and receivers per 1000 inhabitants

(in selected countries) : 1950 and I953 - 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BO 10 . Composition of television broadcasting programmes according to

national classifications. during a typical week in 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . 83

. I N T R O D U C T I O N

The impact that broadcasting has in the life of modern societies is an object of great interest, which creates in turn an ever-growing need for statistics concerning the utilization of this powerful instrument as a medium for the dissemination of information, enlightenment and entertainment.

Statistical information on radio and television broadcasting facilities has been included in various Unesco reports '. Since 1952, data on the number of radio receivers and, since 1954, data on the number of television receivers have been published in the Unesco Basic Facts and Figures. These data have also been reproduced each year in the United Nations Statistical Yearbook.

The Unesco statistical questionnaire on radio and television broadcasting (ST/Q/ 40), sent to all countries in 1959, requested data on radio and television ttansmitters and receivers for the years 1950- 1959, and information on broadcast programmes for 1959. T w o other questionnaires, ST/Q/41 and ST/Q/ 53, distributed in 1960 and 1961, asked for up-to-date figures on all mass media facilities including radio and television.

The present report is based on the information thus collected, supplemented by figures obtained from national publications, international sources and from publications of non-governmental professional organi- zations specialized in radio and television broadcasting matters. Often, data even from the same sources are contradictory and consequently difficult to evaluate. The accuracy of the data varies widely; in some cases they are estimates of approximative value only.

The report is concerned with broadcasting as defined by the International Telecommunications Union, that is, a radio communication service (including sound and television) in which the transmissions are intended for direct reception by the general public.

The purpose of this report is to present statistics concerning broadcasting transmitting and receiving facilities for the period 1950- 1960. (In a number of cases data for 1961 were included.) A tentative suggestion for the classification of radio broadcast programmes by content is also included.

The report consists of four parts : Section I deals with radio broadcasting (transmitters and receivers); Section I1 with television broadcasting (transmitters and receivers) ; Section 111 with radio and television programmes ; Section IV includes statistical tables.

classification of radio broadcast programmes. They should be addressed to :

2

Comments are solicited from readers concerning either the statistics presented in this report or the proposed

The Statistical Division Department of Social Sciences Unesco, Place de Fontenoy, Paris 7e

The following symbols are used in the tables : Data not available ... Magnitude nil - Provisional * Not applicable

1. Unesco. Series of Technical reports on the facilities of mass communications (press, film, radio) Volumes I-V, 1947- 1951. World Communications, 1950, 1951, 1956. Television. A world survey, 1953 ; Supplement, 1955. Various reports on the Development of information media in the developing countries. 1959- 1961.

2. European Broadcasting Union, EBU Reviews. Part A (technical), Brussels ; and part B (general and juridical), Geneva. International Telecommunication Union. Journals UIT, Geneva. International Radio and Television Organization, ,OIR T documentation and information bulletins, Prague.

1.. RADIO BROADCASTING

1. ORGANIZATION

No statistical survey of radio broadcasting would be complete without a review, however brief, of the different types of organization and control of broadcasting services throughout the world.

Broadcasting in all countries is subject to special government regulations, but while in some countries there is a tendency to consider domestic broadcasting as a public service, in other countries systems are based on the principle of private enterprise. There are great variety of forms in each of these two main cate- gories. In some cases an integral combination of both methods has been chosen. International broadcasting is nearly always under direct government control or supervision.

For the practical purposes of a world survey, the various types of domestic radio broadcasting systems have been classified in the following three main groups :

(a) Broadcasting as a public service

Broadcasting organized on a non-commercial basis and largely financed through licence fees and / or govern- ment subsidies ; although some countries may include a limited amount of commercial advertising. Services may be operated :

(i) Under direct State control as a national institution or government department. Within this category come the majority of countries in Africa (e.g. Ghana, Madagascar, Tunisia, UAR : Egypt, Uganda) ; in Asia (e.g. Afghanistan, Mainland China, India, Nepal, Turkey) ; in Europe (e.g. Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Greece, Yugoslavia); in Qceania (e.g. American Samoa, Br. Solomon Islands,Tonga) ;as also in the USSR.

(ii) Ay a public corporation, under State control but enjoying a certain degree of operational independence, including independence with respect to the arrangement of programmes and administration. Characteristic examples of this type of organization are provided by Belgium, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, South 'Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

(b) Radio broadcasting as a private enterprise.

Broadcasting carried out by commercial companies entirely financed by income from advertising (e.g. Andorra, Cominican Republic, Luxembourg, Macau, Monaco, Surinam), or including also private concerns operated on a non-commercial basis such as stations belonging to universities, religious associations, and other non- profit-making institutions (e.g. Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Liberia, Mozambique)..

(c) Combined systems.

(i) Radio broadcasting mainly based on the principle of private commercial enterprise, but including State- operated stations. Such systems may include private stations operated on a non-commercial basis and publicly owned stations operated on a commercial basis.. The United States of America and most of the Latin IAmerican countries QArgentina, Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela), come into this group.

(ii) Radio broadcasting as a public service (either under direct State control or operated by a public corpo- ration), with a parallel system of commercial radio. As examples of the coexistence of government operated and private broadcasting may be cited Hong Kong, Republic of Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Portugal, Spain.

5

Examples of the coexistence of public corporations and private companies are found in Australia, Canada, i d Japan. In Canad-a the broadcasting system is a unique combination of public and private elements governed by a single regulating authority.

Table A below shows the number of countries using the various main types of domestic radio broadcasting organization in the six continental areas of the world.

A. Distribution of countries according to main types of domestic radio broadcasting system (around 1960) by continents

Continent

Government of Coexistence government Total

number of contra' Or public corporation countries

Private (or public)

enterprise enterprise and private

Africa America, North America, South Asia (excl. USSR) Europe (incl. USSR) Oceania

World total

48 41 4 3 24 8 9 7 14 2 5 7 40 31 3 6 31 26 3 2 17 14 1 2

174 122 25 27

In most countries of the world broadcasting is operated as a public service ; in more than two-thirds broad- casting is under government control or operated as a public corporation and in one-sixth there is a combina- tion of government and private enterprises.

In virtually all European countries broadcasting is a public service. In the Americas, the tendency is to entrust the exploitation of broadcasting to private commercial enterprise.

It may be estimated that at least 30 countries where broadcasting is organized as a public service devote some programme time to commercial advertising (e.g. Austria, Ceylon, Israel, Italy, Poland, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Rumania, UAR : Egypt).

2. RADIO BROADCASTING TRANSMITTERS

Radio transmitters are characterized by the frequency and wave bands in which they operate within the radio spectrum. The frequency of a transmitter is measured in kilocycles per second (Kc/s) and megacycles per second (Mc/s) 1. Wavelengths are measured in metres and divided into the following groups : long, medium, short and ultra-short wave bands. The frequency ranges set aside for broadcasting by international agreement, and their corresponding equivalents in wave lengths are given below ’.

Frequency (Kc/s or Mc/s)

Wavelength (in metres) Designation

150 to 285 Kc/s 1050 to 2 000

2 300 to 27 500 Kc/s 11 to 130 535 to 1605 Kc/s l85to 560

30 to 960 Mc/s 1 to 10

Long wave Medium wave Short wave Ultra-short wave

1. A kilocycle is 1 000 cycles ; a megacycle 1 000 000 cycles. 2. International Telecommunications Union. Radio Regulations (Additional radio regulations. Additional orotocol, Reso-

lutions and recommendations), Geneva, 1959. 3. As the velocity of propagation of radio waves through space is about 300 000 000 metres per second frequencies can

easily be converted to wave lengths (and vice versa) by the following formula : 300 000 000 wave length (metres per second) = frequency (cycles per second)

4. The frequency band 2 300 to 5 060 Kc/s, that is, 59 to 130 metres, is allocated for broadcasting in the tropical zone.

6

Table I in section IV gives data for two years : 1950 and 1959 ( or 1360) on the number of radio broadcasting transmitters and their total transmitting power in Kw. They are classified according to the frequency bands used, as long wave, medium wave, short wave and ultra-short wave transmitters. Acolumn is added giving infor- mation concerning the type of organization of the broadcasting service : whether controlled by the government or a public corporation, or based on the principle of private enterprise, or whether both systems are in use.

Figures relate to transmitters (or to broadcasting stations, which may consist of one or more transmitters). The date of the count may vary from country to country.

In interpreting the figures it must not be forgotten that data on transmitters cannot reflect the importance of broadcasting in some areas. The power of transmitters may vary widely, and in several countries there are many low-powered transmitters whose broadcasting coverage is limited. Also in some other countries, transmitters are unevenly distributed, being concentrated in one or a few cities, leaving vast rural areas without adequate services.

Taking into account the limitations of the data as above mentioned, world estimates of the distribution of broadcasting transmitters are given in table B below. Data are provided as a rough measurement of the utiliza- tion of radio broadcasting transmitting facilities in the various regions of the world.

B. Distribution of countries according to the number of radio broadcasting transmitters in use, by continents

(I 950 2nd around 1960)

Countries with the following numbers of transmitters Total Year number of

countries 0 Continent

1 2 to 5 G to 20 21 to 50 51 to 200 Mor;&han

Africa '1950 1960

55 55

23 7

14 7

11 25

6 12

1 4

America, North 1950 1960

America, South 1950 1960

25 25

14 14

4 1

5 2

4 6

3 5

6 5

1 4

2 2

3 3

1 1

2 1

6 6

1 2

1 - - 1

Asia (excl. USSR) 1950 1960

Europe (incl. USSR) 1950 1960

40 40

5 - 9 3

12 18

9 9

2 6

- 1

2 3 2 3

34 34

1 - 8 5

13 9

5 7

- 4

Oceania 1950 1960

20 20

10 3

5 9

3 6

1 1

1 1

World totals 1950 1960

188 188

46 14

34 22

41 63

32 36

17 20

15 24

3 9

1. Present boundaries. 2. Liechtenstein, Malta and Gozo, San Marino.

_. - - From table B it may be seen that in 1950 about 50 countries, half of which are in Africa, had no broadcasting transmitting facilities, and that over 30 countries had only one transmitter. Around 1960, at least 14 countries had no radio transmitter and 22 others had only one transmitter, representing altogether about 20 per cent of the total number of countries included in this survey, but covering only less than 1 per cent of the world population. All countries in Europe, except Liechtenstein, Malta and Gozo and San Marino, have local broadcasting

It is interesting to note the significant changes that took place during the period under review in the two ~~ services.

extreme classes : the number of countries with more than 200 transmitters tripled and the number without transmitters decreased-nearly to one-third.

7

Table C,which follows, presents world and continental estimates of the total number of radio broadcasting transmitters in use and their total transmitting power. For 1950 it was not possible to show estimates of the total transmitting power for North America, as data for the United States were not available. 1950 and 1960 estimates of transmitting power exclude the USSR and Mainland China.

C. Estimated number of radio broadcasting transmitters and total transmitting power, by continents

(I 950 and around 1960)

1950 Atound 1960

Total Total power of To tal Total power of Continent number of transmitters number of transmitters transmitters (in Kw) transmitters (in Kw)

Africa America, North America, South Asia (excl. USSR) Europe (excl. USSR) Oceania USSR

140 1 1 0 0 350 5 000 3 600 ... 5 700 32 000 800 2 800 1 900 7 500

560 1: 000 2 600 40 000 200 800 250 1 700 100 .. . . 400 ...

450 '2 100 1 2 0 0 9 000

World totals 5 900 ... 12 400 95 000

1. Excluding Mainland China 2. Excluding USSR and Mainland China

From table C it can be seen that there were more than 12 thousand radio broadcasting transmitters in the world around 1960 and that the number had more than doubled in the preceding ten years. Europe (including the USSR) compared with all continents made the greatest headway, more than quadrupling its total number of transmitters. North America increased by 60 per cent. The number of transmitters almost tripled in Asia and more than doubled in South America and Africa. The lowest increase, of about 25 per cent,was in Oceania.

The total transmitting power more than quadrupled in Africa and Asia (excluding Mainland China); almost tripled in South America and Europe (excluding the USSR); and doubled in Oceania, from 1950 to 1960.

Around 1960, Europe, though in second place as to number of transmitters (24 per cent of the world total), is the leading continent with respect to total transmitting power (42 per cent of the world total). North America, being in the first place as to the number of transmitters (46 per cent) accounted for 34 per cent of the world total power of radio transmitters.

World estimates concerning the classification of radio transmitters according to the different wave bands in which they operate could not be calcplated because data available were not suitable for these purposes. How- ever, data have permitted some estimates concerning ultra-short wave transmitters.

Ultra-short wave bands have come into large-scale use for broadcasting only in recent years. Most frequency modulation transmitters1operate within this band. In 1950 there were about 800 radio broadcasting transmitters using these'bands in six countries : United States, 749 ; FederaI Republic of Germany,-l9 ; Canada, 5 ; Italy, 8 ; Denmark, 2 ; Belgium, 1 .

Around 1960 there were approximately 2 500 ultra-short wave transmitters operated in 39 countries . These countries were distributed as follows : 4 in Africa ; 7 in North America ; 2 in South America ; 5 in Asia ; and 21 in Europe (including USSR).

.

1. Frequency modulation (FM),a type of modulation which makes transmissions with much greater clarity of sound possible.

8

Graph I. Distribution of radio broadcasting transmitters by continent

Estimated percentages : 1960

a. Number of transmitters

t 3% OCEANIA 2%

b. Total transmitting power (Kw.)

