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Statement analysisStatement analysis
Presented Presented
By By
Prof. Shadia AbdelkaderProf. Shadia Abdelkader
At the end of this lecture every At the end of this lecture every student will able to:student will able to:
●●Define statement analysis.Define statement analysis.
●●Differentiate between its types.Differentiate between its types.
●●Identify its purposes and uses.Identify its purposes and uses.
●●Apply its steps.Apply its steps.
●●Utilize its advantages and limitation.Utilize its advantages and limitation.
Statement:Statement: is an important basic element in any is an important basic element in any attempt to build a scientific body of attempt to build