-AFRICA 5% - t OCEANIA 2%

9

The following countries had ultra-short wave transmitters with a total transmitting power of more than 30 KW, around 1960;

D. Countries operating ultra-short waue transmitters having a total transmitting power of more than 30 KW , around 1960

Country Number of ultra- Total transmitting

short wave power transmitters (in KW)

United States of 'America 817 12 637

United Kingdom 126 1 260 Austria 28 746 Yugoslavia 8 74 1

Germany, Federal Republic of 155 3 775

Finland Sweden Denmark Netherlands Canada

Italy Germany, Eastern Spain Switzerland Japan

44 637 35 595 8 360 12 283 89 237

87 2 210 22 143 9 59 43 48 5 41

Brazil 54 34

Tables E and F show the countries in which there were more than 100 radio broadcasting transmitters operating around 1360, and the countries in which the total transmitting power of such transmitters was more than 1 000 Kw :

E. Countries with more- than 100 radio broadcasting transmitters, around 1960

Number of transmitters Countries

United States of :America 4 281 Italy 1 003 Brazil 924 USSR 407 Mexico 377

Canada 363 Japan- 358 Spain 318 Co 1 o m bi a 281 Germany, Federal Republic of 236

Countries Number of transmitters

United Kingdom Cuba !Australia Ecuador Philippines

China, (Taiwan) Austria China, (Mainland)

222 190 185 135 127

125 120 105

10

F. Countries with more than 1 000 KW total trans- mitting power for radio broadcasting around 1960

C o u n trie s Transmitting power in KW C o unt r i e s Transmitting

power in KW

United States of IAmerica United Kingdom Germany, Federal Republic of France Canada

Brazil Mexico

Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia

Italy Germany, Eastern

Japan

24 184 5 740 5 571 3 849 3 305

2 870 2 800 2 480 2 154 2 135

2 082 1 935

Poland Sweden Colombia

Egypt Austria India Australia Finland

Hungary Argentina Spain

1831 1 824 1 736

1 604 1 507 1 373 1 276 1 267

1236 1 057 1012

The highest transmitting power totals for radio broadcasting are found in the United States, Canada, 13 Euro- pean countries, 4 countries in Latin America, 2 in Asia, 1 in Africa and 1 in Oceania. On the other hand there are at least 15 countries (of which the majority are in Africa). which have only 1

transmitter of 0,5 KW or less.

3. RADIO BROADCASTING RECEIVERS

Much more accurate seatistical information concerning the utilization of radio receivers in different areas, in terms of the numbers of families with radio listening facilities, can be obtained by listener survey methods (censuses or annual surveys).. Such statistics, however, are compiled only in a limited number of countries {e.g. Canada, United Kingdom, United States)..

Unfortunately, for the majority of countries, statistics on radio broadcasting facilities are available from secondary sources only. Such statistics give information on : a) number of licences issued (or, in a few cases, number of declarations made) in countries where the owners of radio receivers are I leg-allyrequired to pay alicence fee or to declare possession of receivers; b) estimated number of receivers in use in countries without a licence system, based on the number of sets produced, imported or sold ; c) number of subscribers to wired broadcasting systems where such systems are in use.1

Available statistics do not usually distinguish between the various types of receiving sets. Thus, data may cover all types of sets ranging from those equipped for receiving very high and ultra-high frequencies to primi- tive crystal sets or merely loudspeakers connected to a wired broadcasting network. Moreover such statistics rarely indicate whether the receivers in question are installed in private homes,in automobiles, or in public places, whether they are portable sets, etc.

Data on radio receivers given in the tables in Section IV refer either to the number of licences issued (or, in a few cases, to the number of declarations made) or to the estimated number of receivers in use, these categories being distinguished by the code letters " L " and 'I R It respectively. Licence numbers may fail in various ways to represent the actual number of receivers in use, since one licence may cover more than one set hand, estimates of the number of receivers in use also vary in reliability.

in the same household and very often the number of receivers owned illicitly may be large. On the other

1. Wired broadcasting (also called radio distribution or relay exchange ) is a system whereby listeners receive pro- grammes by wire, rather than direct by radio waves. The apparatus in the listener 's home is simple and cheap, con- sisting only of a loudspeaker, but programme choice is, of course, restricted. The system has developed in some countries in Western Europe, in Eastern Europe, in several U K Commonwealth territories, in some Asian countries such as Japan, and in the USSR.

11

In the tables the term ' radio receiver ' applies to all types of receivers for radio broadcasts to the public, including wired receivers connected to a 'radio distribution system '. The actual date to which the statistics refer is not frequently mentioned ; data simply being given for a certain year. Thus, time reference may vary from country to country.

In Section IV, table 2 presents data on the total number of receivers, and on receivers per 1 000 inhabitants for the years 1950 and 1960 (or 1959) ; table 3 gives, for these countries for which comprehensive statistical series were available, annual data for the years 1950-1360 inclusive ; and table 4 gives data on the number of wired receivers for the years 1950, 1955 and 1960 (or 1959).

A s proviously noted the accuracy of the data varies, Figures for several countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, in particular, should be used with some caution.

Relative figures on number of sets per 1 000 population, as indicators of the utilization of radio receivers may be misleading in some cases. Besides the diversity of methods used for obtaining the estimates on which the rates are based, various environmental factors can, in fact, make for substantial differences in the actual utilization of radio receivers in different areas. For instance, in a number of countries collective listening, on an organized basis or otherwise,is developed to a certain extent (e.g. India, U A R : Egypt) and the total number of receivers per 1 000 inhabitants may not give a proper measurement of the radio audiences. But it is believed that, within the limits imposed by these reservations, ratios of number of sets per thousand inhabi- tants can be used as a rough measurement of the availability of radio receiving facilities.

Almost every country in the world has radio receivers, but vast areas are still inadequately equipped. Table H presents informati on on the availability of radio receivers per 1 000 inhabitants for countries with more than 50 000 inhabitants.

G. Distribution of countries according to the number of radio receivers per 1 000 inhabitants, by continents

(1 950 and around 1960)

Numbers of countries with the following numbers of receivers per 1 000 inhabitants Total

Year number of countries Up to 10 11-50 51-100 101-200

Continent

50 50

42 30

- - 8 - 15 5 Africa 1950

1360

America, North 1950 1360

22 22

6 1

10 1 3 8 6 5

2 2

America, South 1950 1960

12 12

7 3 2 1 7 3

10 - 2 15 9 3

- 1

Asia (excl. USSR)

Europe (incl. USSR)

26 11

1950 1360

38 38

1950 1360

28 28

1 - 6 5 9 1 4 6

7 17

4 2

Oceania 1950 1960

9 9

- 2 1 2 1 2

2 2

Totals 1950 1960

159 159

79 44

43 10 16 42 32 19

11 22

12

In 1950, half of the countries considered in the survey had not more than 10 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants, and around 1960, 28 per cent of the countries (two-thirds of which were in Africa) were still in this category. The number of countries in the group 11 - 50 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants remained almost the same in the two periods under consideration, but the actual composition of the group changed. There was an increase in the number of African and Asian countries , a decrease in the number of countries in the Americas and Europe (incl. USSR), no change being recorded in Oceania. The number of countries with more than 50 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants doubled in the period under review.

Table H presents in summary form estimates of the numbers of radio receivers in the world. Secause of the inadequacy of the available statistics and the lack of current information for several areas the data should be regarded as rough estimates only.

H. Estimated numbers of radio receivers in use and of receivers per 1 000 inhabitants, by continents

(1 950 and around 1960)

1950 Around 1960

Continent Number of

Per cent of receivers per 1000 inhabitants

Total Number of number world number world 'er cent of receivers

total per 1000 Total

(million) total (million)

Africa America, North America, South Asia (excl. USSR) Europe (incl. USSR) Oceania

World totals

1.4 1 7 5.3 1 22 93 51 427 190 50 717 7 4 64 15 4 100 12 7 9 30 8 18 64 36 109 140 36 219 2.3 1 179 3.3 1 213

180 100 72 385 100 13 0

Some general conclusions may be drawn from tableH,subject to the reservation stated above concerning the approximate nature of the data. The table shows that radio receivers in the world doubled in number from 1950 to 1960. The greatest rate of increase OccurredinlAfrica and Asia. Africa, with the lowest number of sets in 1950, almost quadrupled its total ; Asian countries almost tripled their total. In North America, Europe (incl. USSR) and South America, the number of receivers doubled. The lowest r,te of increase was in Oceania.

In 1950 as well as in 1960 North America and Europe (including USSR) accounted for about 50 and 36 per cent respectively of the total number of receivers in the world. The rest of the world accounted for only one-seventh.

Wired receivers (see footnote 1, page 11) are used in a number of countries. It is estimated that there were more than 12 million wired receivers in the world in 1950 and about 40 million in 1960. Europe (including USSR) accounted for almost all wired receivers (12 million in 1950 and 37 million around 1960). The greatest part of the expansion took place in the USSR (from 9 685 000 in 1950 to 30 900 000 in 1960 ; see Section IV, Table 4).

Rumania and Switzerland, 25 per cent in Poland, 15 per cent in the Netherlands and 10 per cent in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Japan. (See figures in Section IV, Table 4). It is also known that there are large numbers of wired receivers in Mainland China, but data for this country were not available.

highest number of radio receivers in the world, accounting for about half of the world total ; next comes the USSR. Other countries with more than 8 million sets in 1960 were : Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, France, Canada and Italy. If the number of sets is related to population, the leading countries among those with more than 200 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants are : United States, Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Eastern Germany, Luxembourg and Federal Republic of Germany. (See tables I and J page 16.) It will be noted that the United Kingdom, which is well served with radio facilities, is placed tenth on the list of countries according to the number of sets per 1000 inhabitants. This may be due to the fact that, as stated in previous paragraphs, data on the number of receivers related to population figures do not always give a realistic picture.

Around 1960 about 70 per cent of all sets in the USSR were wired, 40 per cent in Bulgaria, 35 per cent in

The United States has the

Graph I I . Total number of radio receivers, by continents: 1950 and 1960 (in millions)

200

1 50

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

N O R T H E U R O P E ASIA S O U T H AFRICA OCEANIA AMERICA (incl. USSR) (excl. USSR) AMERICA

14

Graph I l l . Distribution of radio broadcasting receivers, by continents

Estimated percentages : 1950 and 1960

1950

4% I ‘-AFRICA 1 %

OCEANIA 1 %

1960

4%

OCEANIA 1 %

15

I. Countries having more than 2 500 000 radio re - ceivers in 1960

J. Countries having more than 200 radio receivers per 1 000 inhabitants in 1960

Country Total number of radio receivers (in thousands)

Country Number of radio receivers per

1 000 inhabitants

United States of [America 168 500 (1959) USSR 40 818 (1959) Germany, Federal Republic of 16 441 United Kingdom 15 163 Japan 12 410

France 10 981 Canada 8 050 Italy 8 005 China, (Mainland) *7 000 (1959) Germany, Eastern 5 574

Poland Brazil Czechoslovakia Argentina Mexico

Netherlands Sweden Spain

5 268 *4 570 3 530 3 500 3 300

3 126 2 744 2 717

United States of !America Canada Sweden Denmark Germany, Eastern

Luxembourg Germany, Federal Republic of Uruguay Belgium United Kingdom

Norway Iceland Austria Finland Switzerland

Netherlands Czechoslovakia N e w Zealand France Australia

Hungary Malta and Gozo

948 (1959) 452 367 332 323

312 296 291 289 289

285 284 279 276 273

272 259 245 24 1 222

222 213

16

1000

900

800

700

600

500

4on

300

200

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

IO 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960

17

11. TELEVISION BROADCASTING

4. ORGANIZATION

The organization of television broadcasting in the different countries of the world has in general followed the established patterns for radio broadcasting services. Various systems have been adopted, but they may be classified in the following three principal categories, as in the case of radio : a) television as a public service ; b) television operated by private enterprise ; c) coexistence of both systems.

Some countries where radio broadcasting is under direct State control, (e.g. Iran, Lebanon) or where govern - mental and private enterprises coexist (e.g. Republic of Korea, Philippines) have chosen private commercial operation as the sole system for their television services. One country, the United Kingdom, where radio broad- casting is under public control, has adopted a combined system of publicly controlled and commercial tele- vision.

(a) Television as a public service.

Thailand, UAR : Egypt, USSR.

Republic of Germany, I:aly, Sweden, Switzerland.

(i) Examples of government operated television are found in Colombia, Denmark, France, Poland, Spain,

(ii) Examples of television organizations as public corporations are found in Austria, Belgium, Federal

(b) Television as a private concern, operating on a commercial basis, is found in The Federation ofRhodesia and Nyasaland, most of the Latin American countries, Hong Kong, Iran, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Monaco. In one country, Saudi IArabia, television services are operated by private enterprise on a non-commercial basis.

(c) Combination of systems. (i) Television systems mainly based on the principle of the private enterprises but including some publicly

operated stations are found in Guatemala, Peru, the United States, Venezuela. Private enterprises may include some which operate on a non-commercial basis.

Australia, Canada, Japan and the United Kingdom. In Portugal, services are run by government controlled stations and private stations.

broadcasting services.

(ii) Television broadcasting operated by a public corporation and private commercial stations is found in

Table K presents the distribution of countries according to the principal types of organization of television

18

Graph V. Distribution of number of television broadcasting transmitters, by continents

Estimated percentages : 1953 and 1960

1953

!LD - SOUTH AMERICA ~2% ASIA (excl. USSR) 1 %

1960

I OCEANIA 19

THE WORLD . USSR) 7% ERICA 4%

1 % 1 %

K. Distribution of countries according to main types of television broadcasting systems (including experimental television

services), by continents (around 1960)

Continents Government Coexistence of

Total number control Private government or of countries or public enterprise public and private

corporation enterprise

Africa America, North America, South Asia (excl. USSR) Europe, (incl. USSR) Oceania

Wor Id to ta Is

- 4 2 2 12 3 15

8 2 4 2 16 9 6 1 25 21 2 2

1

-

- 2 1

70 35 26 9

It will be recalled that, as shown in Table A , more than two-thirds of radio broadcasting systems were organ- ized as public services. For television broadcasting, only half the total number of countries have government controlled systems or public corporations. Thi s might seem to show that the tendency towards commercial operation is becoming more accentuated in television services than in radio broadcasting.

broadcasts (e.g. Austria, Colombia, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, Iraq, Italy, Rumania, Spain, Syria, Thailand, UAR : Egypt).

In several countries where television is a public service, the system has been enlarged to include commercial

5. TELEVISION DROADCAS TING TRANSMITTERS

Television broadcasting, the newest medium of information, has been expanding rapidly throughout the world in recent years. In 1736 only one country, the United Kingdom, was transmitting regular programmes. In 1950, 5 countries, in 1955, 17, and in 1960, 63 countries were making regular television broadcasts to the public. The distribution by continents was as follows :

Number oLc2uAtries making regular television broadcasts

1950 1953 1960

- 4 Africa - America, North 2 5 14 America, South - 3 7 Asia (excl. USSR) - 2 12 Europe (incl. USSR) 3 7 24

2 Oceania - - World total 5 17 63

In addition, at the end of 1960 another 7 countries were operating experimental television services ( Albania, Cambodia, Chile, India, Kuwait, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turkey).

Table 7 in Section IV gives data for the years 1953, 1958 and 1960 on the number of television broadcasting transmitters in service, operating on a regular or experimental basis. This table gives separate data for satellite (or secondary) transmitters 1 and for experimental transmitters. Information concerning the dates when regular television broadcasts started in the different countries is also given. In the column I* Broadcasting

1. The term " satellite or secondary transmitter " is applied to those subsidiary transmitters used to re-distribute the programmes originating in the main transmitting stations.

20

organization 'I, the principal types of television broadcasting organization are indicated by means of symbols. Figures represent either the number of transmitters or the number of stations,(which may consist of one or

several transmitters). The date of the count may vary from country to country. As television is developing very rapidly, different time references may affect the comparability of the data. As may be seen from table 7 in Section IV, in 1953 only three countries had more than 10 transmitters :

United States, 351 ; Federal Republic of Germany, 13 ; Canada, 12. Around 1960 fourteen countries had more than 20 television transmitters, including seven countries which had over 90. These were : the United States, 579 ; Italy, 425 (of which 397 were satellite transmitters) ; the Federal Republic of Germany, 325 (280 satel- lite transmitters) ; the USSR, 169 (76 satellite transmitters) ; Japan, 127 (12 satellite transmitters) ; Canada, 98 (24 satellite transmitters) ; France, 91 (59 satellite transmitters).

only on regular basis ; 8 of them were in Latin America, 6 in Asia, 3 in Europe (Bulgaria,Luxembourg and Monaco), one in Africa (Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland) and one in Oceania (New Zealand). When comparing data on television transmitting facilities, it should be borne in mind that the number of

transmitters, as in the case of radio, does not fully reflect national coverage of the broadcasting services. Among the countries with television transmitters which give virtually complete national coverage the following may be cited : Canada, the United States, Japan, Belgium,Denmark, France, Federai Republic of Germany, Eastern Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, Uni ted Kingdom, the USSR.

on a regular or experimental basis.

In 1960, there were 19 countries operating one transmitter

Tables L and M below give world estimates of the number of television broadcasting transmitters operating

L. Estimated number of television transmitters operating on a regular basis, by continents

(1953, 1958, 1960)

Continent 1953 1958 1960

Total Satellite' Total Satellite' Total Satellite ~

3 (1 1 Africa - - America, North 379 (4) 642 (34) America, South 8 - 31 (15) Asia (excl. USSR) 3 59 (4) Europe (incl. USSR) 33 (8) 675 (437) Oceania - -

- - 6

World totals 420 (10) 1400 (490)

22 (10) 731 (43 ) 81 (35) 160 ( 26)

1 270 (900) - 17

2300 (1000)

1. Satellite or secondary transmitters also included in totals.

M. Estimated number of television transmitters operating on an experimental basis, by continents

(1953, 1958, 1960)

Continent 1953 1958 1960

Africa America, North America, South Asia (excl. USSR) Europe (incl. USSR) Oceania

World totals 12 11 25

21

The number of television transmitters has been increasing very rapidly in all continents, especially in Europe (incl. USSR), where the total rose from 33 in 1953 to 1270 in 1960. North America almost doubled its number in the same period. In 1953, North America accounted for 90 per cent of the total number of television trans- mitters in the world. In 1960, the number of transmitters in Europe (incl. USSR) represented 55 per cent of the world total ; in North America, 32 per cent and in the rest of the world, 13 per cent.

The number of satellite transmitters has increased at a higher rate than the number of main transmitters. Nearly all the expansion has taken place in Europe. It should be noted that in a number of cases satellite trans- mitters may be very low-powered.

40 per cent of the total number of satellite transmitters in the world.

6. TELEVISION BROADCASTING RECEIVERS Statistics on television receivers, like those on radio receivers, are derived from secondary sources and refer either to the number of licences issued (or in a few cases of declarations made) or to the estimated number of receivers in use. Thus, the international comparability of the figures for television sets is affected by similar shortcomings as those noted with respect to those for radio receivers. In Section IV, table 8 gives data on the total number of television receivers per 1 000 inhabitants for the

years 1953, 1958 and 1960; and table 9presents figures for the years 1950 and 1953 to 1960 inclusive for countries for which time series were available. Figures marked L" in the tables represent the number of licences and those marked ' R ", estimates of the number of receivers in use.

are installed in cafes, bars, restaurants and other public places. Furthermore, television clubs or other forms of collective tele-viewing on a organized basis are found in several countries (e.g. Italy, Iraq, Japan). For such countries, information based on number of receivers may not give a real picture of television audiences.

However, for television as for radio, ratios showingthe number of sets per 1 000 inhabitants may be used as a rough indication of the availability of television receiving facilities.

The distribution of countries according to the number of television receivers per 1 000 inhabitants in 1953 and 1960, is shown in table N which follows.

In 1960, one European country, Italy, had 397 satellite transmitters, (out of a total of 425), accounting for

When comparing the data it should be borne in mind that in many countries a large number of television sets

N. Distribution of countries according to the number of television receivers per 1 000 inhabitants, by continents

(1953, 1960)

Total number of

coun- at 2 11 21 51 101 more tries least to m to to to than

one 10 20 50 100 200 200

Number of countries with the following numbers of receivers per 1 000 inhabitant

Continents Year

- - - - - - - Africa 1953 0 - - - - - 1960 5 3 2 America, North

America, South

Asia (excl. USSR)

- - - - 1 Europe (incl. USSR) 1953 10 5 4 - 1960 24 5 3 8 5 2 1 Oceania

World totals

- - - - - - - - 1953 1 1960 2 1

1953 19 7 8 1 1 1 1 1960 70 15 24 8 10 7 3 3

- - - - - - 1. Including countries which receive television programmes from neighbouring countries, but excluding countries with less

than 50 000 inhabitants

22

In 1953, of the 19 countries which had television receivers, only 4 had more than 10 receivers per 1 000 in- habitants ; in 1960 out of 70 countiies, 31 had more than 10 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants, including countries which had more than 50 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants. Television in Africa, Asia and Oceania is still in its beginnings. In these areas only two countries had more than 10 sets per 1 000 inhabitants in 1960 : Australia (108) and Japan (64).

13

Estimates of the number of television receivers in use in the world, by continents, for the years 1953, 1958 and 1960 are presented in Table 0.

0. Estimated number of television receivers in use and receivers per 1 000 inhabitants, by continents

(1953, 1958, 1960)

1953 1958 1960

Continents Per 1000 Total Per 1000 Total

(000)

Per 1000 Total number (ooo) inhabitants

Continents

number inhabitants nGtby inhabitants Per 1000 Total Per 1000 Total

(000) (000) Per 1000 Total

number (ooo) inhabitants number inhabitants number inhabitants

Africa America, North America, South Asia (excl. USSR) Europe (incl. USSR) Oceania

- - 20 0.1 120 0.5 28 000 122 54 000 21 1 61 000 23 1

100 1 1 400 11 2 100 15 8 1620 1 6 200 4

3 300 6 17 700 29 31 000 49 - - 500 28 1100 69

World totals 31 400 12 15 000 26 100 000 34

As in the case of radio receivers, the data are approximative only. But it can be said that, roughly, there were about 100 million television sets in the world in 1960, and that this number had more than tripled during the last 7 years. In 1953, 89 per cent of the television receivers in use in the world were to be found in Narth America (and

almost all of these were in the U.S.A.). Europe (incl. USSR) accounted for 11 per cent. Numbers of receivers in South America and Asia were negligible (0.3 per cent). In 1960, North America had 60 per cent of the world total of television sets, Europe (incl. USSR) 31 per cent and the rest of the world 9 per cent.

23

Graph VI. Total number of television receivers, by continents : 1953 and 1960 (in millions)

60

50

40

30

20

NORTH EUROPE. ASIA SOUTH OCEANIA AFRICA AMERICA (incl. USSR) (excl. USSR) AMERICA

24

Graph Vll, Distribution of television receivers, by continents Estimated percentages : 1953 and 1960

1953

t REST OF T H E W O R L D -SOUTH AMERICA 0.3%

ASIA (excl. USSR)

1960

T H E W O R L D USSR) 6% ERICA 2%

1 % 0.1 %

The trend of increase, parallel to that of television transmitters, shows that North America doubled its number of sets from 1953 to 1960. In the rest of the world, the rate of increase was higher ; in Europe (incl. USSR) the number of television sets increased almost tenfold from 1953 to 1960. In the other continents small numbers have been increasing at even higher rates.

From tables 8 and 9 in Section IV, it may be seen that in 1953, only 8 countries had more than 10 000 receivers : United States (27 300 000); United Kingdom (2 957 000); Canada (593 000); USSR (225 000); Cuba (79 000) ; France (60 000) ; Belgium (15 000) and Federal Republic of Germany (12 000). In 1960, seven countries had more than 2 000 000 receivers : United States, United Kingdom, Japan, USSR, Federal Republic of Germany, Canada, and Italy. Tables P and Q present data for 12 countries with more than 1 million television sets and for 15 countries

with more than 40 sets per 1 000 inhabitants.

P. Countries with more than 1 million television receivers in 1960

Q. Countries with more thzn 40 television receivers per 1 000 inhabitants in 1960

Country Number of receivers

(in thousands) Country Number of receivers per 1000 inhabitants

United States of America United Kingdom

USSR Germany, Federal Republic of

Canada Italy France Brazil Australia

Japan

Germany, Eastern Sweden

56 000 11 076 5 992 5 000 4 635

3 930 2 124 1 902 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 2

1 0 3 5 1030

United States of America Canada United Kingdom Sweden Denmark

Australia Germany, Federal Republic of Cuba Netherlands Belgium

Japan Germany, Eastern Czech os lova kia Italy Malta and Gozo France

310 218 21 1 137 119

108 83 74 69 68

64 60 58 43 43 41

The United States is the leading country with respect to both the total number of television sets in use and the number of sets per 1 000 inhabitants. The United Kingdom has the second highest total number of sets, and the third highest number of sets per 1 000 inhabitants. Canada has the sixth highest total number of sets, but the second highest number of sets per 1 000 inhabitants. Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany, which occupy the third and fifth places with respect to the total number of receivers in use, are in eleventh and seventh place with respect to the number of sets per 1 0 0 0 inhabitants. The USSR, with its 5 million receivers, occupies fourth place inhabitants.

(218), United Kingdom (211), Sweden (137), Denmark (119), Australia (108).

with respect to the total number of receivers, but has only 19 receivers per 1 000

The six countries with more than 100 sets per 1 000 inhabitants in 1960 were : United States (310), Canada

26

500

400

300

200

IO0

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Graph VIII. Number of television receivers per 1000 inhabitants in selected countries, 1953- 1960

I 1 CzechoslAvakia I I

ISA

onad IK ~

w e d e n 4

1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960

27

1U. RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES

Statistics on radio and television broadcasting are difficult to present in an international tabulation mainly because of the lack of uniformity in national definitions and classifications.

Tables 5 and 10 in Section IV give data for 43 and 26 countries respectively, concerning the proportion of broadcast time (in percentage of broadcasting hours) devoted to different categories of radio and television programmes, according to the original schemes of classification employed by the different countries. The information comes mainly from the replies to Unesco questionnaires.

The data refer in general to a " typical week" or in a few cases to an " average week" . The criteria used to choose a" typical week" may differ, but it may be assumed that the collected data represent closely the existing situation in individual countries. The data represent a composite of programmes broadcast by a wide variety of stations. Methods used for aggregating the various programmes may vary substantially ; in addition, figures may or may not include regional stations.

Figures on radio programmes do not include broadcasts intended for audiences ab-oad. A brief analysis of the main problems which affect the comparability of data on the subject will be made in

this Section ; and for radio programmes a tentative suggestion of a classification for international reporting will be formulated.

7. RADIO BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES

Data on radio programmes as they are broadcast ( i.e. reports on the specific content of weekly programmes) are available for many countries. But the criteria adopted for classifying the great variety of items which are included in homogeneous groups differ from one country to another.

From the analysis of about 90 replies to Unesco questionnaires, the following conclusions may be drawn . It may be said that the classification of programmes according to their composition is generally based on the

principal subject of the content ; in some cases, for instance in Yugoslavia, a distinction is made between musical and spoken transmissions. One country (Italy) makes a distinction between cultural and information type programmes. Another country (Canada) distinguishes between programmes regarded as being devoted to a) entertainment, b) information and c) idea and opinion. Switzerland distinguishes programmes as belonging to five main categories : music, mixed, spoken word, information, and special broadcasts.

classification (e.g., 31 groups in Austria). The number of categories or main groups thus introduced ranges from four broad categories to a very detailed

T o illustrate the diversity in classifying radio programmes by content the following examples are given :

CZECHOSLOVAKIA (4 groups) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (6 groups) 1. N e w s 2. Music 3. Literature, drama 4. Children and youth

TUNISIA (5 groups) 1. Music 2. Variety 3. Talks, stories, reading, etc. 4. Theatre 5. News, commentaries, sports

1. Music 2. Sport 3. News bulletins 4. Religious subjects 5. Drama 6. Cultural subjects

INDIA (8 groups) 1. Indian music 2. Western music 3. Spoken word

28

INDIA (cont.)

4. Drama, plays, features 5. News bulletins (incl. regional news) 6. Educational programmes 7. Publicity 8. Special audience programmes (e.g. religious,

women, rural, industrial, armed forces, tribal areas and other miscellaneous items not included under items 1 to 7 above)

J A P A N (Commercial programme : 7 groups) 1. N e w s 2. Social and cultural subjects 3. Music 4. Literature and amusement 5. Sport 6. Advertising 7. Other

YUGOSLAVIA (10 groups)

Music

1. Symphonic and serious music 2. Light music 3. Folk music

Spoken word

4. News 5. Socio-political programmes 6. Economics 7. Literature and cultural subjects 8. Children and youth 9. Sport 10. Other

J A P A N (National programme : 13 groups) 1. News 2. Social problems 3. Political and economic subjects 4. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries 5. Cultural programmes for women

6. Cultural programmes for the general public 7. Drama 8. Serious music 9. School education 10. Social education

11. Entertainment 12. Light music 13. Sport

ITALY (20 groups)

Entertainment and cultura 1

1. Symphonic music 2. Lyric music 3. Chamber music 4. Serious music interludes 5. Light music

6. Light music interludes 7. Revues, variety, opera and

8. Thzatre and radio plays 7. Adaptations of literary works

musical comedy

10. School broadcasts and children's entertainment

11. High-level special broadcasts 12. Religious services, talks 13. Cultural subjects 14. Announcements, time signals, etc.

In formation

15. N e w s 16. Sport 17. Comments and documentaries 18. Discussions 19. Economics, professional organizations

20. Reviews of art and entertainment and social affairs

Definitions used as a basis for classification also differ and often the same term is employed to designate different categories of programmes. A few examples may be cited. For instance, the term " educational ' may be used to refer to programmes exclusively prepared by or on behalf of educational organizations (e.g. United States) or to include not only programmes of purely didactic content but also educational programmes in the broad sense of the term such as cultural talks, documentaries, and other programmes designed to further the popularization of knowledge (as in Brazil). SimilarIy,the designation " programmes for children", normally applied to entertainment programmes for this type of audience , may sometimes include school broadcasts as well. The term "serious music " may or may not include semi-classical music; "light music'' may cover the range from popular music (including folk music, dance music and jazz) to semi-classical music, or it may be confined to semi- classical and certain classes of popular music.

fied to allow of international analysis.

reports on current events, interviews, press reviews and commentaries on news. With regard to I' sport ",

Only two types of programme - 'I news 'I and musical transmissions in general - are sufficiently clearly identi- The term news " as used in the majority of programme schemes includes news bulletins and weather reports,

29

practice differs in different countries, but there is a general tendency to include sports news and comments on sports under the heading I* news 'I . In some cases (e.g. in commercial stations in Japan) all announcements concerning relations between stations and listeners are classified as 'news '.

A s w e have already seen, definitions of the different classes of music in national programmes differ greatly. They may range from two broad categories (light and serious music) to diversified schemes of 13 classes in France and 16 in Austria. Sometimes, musical transmissions are not identified separately but included under the heading 'I entertainment ", as in Canada. Information on some borderline cases such as music separating two different programmes or accompanying spoken programmes, or the proportion of types of music in pro- grammes identified as "records ",was not always available. Nevertherless an effort has been made to present data on the global time of musical transmissions, on the assumption that they are more trustworthy than data on the distribution in different classes of music.

all other types of programmes for 85 countries. The data refer in general to a It typical week" in 1959 (or 1960). Some of the data are defective in certain respects but lack of precision was not always considered sufficient grounds for rejection. For such data even if they are not suitable for a detailed analysis can at least be used to give a rough indication of the relative importance of these two significant categories of radio transmissions in national programmes. Information from some replies to Unesco questionnaires had to be put aside since the classifications used made it difficult to include such information in an international tabulation.

reported, the term ' news 'I is used here to include commentaries and sports as well. But it should be borne in mind that the types of item included under this heading may vary widely.

proportions of total broadcasting time devoted to news and musical transmissions in 91 programmes from 85 countries (for a typical week in 1959 or 1960) are given below in graph IX.

It will be seen that the majority of countries devoted from 11 to 15 per cent of broadcasting time to "news 'I and from 51 to 60 per cent to musical broadcasts. In these classes fall also the medians of the two variables, the first being 14 per cent and the second 52 per cent.

Table 6 in Section IV presents a compilation of the relative percentages of time devoted'to"news","music''and

For the purpose of this table, and in order to give the widest possible coverage to the various classifications

O n the basis of the information contained in table 6 of Section IV, two histogrammes showing therespective

30

U

In .-

2 0 +

V 0

0 > 0

-U

+

E" .- + 0

0

C 0

m +

2 n

I I

I I

I I

1 I

I I

m 1

N

0

P

N

L

0

L

Lo 0

v)

3 t 0 +

V 0

> 0 V

c

+

v)

0

U

W 0

R 0, 0 m +

C 0

U

0

a -

I I

I I

I I

I I

I-

P

N

m 0

0

'" 0 ..

31

8. SUGGESTIONS FOR AN INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF RADIO BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES

Since the beginning of radio broadcasting experts and professional organizations have felt the need to establish certain standards which would allow the comparison of statistics on the composition of the various national programmes. Some steps have been taken in this direction. Certain classifications had been suggested for the purposes of international tabulations but it may be said that the efforts made in the past towards the adoption of international concepts have not met with the success expected,mainly because they lacked continuity. A s may be seen from the analysis given earlier in this Section, a multiplicity of classifications and a wide diversity of definitions are in use in different countries.

However, this experience does not mean that the endeavour towards an international standardization would be premature. From the existing national schemes the items to be classified are sufficiently known, and in recent studies by experts in the field of radio programmes considerable agreement concerning both the basic aims of classifications and the broad groups which can best serve for analytical purposes can be discerned.

Uniform statistics on the content of broadcasting programmes are much in demand by broadcasters and other students of mass communications media. This type of information, which would make it possible to obtain an objective analysis of the use of broadcasting in the different countries of the world, is essential for the future improvement and planning of broadcasting services.

The problem of the comparability of statistics for measuring the various aspects of human activities is the concern of all competent organizations. Unesco in pursuance of its efforts towards the standardization and improvement of statistics within its special sphere has adopted an international recommendation with regard to educational statistics and has devoted attention to the problem of standardization in the fields of cultural and mass communication statistics.

T o work out a standard classification of radio programmes by content is a very intricate task. N o classifi- cation can serve all the purposes of the analyst. However, if a sufficiently detailed scheme were to be proposed users could then adapt it to their particular requirements.

It is believed that despite the difficulties an attempt should be made to prepare a scheme of classification which would bring about a minimum degree of comparability in the reporting of radio programmes statistics, and which would provide a basis for systematic discussion of the subject. Such discussion, no doubt, could only be carried on fruitfully by people with an intimate practical knowledE_of _broadcasting; - ~ statisti- __ cians can, however, lay down a framework for it as a tentative suggestion for the solution of basic issues.

From the analysis of the classifications of national programmes which were available, it could be deduced that though only in a few cases have such classifications been based entirely on the main function of the broadcasts ( as in Canada and Italy), there is a tendency to identify at least certain categories according to their function (e.g. entertainment, educational broadcasts, cultural broadcasts).

Some countries have various types of programmes at different levels of " quality ", that known as the " third- programme '' being devoted to higher quality broadcasts. In one country, the United Kingdom, there are four types of domestic programme : the light programme, the home service, the third programme and network three. The first two are intended for wide audiences ; the light programme's main purpose being "to provide a service for entertainment and relaxation I' while the home service gives more time to news and information, and is also responsible for broadcasts to schools.The third programme is designed to interest cultured minority audiences, the emphasis of the programmes being on the " excellent performance of great works and on the reflection of contemporary music and thought n3. Network three offers minority audiences programmes dealing with matters of special scientific and cultural interest, recreational pursuits, etc.

1. Such organizations include : International Broadcasting Union (UIR) (founded in 1923 and dissolved in 1950). International Radio and Teievislon Organization (OIRT) , Prague. European Broadcasting Union (EBU), Geneva.

2. British Broadcasting Corporation, B.B.C. Handbook 1961. London, 1361 3. The Sound Broadcasting Society, Unsound Broadcasting. London, 1957 @age 4).

32

For the purposes of international comparability it might prove to be helpful to bring together the diversity of items included in radio programmes in more or less homogeneous groups based on the main functions of the broadcasts and to some degree on their intended audiences.

Since it is generally recognized that the main functions of radio broadcasts are information, enlightenment and entertainment, a solution might be to start with a classification based on these three broad categories.

Obviously, it is extremely difficult to draw precise boundaries between the above-mentioned categories. What is considered as purely entertainment in one country, for example, may be considered as being of a cultural significance in another ; or again, it is not easy to find a satisfactory definition of what should be understood as information. IAnd, of course, there will always be innumerable borderline cases. Problems of this type, however, are common to all attempts at classification, and due allowance must be made for them when definitions are laid down, even if this means adapting arbitrary solutions in some cases. T o the three main categories of information, entertainment, and enlightenment a fourth would have to be

added for broadcasts intended for special target audiences (other than school broadcasts).The principal categories could then be sub-divided into several classes. Such sub-classification would help to identify certain of the features which are treated so diversely in national statistics. For instance, there is the problem of whether serious music and serious dramatic performances should be considered as an entertainment or cul- tural features ; or whether interpretative commentaries on the news should be considered as of an informative or a cultural type of programme, etc. However, if such broadcasts are presented separately as specific sub- classes of the categories of main entertainment and information respectively, those who feel that they should come under the heading of enlightenment should have no difficulty in identifying them and reclassifying them ' as they wish.

A tentative scheme of classification is given below. For the purposes of this classification, information- type programmes have been defined as those reporting news on current events (regional, national or inter- national) and including weather reports, commentaries on current affairs, sports news, market reports, services (programmes announcements, time signals) and advertisements.

The term I' entertainment is used to cover programmes whose main purpose is amusement and relaxation. Music, drama, variety, etc. are included under this heading.

Under the heading 'I enlightenment 'I have been included those cultural programmes intended to stimulate intellectual curiosity, as well as programmes of a purely didactic nature.

'I Broadcasts for special audiences I' cover programmes specially designed for distinct groups of listeners, in which the three foregoing categories may be represented, with the specific addition of religious broadcasts.

Suggested international classification of radio broadcasting programmes, by content

I. INFORMATION

1. News bulletins (including weather reports but not sports news)

2. Press reviews, news commentaries and interviews

3. Sports news, including reports, commentaries and interviews

4. Market reports 5. Topical actualities 6. Services (programmes announcements, time

7. Advertising

11. ENTERTAINMENT

signals, etc.)

1. Music (orchestral, instrumental and vocal) a) Serious music :

Classical and comtemporary serious music

Sacred music Chamber music Opera

b) Light music (other than popular music) : Semi-classical Operettas, musicals, etc.

c) Popular music : Popular contemporary music Folk music Dance music, jazz

2. Drama

a) Serious drama (classical and serious plays) i. Theatrical plays 11. Plays specially written for radio iii. Serials

..

33

3. Documentaries b) Popular drama (comedy, melodrama, mystery and crime, adventure, etc.) 4. Didactic programmes : i. Theatrical plays a) Kindergarten ii. Plays specially written for radio iii. Serials

b) Broadcasts for schools c) Broadcasts for University and other educa-

3. Variety

a) Variety shows b) Contest, quizzes, games

4. Sporting events

tional establishments d) Language courses e) Physical culture

IV. BROADCASTS FOR SPECIAL AUDIENCES 111. ENLIGHTENMENT 1. Religious (including church services,

devotional programmes, talks, etc.) 1. Cultural talks (philosophy, history, natural 2. Farmers 3. Women, housekeeping (including cookery) 4. Children and youth (excluding didactic

5. Others

and social sciences, literature, fine arts, etc.)

2. Discussions (including forum, panel and round- table discussions) programmes)

9. TELEVISION BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES

Classification schemes for television broadcasting programmes are even more heterogeneous than those used for radio transmissions. The following classifications reported for 6 countries in the Unesco questionnaire are cited as examples :

DENMARK, 5 groups (1 361 ) : 1. Spoken word, actualities 2. Sport 3. Theatre, literature 4. Entertainment 5. Classical music

0

COSTA RICA, 6 groups (1361) : 1. Entertainment 2. News 3. Cultural 4. Sciences 5. Religious 6. Economics

POLAND, 10 groups (1959) : 1. Drama 2. Literature 3. Music and ballet 4. Entertainment 5. News

6. Sport 7. Popular and scientific 8. Programmes for children and school 9. Advertising 10. Films

NETHERLANDS, 10 groups (1960) : 1. Actualities 2. Documentaries

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Films Children 's stories Arts

Entertainment Religious Sport Theatre Miscellaneous

FED. REP. OF GERMANY, 11 groups (1960) 1. Actualities 2. Sport 3. Entertainment 4. Theatre 5. Films 6. Documentaries 7. Religion 8. Children Is, youth, women's 9. News 10. Broadcasts from abroad 11. Intervals, advertisements, etc.

CANADA, 15 groups (1960) Predominantly entertainment

1. " General " entertainment 2. Creative arts 3. Sport

Predominantly information

4. Ne w s and weather

34

5. Farm and fisheries Predominantly idea and opinion 6. Household and its activities 7. Science and nature 8. Foreign information 9. Other

10. Canadian activities and heritage 11. Religious 12. School and other youth education 13. Political and other controversial public affairs 14. Social and human relations 15. Other

In table 10, national classifications, are given for 27 countries.

perception naturally makes television a much more appropriate means for the transmission of all kinds of dramatic, artistic and sporting events. Experts also agree that television is a more appropriate vehicle than radio for educational programmes. A specific feature of television broadcasting is the telecasting of films. On the other hand, the emphasis on music which is characteristic of the majority of national radio broad- casting programmes is of lesser importance in television broadcasts.

and radio programmes in 7 countries, as presented in Table R below, shows that there is a tendency for television programmes to contain a larger proportion of sporting events than in sound programmes. However, it should not be forgotten that the definitions used for the classification of the various programmes may not be strictly comparable.

Section IV, data on the distribution of broadcast time in television programmes, according to

Television programmes differ in composition from radio programmes. The combination of visual and auditory

A comparison of the approximate per centage of total broadcasting time devoted to sports in both television

R. Approximate percentage of total broadcasting time devoted to sports in television and radio programmes

In television In radio programmes programmes C o u n t r y

Au s tra lia National programme Commercial programme

Belgium Flemish programme

Brazil Canada France Italy Japan National programme Commercial programme

Poland Rumania

%

13 4

6 10 10 8 10

3 13 6

11

6 4

Present conditions are such that a systematic analysis of television programmes on an international scale is hardly feasible as yet. Some types of television programmes are still not easily identifiable, others are variously defined in different countries, and for some countries up-to-date information is not readily available

for all television programmes. In some countries television services are still only in their infancy, and even where such services are more developed programmes are still subject to considerable modification and experimentation. The work done on the subject with respect to radio broadcasting is more advanced. There it is possible to suggest certain standards. When agreement has been reached on a uniform scheme for the classification of radio programmes it will be time to begin work on a similar scheme for television.

It would therefore be premature - and even more difficult - to attempt to outline a standard classification

35

IV STATISTICAL TABLES

A. RADIO BROADCASTING

1. Number of transmitters and total transmitting power: 1950, 1960

2. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1 000 inhabitants : 1950, 1760

3. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1000 inhabitants (in selected countries) : 1950 -1960

4. Total number of wired receivers : 1950, 1955 and 1960

5. Composition of domestic radio broadcasting programmes according to national classifications, during a typical week in 1959

6. Percentage of time devoted to news, music and other types of programmes, from total broadcasting time during a typical week in 1959

37

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49

TABLE 2. TOTAL NUMBER OF RECEIVERS AND RECEIVERS PER 1000 INHABITANTS, 1950, 1960 (or 1959)

Statistics relate to all types of receiving sets for radio broadcasts to the general public, including wired receivers connected to a radio distribution system ". Figures represent either the estimated number of receivers in use (R) or the number of licences issued and in U few cases the number of sets declared (L)

A. Radio Broadcastins!

Country

1950 1960 (or 1959)

Total Receivers Total Receivers receivers per 1 000 receivers per 1 000 (thousands) inhabitants (thousands) inhabi tam s

Code

AFRICA

Algeria

Angola

Basutoland

Bechuanaland

Cameroun

Cape Verde Islands Central African Rep.

Chad

Comoro Islands

Congo (Brazzaville )

Congo (Leopoldville)

Dahomey

Ethiopia Gabon

Gambia

2

2

Ghana

Guinea

Ivory Coast

Kenya

Liberia

2

Libya

Madagascar

Mali 2 Mauritania

Maw% ius

5 Morocco Mozambique

2 Niger

Nigeria Portuguese Guinea

Reunion

Rhodesia and Nyasaland

Ruanda-Urundi

SBo Tom6 and Principe Senegal

R

L L R

L L L L

176 20 5 93 11 3 53 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.3 1 2.1

... ... 10

0.6 '4 1.8

0.1 ' 0.6 0.5

1

... ... 12

... ... 6

... ... 10

6.0 0.5 35 ... ... 5.0 13 0.8 85 ... ... 20 0.4 '1 2

14 3 * 109 ... ... 40 ... ... 55 13 2 57 1.8 1 80

... ... 73 3 70 15

... ... 8

... ... 5.0 9.8 20 40

4

b

134 15 532 9.2 2 37

... ... 2.3 15 0.6 143 0.5 1 1.8

1.9 7 14 30 5 61 ... ... 1.5 0.2 3 0.9

... ... 125

54 12 1 6 3

9 10 2

13 3 3

2 3 4 48 6

* 22 13 17 9 62

61 13 2

61 7.

46 6 0.9 4 2

42 8 0.3 3

14 48

50

A. Radio Broadcastinn

Country

1950 1960 (or 1959)

Total Receivers Total Receivers receivers per 1000 receivers per 1000 (thousands) inhabitants (thousands) inhabitants

Code

AFRICA (cont.)

Seychelles and deps.

Sierra Leone

Somalia

Somaliland (Fr.) South Africa

South West Africa

Sudan Swaziland

Tanganyika

Togo

Tunisia Uganda

UAR Egypt Upper Volta

Zanzibar and Pemba

AMERICA, North

Bahama Islands

British Honduras

Canada Costa Rica

Cuba

Dominican Republic

El Salvador Guadeloupe and deps.

Guatemala

Haiti

Honduras

Martinique

Mexico

Netherlands Antilles

Nicaragua

Panama United States of America 8

West Indies

Barbados

Jamaica

Antigua Trinidad and Tobago

Windward Islands

R L R L L

L R L L L

L R L L L

R L R R R

R R L L R

R L R R R

R R

L R L L L

c.1 2.5 3.3 0.2

555

7.7 3.0 0.5 1.4

6

...

65

264 1.0

... 0.6

2.1 ' 1.2

5 070 23 575

50 ...

1 .o

'4.0 ' 27

' 25 2.3

1 892 34 ' 16 81

85 200

7.9

0.4 23

26 * 2.6

3 1 1.7 4 45

18 ' 0.4 2 0.2

...

19

13 0.2

... '2

27 18

3 70 29 104

26

5 10

...

'1

' 18 11 73 210 15

' 104 560

38 16 9 41 *9

1

0.4 8.5 24

996

19 11

5.0

3

1.7

5.3 18

170 90

1 500 3 .O 5.1

16 3.0

8 050 * 75

1100

102 225

210 21

125 18

3 300 39

6.4

3*75

163 168 500

31 147 2.8 58 * 9.0

9 3 12 71 63

35 0.9 6 2 4

41 14 58

17

3

0.7

115 34 452 *64 163

34 86 24 56 6

64 66 76 200

3* 51

159 94 8

130 88 52 70

* 27

51

A. Radio Broadcasting

Country 1950 1%0 (or 1959)

Receivers receivers per 1000 receivers per 1000 (thousands) inhabitants (thousands) inhabitants

Total Receivers Total Code

AMERICA, South

Argentina

Bolivia Brazil

British Guiana

Chile

Colombia Ecuador

French Guiana

Paraguay

Peru

Surinam

Uruguay

Venezuela

AS1 A

Aden, Colony and Protectorate

Afghanistan

Bahrain

Brunei

Burma

Cambodia

Ceylon China

China (Mainland) China (Taiwan)

Cyprus Hong Kong

I ndia Indonesia

Iran

haq Israel

Japan Jordan

Korea, Republic of

Laos

L e ban on

Macao

Federation of Malaya

Muscat and Oman

Nepal

Netherlands N e w Guinea

R R R L R

R R L R R

L R R

R R R R L

L L

L L L

L R L L L

lo L L R L L

L L R R R

2 198 150

2 500

ti 550

*500 50

9.4

0.1 70 500

5.0 362 218

... 8.0

... 0.5

11

3.1 1

34

*1 000 14 13 80

546 213 184 30 153

9 193

88

1

2.8

0.1 38

4.6 53 ... ... ...

52

128 50 48 22

* 44 16

ti 51 59

27 148 44

'4

... 0.7

... 11 0.6

0.9 4

*2 2 27 35

1 3

11 6

122

111 2 4 0.1

1

1

30

24 10 ... ... ...

3 500 250

4 570 37 700

1 971 170 0.8

105 1100

12 800

1250

60 24

3* 12 * 6.0 115

19 350

* 7 000 445 100 165

2 148 670 93 5 150 400

12 410 64 380

'* 15 100

4.6

1 .o

7.5

2 52

13

167 75 70 65 96

139 41 26 62 101

50 2 91 186

74 2

3* 82 71 6

4 36

* 10 43 178 55

5 7 45 21

1 94

135 38 16

61

21 36 2 1

11

9* 9

A. Radio Broadcasting

Country 1950 1960 (or 1959)

Total Receivers Total Receivers receivers per 1000 receivers per 1000 (thousands) inhabitants (thousands) inhabitants

Code

ASIA (cont.)

North Borneo Pakistan Philippines Portuguese Timor Sarawak

Saudi Arabia Singapore Syria Thailand Turkey Viet-Nam, Republic of

EUROPE

Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark

Finland France Germany Federal Republic of l1

Germany, Eastern Gibraltar Greece

Hungary Ice land Ire land Italy Luxembourg

Malta and Gozo Netherlands Norway Poland P or tuga 1

Rumania Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Yugoslavia

12

L L R L L

R L R L L L

L L L L L L

L L

L L L L

L L L L L

L L L L L

L L L L L L

0.9 62 79 0.1 1.3

10 41 50

3 62 12

...

9 1319 1 548 227

2 421 1217

722 6 890

9 018 3 489

167

62 0 35 2 98

3 185 60

36 1 968 786

1 464 228

313 887

2 153 1 037 12 356

336

3.4

53

3 0.8

64 0.4 2

2 40 15

4

I D .

17 ~ . .

7 190 179 31 195 283

180 165

180 190 148 22

66 245 100 68 2 02

115 195 241 59 27

19 32 3 07 221 244 21

17 2 76 600

34

74 142 260 163

1341 125

0.7

43 1 977 2 644 1431 3 530 1 523

1228 10 981

16 441 5 574

783

2 224 50 4 94

l2 8 005 98

70 3 126 1021 5 268 84 8

2 008 2 717 2 744 1445

15 163 1562

4.8

37 3 22 1 46

12 87 57 6 48 9

28 279 289 182 259 332

276 241

2 96 323 185 94

22 2 2 84 174

l2 162 312

213 272 285 177 93

109 90 367 273 289 84

A. Radio Broadcasting

1950 1960 (or 1959)

Total Receivers Total Receivers receivers per 1000 receivers per 1000 (thousands) inhabitants (thousands) inhabitants

Country Code

OCEANIA

American Samoa

Australia British Solomon Islands

Cook Islands Fiji Islands

R 0.2 11 0.5 23 L 1 859 227 2 284 222 L R .". ... 0.4 24 L 3.1 11 24 61

0.1 '1 0.6 5 1

Gilbert and Ellice Islands L 0.03 0.8 0.2 4 Nauru L ... _ ^ . 0.3 75 Ne w Caledonia L 2.0 32 7.6 107 Ne w Hebrides L 0.2 4 0.7 15 N e w Zealand L 454 238 580 245

Niue

Tokelau Islands

Tonga

Western Samoa

R 0.0 1 2 R - - R 0.1 2 L 0.5 6

0.2 40 0.01 5 0.1 16 3.0 29

USSR

USSR L 11 452 62 40 818 194

1. 1951 2. Although a licence system is in force, figures relate to estimated number of receivers in use 3. 1758 4. 1952 5. For 1950, former French Zone 6. 1949 7. 1948 8. Including Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands 9. 1957 10. Figures relate to the number of receivers' contracts with the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) 11. Including West Berlin. Figures for 1960 also include the Saar 12. Including combined sound-television licences

54

TABLE 3. TOTAL NUMBER OF RECEIVERS AND RECEIVERS

(in selected countries) PER 1 000 INHABITANTS : 1950-1960

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TABLE 4. TOTAL NUMBER OF WIRED RECEIVERS : 1950, 1955 and 1960 (or 1959)

The term "wired receivers 'I applies to sets linked b y wire to a wireless reception centre (radio distribution system). Figures refer to the number of subscribers to such systems. A. Radio &oadcasting

Number of wired receivers (thousands)

Country 1950 1955 1960 (or 1959)

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Ceylon

Czechoslovakia

... 8.2

... 129 26 300 4.0 12 - 41

Falkland Islands 0.3 0.3 Germany, Federal Republic of ... 119 Ghana 10 71

Hungary 1.6 259 Hong Kong 36 43

Japan Kenya'

Federation of Malaya Malta and Gozo Netherlands

Nigeria

Poland

Rumania

Sierra Leone

Singapore

South Africa

Switzerland

United Kingdom

USSR West Indies

Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago

32

6 24 486

...

12 5 50 13

13 1.7

- 172 96 1

9 685

3.6 1.2 10

291

21 38 528

0.3

54 1319 510

34 3.7

13 264

1 077 19 544

12 13 18

19 114 562 10 42 5

0.3 110 41 55 259

1225 1.3

25 50 481

* 55 1 3 3 1 72 5

47 3.6

12 5 04

1 074 30 500

20 15 15

1. 1956 2. 1951 3. Including West Berlin and the Saar

60

TABLE 5. COMPOSITION OF DOMESTIC RADIO BROADCASTING P R O G R A M M E S , ACCORDING TO NATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS DURING A TYPICAL WEEK

IN 1959 (or 1960) A. Radio Bondcasting

Approximate Approximate Country, percentage of Country, per centage of type of programme and total total programme type of programme and total total programme broadcasting time per week time per week broadcasting time per week time per week

A R G E N T I N A - 135 hours Popular music N e w s and information Theatre, complete features Humour Theatre, serial features Entertainment Light music Miscellaneous

AUSTRALIA

Commercial programme - 248 hours Popular music Drama Advertising Light music NEWS, weather, etc. Religion Sports

Talks, interviews Women's Children's Variety, talent Serious music Quiz game panel Hill-billy music

National programme (ABC)- 133 hours (Metropolitan transmitters)

Classical music Popular music Light music N e w s Sports

Talks, discussions, comments Announcements, films, etc. Religion P arliamentary Drama

Magazine (women's) Children ' s Schools

100

26 16 6 5 4 4 4 35

100 41 12 12 11 6 4 4

2 2 2 1 1 1 1

100

24 20 12 7 6

4 4 3 3 3

3 2 2

AUSTRALIA (cont.)

Rur a1 2 Services (including weather) I Variety 1 Kindergarten 1

t 2 Features N e w Australian sessions

AUSTRIA - 277 hours Music :

Serious music Symphonic music Opera concerts Operas Chamber music Instrumental concerts Instrumental soloist concerts Soloist singers concerts

'Light music Dance and popular music Other light music Requested concerts Light music mixed with spoken word Light music of a higher level Folk music Operettas J azt Interval music

Spoken word:

Current news Advertisements Science Literary School broadcasts Women

Conferences on music Civism and folklore Literary for children Religion Sport Politics Agriculture

LOO

6 2 1 1 1 1 1

17 16 6 5 3 3 1 1 1

12 4 3 3 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A. Radio Emadcasting Approximate Approximate

Country, percentage of Country, percentage of total programme type of programme and total

broadcasting time per week time per week broadcasting time per week time per week total programme type of programme and total

~

AUSTRIA (cont.)

Practical advice Announcements Youth Other

B A H A M A ISLANDS - 125 hours Music N e w s and weather reports Drama Religious Variety Remote broadcasts Educational Talks

BELGIUM

Flemish programme - 178 hours Light music

Light music (commercial records) Popular music (live programme) Miscellaneous W e If ar e trans miss ions

Serious music Classical music (commercial records) Symphonic music (orchestras) Popular music (commercial records) Chamber music (orchestras) Recitals (vocals and instrumental music) Choirs Welfare transmissions

Spoken Word News, comments, actualities, and other School and other youth education Sport (reports and commentaries) Religious Literature and drama

French programme - 203 hours Light music (records) Relayed programmes News Variety Special broadcasts Serious music (records)

1

100

70 10 8 7 2 1 1 1

100

37 5 3 2

14 3 2 2

2 2 1

16 7 2 1 1

100 29 14 13 11 10 7

B E L G I U M (cont.) Music (orchestra and instrumental) 5 Theatre and quizzes

French Programme (cont.)

Lyric Music (soloist) Chamber music Cabaret School broadcasts

BRAZIL - . . . Folk and popular music Advertising Light music Classical music Sport

N e w s Games and quizzes Educational Politics and public affairs Theatre

. Children and youth Humour Interviews Lectures Civic and religious

Women Gymnastic Classes Others

B U L G A R I A - 215 hours (Programmes Radio Sofia I, 11.) Spoken word

N e w s Children Literature Youth Theatre Others

Music

Music for Radio Sofia Music for Turkish population Regional programme - music for Radio Varna and Stara Zapora

4

2 2 1 1 1

100

39 21 10 5 4

4 2 2 2 1

1 1 1 1 1

t 1 4

100

10 3 2 2 1 7

55 6

14

62

A. Radio Broadcasting

Country, type of programme and total broadcasting time per week

Approximate Approxi mate percentage of Country, percentage of total programme type of programme and total total programme time per week broadcasting time per week time per week

CANADA - 495 hours Predominantly entertainment : Gener a1 entert ainment Creative arts Sport

Predominantly information : News and weather Farm and fisheries Household and its activities Science and nature Foreign information Other

Predominantly idea or opinion : Canadian activities and heritage Religion Schools, other youth education Political, public affairs Social and human relations Other

CEYLON 3 - 175 hours

Music

Spoken word: News and announcements Feature Rural service Drama General talks Other

Religious programmes

Children's programmes

100

42 12 3

14 5 2 1 1 3

5 4 4 2 1 1

100

42

10 4 4 3 3 9 9 9

Muslim programmes (Music and Talks) 4 Women 's programmes 3

CHINA, Republic of - . . . 100

Cultural and entertainment 35 Education 22 Variety 21 News and commentary 13 Public service 9

COLOMBIA ... 100

Popular music 43 Serious music 10 FolkIore 10

COLOMBIA (cont.)

News Theatre Cultural Sport Humour Literary Other

7 3 2 2 2 1 20

CZECHOSLOVAKIA - . . . 100

Music News Literature, drama Children and youth

61 25 9 5

DENMARK - 132 hours 100

Music News Talks Language courses Reading Outside broadcasts and meetings Services Sc h o ol broadcasts Children's hour Drama Youth programme Mixed programmes

41 16 11 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 0.3 8

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - 126 hours 100

Music News bulletins Cul tur a1 subj ect s Sport Religious subjects Drama

50 15 15 10 5 5

FINLAND - 357 hours 100

Music 56 News and announcements 10 Commentaries 6 Religious services 5 Lectures and discussions 4 Children's and youth 3 Reading and recitation 2 Radio plays 2

63

A. Radio hadcasting

Country, percentage of Country, percentage of type of programme and total total programme type of programme and total total programme broadcasting time per week time per week broadcasting time per week time per week

Approximate 'Approximate

FINLAND (cont.)

School broadcasts Entertainment Time signals, chimes Press review Sports Talks Special programme Foreign reviews Music in parallel programme Features Language courses Interviews Others

FRANCE - 398 hours (Programmes France I. 11. 111.)

Symphonic music Mixed music, light music N e w s broadcasts Variety Songs Educational Chamber music Commentaries, magazines Presentation of records Opera, opera-bouf fe Jazz Radio plays Light music Literary programmes Programmes for youth Reviews of arts and literature Theatre Dance music Folk music Sports Operettas Poetry and literature Physical culture Sacred music Discussions R e 1 igi ou s Announcements Miscellaneous (time signals, chimes, etc.)

2 2 2 1 1

4

100

11 11 10 8 8 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

2

GREECE - 432 hours 100

Light music 61 Classical music 15 National music 7 News - Commentaries 3 Religious broadcasts 3 Reports 2 Miscellaneous prose works 2

Various speeches 1

National broadcasts 2 Theatrical broadcasts 1

Educational broadcasts 1 Sports Cultural programmes Reports from foreign countries Radio chronicles R e cte ation

2

HONG KONG

Chinese service : 100 Cantonese music Mandarin music Drama, talks, discussion, features News, weather, announcements Swatow music Out side broadcast Women's and children's programme Request programme Education Religious Variety and quizzes Serious music Miscellaneous

26 21 17 11 5 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 3

English service : 100 Popular and dance music 26 Drama, talks, discussions:, features 17 Light music 15 Serious music 14 News, weather, announcements 11 Request programmes 5 Variety and quizzes 3 Magazines etc. 3 Religious 3

I 3 Women's and children's programmes Portuguese music French music

64

A. Radio Broadcasting Approximate Approximate

total programme type of programme and total total programme Country, percentage of Country, percentage of type of programme and total broadcasting time per week time per week broadcasting time per week time per week

H U N G A R Y - 266 hours Music Spoken journal News bulletins, press reviews Literature Youth Drama Requested records Weather forecasts Theatre and cinema programmes Announcements

ICELAND - 84 hours Semi-cl as sical music Classical music Light music News Advertisements and announcements Talks Reportage, etc. Literature Weather forecasts Children ' s hours Plays Church services Interviews

100

67 11 6 5 5 2 2 1

1 1

100

21 19 16 9 8 6 5 4 4 3 2 2 1

INDIA - ... 100

Indian music 48 News bulletins (including regional news) 21 Drama, plays, features 5 Spoken word 4 Educational programmes 2 Western music 2 Publicity 1 Special audience programme 17 (religious, women, rural, industrial, armed forces, tribal areas, and others)

IRELAND - 76 hours 100

Advertising programmes 16 Irish language programmes 14 News 13

Drama 6 Symphonic and orchestral music 8

IRELAND (cont.)

Sport Tradition a1 mu sic Light music Variety Other

ISRAEL - 202 hours

Music and entertainment Arabic service Overseas servi ce Programme for newcomers to Israel News and reportage Education Religion Features and documentaries Children and youth Dr am a Sports

ITALY - 232 hours Entertainment and cultural :

Light music Symphonic music Revues, variety, operettas and musical comedy Cul tur a1 subjects Announcements, time signals etc. Lyric music Chamber music Light music interludes Serious music interludes Theatre and radio plays Adaptations of literary works Schools broadcasts and children's entertainment High-level special broadcasts Religious services, talks

In formation :

News Sport Ec onomi c s , pr ofe s si on al or gani z a- tions and social affairs Reviews of art and entertainment Comments and documentaries Discussions

5 4 4 3 27

100

28 26 17 11 9 2 2 2 2

-

l 1 100

23 8

2 1 1

12 2

2 2

65

A. Radio Broadcasting

Country, percentage of Country, percentage of type of programme and total total programme type of programme and total total programme broadcasting time per week time per week broadcasting time per week time per week

Approximate Approximate

JAPAN

National programme (NHK)- 262 hours News Serious music Social education Entertainment Sport School education Social problems Cultural programmes for the general public Cultural programmes for women Light music Agriculture, forestry, fisheries Political and economic subjects Drama

Commercial programme - 130 hours Music Literature and amusement Social and cultural subjects N e w s Advertising Sport

KOREA 3- 193 hours

Music Education N e w s Entertainment Children Other

MALAYA, Federation of - 199 hours Popular music Drama, stories, variety Talks, features Classical music News R e ligi on Children and youth Sport Programme summaries, network and other announcements Other music Miscellaneous

\

100 16 14 11 11 8 8 7

6 6 5 5 2 1

100 37 24 20 14 3 2

100

49 20 10 8 3 10

100

46 16 10 10 9 4 2 2

1

1

-

MOROCCO - 149 hours 100

Music Variety N e w s Cul tur a1 R e 1 igi ous Symphonic music P 1 ays Children' s programme Literature Games

34 22 14 8 8 5 4 2 2 1

MOZAMBIQUE - 224 hours 100

Music Advertisements News CUI tur a1 Religious Entertainment Education a1

74 12 7 2 2 2 1

NETHERLANDS - 270 hours 100

Light music 26 16 Serious music

Entertainment (radio plays, variety, features, etc.) 12 R e 1 igiou s 10 N e w s 7 Talks (literature, sports, arts, politics, etc.) Various (Women's, sick persons, youth, school broadcasts, farmers, etc.)

1 4

NETHERLANDS ANTILLES - . . . 100

Commercial programmes Music Entertainment Cul tur e Educational News

36 26 14 10 7 7

NE w ZEALAND 100 National programme - . . .

Light music Serious music

48 19

A. Radio Broadcasting

Country, type of programme and total broadcasting time per week

Approximate percentage of Country, total programme time per week

type of programme and total broadcasting time per week

Approximate percentage of total programme time per week

NEW ZEALAND'(cont.)

Talks, documentaries, children's educational News and commentaries Plays, short stories, serials Church and devotional services Variety and quiz Children' s sessions Modern jazz, etc. Sport

Commercial programme - . . . Light music Family and dramatic serials Women Is sessions Other spoken programmes Variety and quiz Crime and thriller serials

Adventure serials Church and devotional services Children's sessions

Sport

NIGERIA - 110 hours Music : folk, light and dance News Talks Classical music Muslim religion Vernacular magazine Christian religion Sport commentaries Schools Youth magazines Women Is Children ' s Variety, entertainment

P O L A N D - 242 hours Music News Literature and drama Children Is and school broadcasts Adverti sements Educational Urban programme Sport Variety Mi s ce 1 lan eou s

9 8 6 4 2 2 1 1

100

69 10 7 4 3 2 2 1 1 1

100

57 17 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1

100

53 18 10 6 4 2 2 2 1 2

PORTUGAL' - 315 hours Music (records) Classical music Spoken journal Entertainment

Cu 1 tur a1 News bulletins Theatre Others

Sport

SINGAPORE - 277 hours Popular and classical music Schools News Talks, features Drama, stories Religion Children Spor tS

SPAIN - 237 hours Music Advertisements News Cultural Entertainment Religion Women Children Soci a1 Politics Others

SWEDEN - ... Programme I

Entertainment Cultural Music (Classical, symphonic) Education and children's programme News PI ays Miscellaneous

Programme I1 Entertainment Music (classical, symphonic)

100

32 15 14 9 5 4 3 1 17

100

62 10 9 8 8 1 1 1

100

bo 9 7 6 6 3 1 1

1

6

100

36 20 14 8 7 2 13 100

33 25

67

A. Radio Broadcasting

Country, type of programme and total broadcasting time per week

Approximate Approximate percentage of Country, percentage of total programme type of programme and total total programme time per week broadcasting time per week time per week

SWEDEN (cont.)

Cultural News Education and children's programme Plays Miscellaneous

SWITZERLAND - 305 hours Musical Broadcasts :

Light music Solo singers and musicians Symphonic music Chamber music Dance music Operas, operettas Choirs Oratorios

Mixed broadcasts :

Variety Musical-literary

Spoken word:

Theatre, quizzes, games Lectures, discussions Literature

News :

Reviews, commentaries N e w s service Information (" propaganda 'I) of general interest

Special broadcasts

Religion Children and youth School broadcasts Women Broadcasts in Romanche and foreign languages Agriculture Other (gymnastics, announcements)

20 13 4 2 3

100

20 10 9 5 5 4 1 1

5 1

9 7 3

8 3

1

2 2 1 1

1

1

TUNISIA - 104 hours Music News, commentaries, sport Variety Talks, stories, reading, etc. Theatre

UNITED KINGDOM '- 280 hours Light music Serious music Talks and discussions Features and drama News Dance music Variety Sch 001 s Children's hour Religion Out side broadcasts Mi sc el lane ous

USSR - . . . Music Socio-political programmes Literature, drama Children's and youth Miscellaneous

YUGOSLAVIA - . . . Music

Light music Symphonic and serious music Folk music

Spoken word

N e w s Literature and cultural subjects Socio-political programmes Economics Children's and youth Sport Others

100

41 28 23 6 2

100

23 16 14 10 10 8 5 3 3 3 3 2

100

53 28 10 7 2

100

34 22 9

15 5 4 2 2 1 6

1. 1961 2. Network programmes only. Data refer to broadcasts of the national and regional networks of the Canadian Broadcas-

ting Corporation. Each of the 3 networks comprises certain CBC and privately-owned stations 3. Average week

68

TABLE 6. PERCENTAGE OF TIME DEVOTED TO NEXJS, MUSIC AND OTHER TYPES OF PKOGKAMMES, FROM THE TOTAL OUTPUT OF RADIO BROADCAST TIME,

DURING A TYPICAL WEEK IN 1959 (or 1960) A. Radio Broadcasting

Country

AFRICA Angola Cape Verde Islands Chad Central African Republic Congo (Leopoldville)

Gabon Ghana Madagascar Mali Mauritania

Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria

Portuguese Guinea Reunion Seychelles Somalia (Former British Somaliland) Somaliland (Fr.)

Tanganyika Tunisia Zanzibar and Pemba

AMERICA, North

Bahamas Bermuda British Honduras Canada Cuba

Dominican Republic Guadeloupe Martinique Netherlands Antilles St. Pierre and Miquelon

AMERICA, South

Argentina Brazil British Guiana

News

% Total 2 All other types

Music of programme % /b %

9 31 26 28 12

14 26 19 35 29

15 14 7 29 19

17 14 21 25 33

23 28 20

IO 8 19 20 31

25 15 11 7 22

67 52 55 22 64

22 34 65 37 9

28 39 74 53 61

45 59 27 40 42

38 41 23

70 73 52

39 ..

50 20 62 26 58

16 30 9 54

11 55

24 17 19 50 24

64 40 16 28 62

57 47 19 18 20

38 27 52 35 25

39 31 57

20 19 29

30 ...

25 65 27 67 20

54 37 34

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100

A. Radio Broadcasting

C o u n t I y 2 News Music

% %

AMERICA, South (cont.)

Colombia

AS1 A

Aden

Brunei

Ceylon

Cyprus (Greek)

(Turkish)

(English)

Hong Kong (Chinese)

(English) India

Israel

Japan (Na t iona 1) (Commercial)

Korea, Republic of Kuwait

Federation of Malaya Netherlands N e w Guinea

North Borneo

Portuguese India

Singapore

Turkey

EUROPE

Austria

Belgium (French)

Bulgaria

Czechoslovakia

(Flemish)

Denmark

Finland

France (France I, 11, 111) Gibraltar

Greece

Hungary

Ice land

Ire land

Italy

Malta and Gozo

9

7 9 10 10 11 13

11 11 21 9 24 16

10 7 11 10 7

16 10 15

10 13 18 10 25

16 18 13 11 11

18 19 18 15 11

53

41 70 45 77 79 16

53 56 50 28 19 37

49 40 56 60 67

48 62 56

59 47 73 75 61

41 56 57 31 82

67 56 16 56 57

Total All other types of programme

% %

38

52 21 45 13 10 71

36 33 29 63 57 47

41 53 33 30 26

36 28 29

31 40 9 15 14

43 26 30 58 7

15 25 66 29 32

100

100 100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100

70

A. Radio Broadcasting

Country All other types of programme Music' 1 News

% % % Total

%

EUROPE (cont.)

Nether lands Norway Poland Port uga 1 Spain

Sweden (Prog. I) (Prog. 11)

Sw i tzer Iand United Kingdom Y ugos lav ia

0 CE ANI A

Australia (National) ti (Commercial)

British Solomon Islands F"' 7 'I 1

French Polynesia

Gilbert and Ellice Islands New Caledonia New Zealand (non-commercial prog.) Papua

USSR

USSR

7 25 20 15 7

7 13 12 10 16

18 10 25 14 13

20 21 7 14

...

42 46 53 63 60

14 25 55 48 65

55 55 42 55 37

60 8 67 49

53

51 29 27 22 33

79 62 33 42 19

27 35 33 31 50

20 71 26 37

U

...

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100

100

1. 2. 3.

Including weather reports, commentaries on news and sport Including all kinds of musical broadcasts Network programmes only. Data refer to broadcasts of the national and regional networks of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Each of the 3 networks comprises certain CBC and privately-owned stations

4. Average week 5. Including music from programmes classified elsewhere as "variety 6. Metropolitan transmitters 7. 1958

and "records

71

B. TELEVISION BROADCASTING

7. Total number of transmitters in operation for regular and experimental broadcasts : 1953, 1958, 1960

8. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1 000 inhabitants : 1953, 1958, 1960

9. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1000 inhabitants (in selected countries) : 1950 and 1953 - 1960

10. Composition of television broadcasting programmes according to national classifications, during a typical week in 1960

73

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82

TABLE 10. COMPOSITION OF TELEVISION BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES, ACCORDING TO NATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS, DURING A

TYPICAL WEEK IN 1960 (OR 1961) B. Television Broadcasting

Country, type of programme and total broadcasting time per week

Approximate percentage of Country, total programme time per week

type of programme and total broadcasting time per week

Approximate percentage of total programme time per week

AUSTRALIA

National programme (ABC) - . . . Drama (including films) Sport Light entertainment (including popular music, variety) Chi Idr en ' s News and newsreels Documentaries Talks, interviews Services Schools broad casts Women's programmes Religious Rural Classical and light music Kindergarten Actualities and outdoor broadcasts

Commercial programme - . . . Drama Children ' s Advertising Variety and talent Sport News and weather Cartoons Women's Light and popular music Talks, interviews Religious Documentaries Quiz, game and panel

AUSTRIA - 25 hours Films Actualities Trans missions from abroad Youth and family Entertainment Plays Sport Culture and popular education Other

100

17 13

12 10 9 8 6 5 4 4 4 3 2 2

1

100

53 9 8 6 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 1

100

24 20 14 12 9 8 3 2 1

BELGIUM

French programme - 31 hours 100

Films (fiction and short films) 24 News 18 Variety, games 11 Youth programmes 10 Theatre 8 Documentaries 6 Sport 6 Scientific progr ammes 6 Music 3 Literary programmes 2 Women's 2 Religion 2 Political 2

Flemish programme - 42 hours 100 News 23 Films (fiction and short films) 19 Culture 18 Sport 12 Scientific programmes 7 Theatre, literary, music 7 Variety, games 6 Youth programmes 6 Announcements 1

3RAZIL - . . . 100 Advertisements 20 Sport 10 Theatre 10 News 8 Children's programmes 8 Popular and folk music 6 Games and quizzes 5 Humour 4 Interviews 4 Women's programmes 3 Instructive programmes 3 Light music 3 Lectures 3 Civic and religious solemnities 1 Classes Politic a1 Classical music Gymnastics

2

83

B. Television Broadcasting

Approximate Approximate per centage of Country, percentage of

time per week broadcasting time per week time per week

Country, type of programme and total total programme type of programme and total total programme broadcasting time per week

BRAZIL (cont.)

Mi s ce 11 ane ou s

CANADA2 - 130 hours Predominantly Entertainment :

I' General I' entertainment Sport Creative arts

Predominantly Information : N e w s and weather Household and its activities Sciences, nature Foreign information Farm, fisheries Other

Predominantly Idea or Opinion : Political, other controversial public affairs Religious Canadian activities and heritage School, other youth education Social, human relations Oth.er

COSTA RICA - 32 hours Entertainment N e w s C u 1 tur a1 Science Religious Economics

CZECHOSLOVAKIA - 37 hours Films (TV and cinema) N e w s Sport Entertainment Dram a Operas and ballets Scientific and cultural programmes Quiz programmes Concerts Operetta Marionettes Announcements Other

10

100

45 10 5

5 5 3 3 1 9

4 3 2 2 2 1

100

65 20 5 5 3 2

100

33 17 16 8 7 5 5 4 1 1 1 1 1

DENMARK - 23 hours Spoken word, actualities Sport Theatre, literarure Entertainment Classical music

FINLAND - 54 hours Test card and tuning music Advertisements Films Actualities Programmes of social content International programme exchange Entertainment N e w s Youth and children's Dram a Music

FRANCE - 55 hours N e w s Variety Documentaries Youth programmes Sport Drama Films (" production R.T.F.") Other films Music Out side broadcasts Regional broadcasts

G E R M A N Y , Federal Republic - . . . Children's, youth, women's Theatre Entertainment Sport Documentaries Broadcasts from aboard Films N e w s Actualities Intervals, advertisements, etc. Religion

100

51 15 15 13 6

100

38 17 13 8 6 5 4 4 3 2 1

100

25 22 20 9 8 5 5 4 1 0.5 0.5

100

15 14 12 11 11 10 7 7 7 5 1

84

B. Television Ehndcasting

Approximate Approximate Country, percentage of Country, percentage of type of programme and total total programme type of programme and total total programme broadcasting time per week time per week broadcasting time per week time per week

HUNGARY - 17 hours Films Theatre Sport Entertainment N e w s Youth programmes Actualities Pedagogic a1 programmes Fine arts programmes

ITALY - 67 hours Schools broadcasts N e w s Cul tur a1 Sport Variety, revue and light music Youth programmes Drama Films ('cinema and TV) Actualities Lyric, symphonic and chamber music Other ~

JAPAN - National programme ( N H K ) - 117 hours

Education N e w s Entertainment Cultural Women's culture Music Social problems Drama Light music Sport Political, economic Agricultural, forestry, fisheries

Commercial programme - 64 hours Literature, amusement Social, cultural programmes Sport N e w s Music, dancing Advertisement Other

100

38 15 13 11 8 5 5 3 2

100

20 15 11 10 9 9 7 6 3 2 8

100 39 16 13 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 1 1

100

35 24 19 12 5 1 4

MEXICO - . . . Films (cinema) Theatre Popular music Sport N e w s Folk music CUI tur a1 Advertisements Practical advice Quizzes Interviews and variety Semi-classical music Classical music Children's films Commentaries Documentaries

NETHERLANDS - 22 hours Entertainment Actualities Sport Films Documentaries Theatre Children's stories Arts Religious Miscellaneous

NEW ZEALAND - 64 hours Comedy Crime and thriller Children' s D o cumen tar y Adventure Western Drama N e w s Travel Quiz Talks, interviews Sport Religious Actualities Music

100

23 16 11 9 6 5 5 5 5 3 3 2 2 2 2 1

100

19 16 13 11 10 10 7 7 5 2

100

17 16 12 11 9 9 8 7 5 1 1 1 1 1 1

85

B. Televisim Ekoadcastinn

Country, type of programme and total broadcasting time per week

Approximate percentage of Country, total programme time per week

type of programme and total broadcasting time per week

Approximate percentage of total programme time per week

NORWAY - 16 hours Sport Drama, comedies News, reporting Instruction and discussion Children's programmes Music, song Religious services Miscellaneous

POLAND3 - 29 hours N e w s Films Drama Children's and school programmes Music and ballet Entertainment Sport Popular scientific Literary Advertising

PORTUGAL - 29 hours Actualities News Varieties Advertisements Talks and interviews Musical ensemble Theatre Films Sketches Sport Children's programmes Women's Concert Culinary Ballet Youth programme

RUMANIA - 26 hours Music Documentaries and artistic films Children's programmes

The aue Village programmes

Sport

100

26 21 17 13 7 3 3 10

100

24 22 14 10 8 7 6 6 2 1

100

23 20 9 6 6 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

100

17 15 11 11 10 10

RUMANIA (cont.) Political Literary, cultural " Enterprise clubs 'I Other

SPAIN I - 29 hours Music N e w s Children Films Theatre! Cul tur a1 Women's Religion

Miscellaneous (quizzes, advertising, etc.)

sport

SWITZERLAND German programme - 20 hours Information :

N e w s Actualities

Cultural : Documentaries Theatre Religion Opera, operetta, musical festivals Classical music Literature and arts Popular the atre Dance, ballet, pantomime

Entertainment : Variety and light music Films Qu' izzes Sport Intervals and advertisements Children and youth Miscellaneous

French programme - 20hours Information :

N e w s Actualities

8 8 8 2

100

27 26 13 9 9 4 2 2 1

7

100

15 5

11 6 4 3 2 2 1 1

8 8 6 17 6 4 1

100

9 6

86

B. Television Bodcastinn

Country, type of programme and total broadcasting time per week

Approximate percentage of Country, total programme time per week

type of programme and total broadcasting time per week

Approximate percentage of total programme time per week

SWITZERLAND (cont.) Culture Documentaries Theatre Religion Literature and arts Opera, operetta, musical festivals Classical music Dance, ballet, pantomime

Variety and light music Films Quizzes Sport Children's and youth programmes Intervals and advertisements Miscellaneous

Entertainment :

Italian programme - 13 hours Information : News Actualities

Culture : Documentaries Religion Opera, operetta, musical festivals Theatre Classical music Literature and arts Popular theatre Dance, ballet, pantomime

Films Variety and light music Qu' itzes Sport Intervals, advertisements Miscellaneous

Entertainment :

THAILAND - . . . Entertainment (TV drama) Foreign newsreel Non-fiction film Local and foreign news Commercial General knowledge

14 6 5 3 2 1 1

10 10 5 16 6 5 1

100

9 7

13 5 4 3 2 1 1 1

11 9 4 17 4 9

100 19 15 7 7 7 7

THAILAND (cont.) Children' s progr amme Musical show Cartoon Fiction film Newsreel Sport Scientific Women's Hygiene feature

UNITED KINGDOM National programme (BBC)- 63 hours Talks, demonstrations and documentary programmes Outside broadcasts of sporting and other events Children's programme Light entertainment Entertainment films Drama News services Schools broadcasts Religion Opera, music and ballet Other broadcasts

Commercial programme (ITA) - . . . Drama,stories, serials in dramatic form Children's programme (including school broadcasts) Talks and religion Variety and light entertainment Sport News Advertising magazines

YUGOSLAVIA - 24 hours Films News Light entertainment, humour Sport Drama Spec i a1 programme Children's programmes Opera, music and ballet Actualities

7 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 1

100

23

18 12 11 8 7 7 5 3 2 4

100 41

20 14 11 6 6 2

100 17 17 15 11 9 9 8 4 4

Other (advertising, dancing, classes, etc.) 4

1. Average week, 1959 2. Network programmes only. Data refer to broadcasts on the English and French networks of the Canadian Broad-

casting Corporation. Each of the networks comprises certain CBC and privately-owned stations 3. 1959, Warsaw Centre only 4. 1958

87

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COLOMBIA: Libreria Central, carrera 6-A n.” 14-32. BOGOTA; Lihrerla Buchholz Galeria, avenida Jimknez de Quesada 8-40, BOGOTA; J. GermBn Rodriguez N., oficina 201, Edificio Banco de Bogota. apartado nacional83, GIRARDOT; Libreria Caldas Ltda., carrera 22, n.O 26-44, hlANIZALEs (Caldas). For ‘The Courier‘: Pi0 Alfonso Garcia, carrera 40, n.0 21-11, CARTAGENA.

CONGO: La Librairie, Institut politique congolais, B.P. 2307, L6OPOLDVILLE.

COSTA RICA: Iniprenta y Librrrla Trejor S.A., apartado 1313, SAN JOSE. For‘The Courier’:Carlos Y,lerin SBenz & Co. Ltda.. .El Palacio de las Re! istas . awartado 1924. SAN JOSE.

Road, RANGOON.

Boulloche. PHNOM-PENH.

CUBA: Libreria Econbmica,.P&. Zayas 505-7, apartado

CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Artia Ltd.. 30 \’e SmeiAkh. 113, LA HABANA.

- ~~ PRAHA 2.

DENMARK: Ejnar Munksgaard I.td.. 6 Nerrcgade, K ~ B E N H A V N K.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Libreria Dominicana, Mer- cedes 49. spartJda de correos 656, CIUDAD TRUIILLO.

ECUADOR: Casa de Is Cultura Ecuatoriana, Nucleo del Guayas, Pedro Moncayo y 9 de Octubre, c a s h de correo 3542, GUAYAQUIL.

EL SALVADOR : Profesor Federico CBrdenas Ruano, Libreria ‘La Luz’. 6.8 avenida Norte n.O 103, SAN SAL- VADOR.

ETHIOPIA: International Press Agency, P.O. Box 120. ADDIS ABABA.

FINLAND: Akateeminen Kirjakauppd, 2 Keskuskatu, HLLSINKI.

FRANCE: Librairie de I’Unesco, place de Fontenoy,

FRENCH WEST INDIES: Lihrairie J. Bocage, rue Lavoir. B.P. 208. FORT-DE- FRANC^ (Martinique).

GERMANY (FED. REP.): R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Unesco-Vertrieb fur Deutschland, Rosenheimer- strasse 145. MUNCHEN 8.

GHANA: Methodist Book Depot Ltd., Atlantis House, Commercial Street. P.O. Box 100, CAPE COAST.

PARlS-7@. CCP 12598-48.

GREECE: Librairie H. Kauffmann, 28. rue du Stade, ATHZNES.

GUATEMALA : Comisi6n Nacional de la Unesco, 5.’ Calk 6-79, zona 1 (Altos), GUATEMALA.

HAITI: Librairie ’A la Caravelle’, 36. rue Roux, B.P. 1 11, PORT-AU-PRINCE.

HONDURAS: Libreria MCxico, frente Zapateria Atenas, apartado postal 767. TEGUCIGALPA, D.C.

H O N G KONG: Swindon Book Co., 64 Nathan Road, KOWLOON.

HUNGARY: Kultura. P.O. Box 149. BUDAPEST 62. INDIA: Orient Longrnans Ltd.: I7 Chittaranjan Ave., CALCUTTA 13; Nicol Road, Ballard Estate, BOMBAY I; 36A Mount Road, MADRAS 2; Kanson House, 1/24 Asaf Ali Road, NEW DELHI I. Sub-depofs: Indian National Commission for Co- operation with Unesco. Ministry of Education, NEW DELHI 3; Oxford Book and Stationery Co., 17 Park Street. CALCUTTA 16, and Scindia House, NEW DELHI.

INDONESIA: P. N. Fadjar Bhakti, Djalan Nusantara 22. DIAKARTA.

IRAN: Commission nationale iranienne pour I’Unesco, avenue du Musk. TEHERAN.

IRAQ: McKende’s Bookshop, BAGHDAD. IRELAND: The National Press, 2 Wellington Road, Ballsbridge, DUBLIN.

ISRAEL: Blumstein’s Bookstores Ltd., 35 Allenhy Road and48 Nahlat Benjamin Street. TEL Avlv.

ITALY: Libreria Zanichelli, Portici del Pavaglione, BOLOGNA ; Libreria Commissionaria Sansoni (Ayente generale), via Gino Capponi 26, casella postale 552. FIRENZE; Hoepli, via Ulrico Hoepli 5, MILANO; Libreria Internazionale Rirzoli, Galeria Colonna, Largo Chighi, ROMA; Libreria Internazionale Moder- nissimn, via della Mercrde 43, 45, ROMA; Lihreria Paravia. via Garibaldi 23, TORINO.

JAMAICA: S:iacs:er’s Book Room, 91 Harbour Street, KINGSTON; Knox Educational Services. SPALDINGS.

JAPAN: Maruzen Co. Ltd., 6 Tori-Nichome, Nihon- bashi, P.O. Box 605, Tokyo Central, TOKYO.

JORDAN: Joseph 1. Bahoris & Co., Dar-ul-Kutub, Salt Road. P.O. Box 66. AMMAN.

KENYA. ESA Bookshop, P.O. Box 30167. NAIP.OBI. KOREA: Korean National Commission cor Unesco, P.O. Box Central 64, SLOUL.

LEBANON: Librairie Antoine. A. Naufal et Freres, I3.P. 656, BEYROUTFI.

LIBERIA: Cole & Yancy Bookshops Ltd., P.O. Box 286, MONROVIA.

LUXEMBOURG: Lihrairie Paul Bruck, 22 Grand-Rue, LUXEMBOURG.

MALAYA (FEDERATION OF) & SINGAPORE: Federal Publications Ltd., Times House, Rher Valley Road, SL~GAPORF.

MALTA: Sapienza’s Library, 26 I‘hgsway, VALLETTA. MAURITIUS: Nalanda Co. Ltd., 30 Bourbon Street,

hfEXICO: Editorial Hermes, Ignacio Mariscal 41,

MONACO: British Library. 30, boulevard des Moulins MONTE-CARLO.

hfOROCCO: Centre de diffusion documentaire du BEPI, B.P. 211, RABAT.

NETHERLANDS : N.V. Martinus Niihoff. Lange Voorhout 9, ’s-GRAVENHAGB.

NETHERLANDS ANTILLES: 0. C. T. Van Dorl, and Co. (Ned. Ant.) N.V., WIILEMSTAD (Curawo, N.A.).

NEW ZEALAND : The Government Printing OfficC. WELLINGTON ; Government Bookshops, AUCKLAND, CIIRISTCHURCH, DIJNEDIN, WELLINGTON.

NICARAGUA: Librerla Cultural Nicaragiiense, calle 15 de Septiembre y avenida Bolivar, MANAGUA.

NIGERIA: CMS (Nigeria) Bookshops, P.O. Box 174, LAGOS.

PORT-LOUIS.

MEXICO, D.P.

NORWAY: A.S. Bokhjernet, Lillc Grensen 7, OSLO. PAKISTAN: The West-Pak Publishing Co. Ltd., Unesco Publications House, P.O. Box 374, 56-N Gulberg Industrial Colony, LAHORE.

PANAMA: Cultural Panamefia, Avenida 7.. n.0 TI-49, apartado de correos 2018, PANAMA.

PARAGUAY: Agencia de Librerias de Salvador Nina, Yegros. entre 25 de Mayo y Mcal. Estigarribia. AFVNC16N ; Albo Industrial Comercial S.A., Seccibn Lihreria, GraI. Diaz 327, ASUNCI~N.

PERU: ESEDAL S.A., Departamento de Venta de Publicaciones, Edificio Santos, Jir6n Ica 441-A, oficina 108, apartado de correo 577, LIMA. For ‘The Courier’: Distribuidora de Revistas, INCA S.A., apartado 3115, LIMA.

PHILIPPINES: The Modern Book Co., 508 Rizal Avenue, MANILA.

POLAND : 06rodek Rozpowszechniania Wydawnictw Naukowych PAN, Palac Kultury i Nauki, WARSZAWA.

PORTUGAL: Dias & Andrade Lda., Livraria Portugal. rua do Carmo 70. LWBGA.

RHODESIA & NYASALAND (FEDERATION OF): The Book Centre, First Street, SALISBURY (Southern Rhodesia).

RUMANIA: Cartimex, Str. Aristide Briand 14-18, P.O. Box 134-135, BUCURE$TI.

SENEGAL: La Maison du livre, 13, avenue Rome. DAKAR.

SINGAPORE: See Malaya (Federation of). REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA: Van Schaik’s Bookstore (Pty) Ltd., Libri Building. Church Street, P.0. Box 724, PRETORIA.

SPAIN: Libreria Cicntlfica Medinaeli, Duque de Medinaceli 4, MADRID 14. For ‘The Courier’: Edicinnes Iberoamericanas SA., calle de Okate 15, MADRID.

SWEDEN: A B C. E. Fritzzs Kungl. Hovbokhandel. Fredsgatan 2. STOCKHOLM 16. For ‘The Courier’: Svenska Unescoradet, Vasagatan 15-17. STOCKHOLM C.

SWITZERLAND: Europa Verlag, Rimistrasse. 5.

TANGANYIKA: Dar cs Salaam Bookshop, P.O.

THAILAND: Suksapan Panit, Mansion 9, Rajdamnern

TUNISIA: Societe nationale d’kdition et de diffusion,

TURKEY: Librairie Hachette, 469 Istiklal Caddesi

UGANDA: Uganda Bookshop, P.O. Box 145, KAMPALA. UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC: La Renaissance d’ggypte. 9 Sh. Adly Pasha, CAIRO (Egypt).

UNITED KINGDOM: H.M. Stationery Office, P.O. Box 569, LONDON, S.E.I.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Unesco Puhli- cations Center, 801 Third Avenue, NEW YORK 22, N.Y., and, except for periodicals: Columbia University Press. 2960 Broadway, NEW YORK 27, N.Y.

URUGUAY: Oficina de Representaci6n de Editorials, plaza Cagancha 1342.1.“ piso. MONTEVIDEO.

USSR: Meibdunarodnaja Kniga, MOSKVA G-200. VENEZUELA: Libreria Politkcnica, calle Villaflor, local A, al lado General Electric, Sabana Grande, CARACAS, Libreria Cruz del Sur, Centro Comercial del Este, local 11, apartado 10223, Sabana Grande. CARACAS; Braulio Gabriel Chacares, apartado 8260, CARACAS; Libreria Fundavac C.A., apartado del Este 5843, CA- RACAS; Libreria Selecta, avenida 3, n.O 23-23, MBRIDA.

VIET-NAM : Librairiepapeterie Xub-Thu, 185-193, rue Tu-Do, B.P. 283, SAIGON.

YUGOSLAVIA: Jugoslovenska Knjiga, Terazije 27

Zthua; Payot, 40, rue du March&, GENBVE.

Box 9030, DAR ES SALAAM.

Avenue, BANGKOK.

10, rue de Russie, TUNIS.

Beyoglu, ISTANBUL.

BWRAD.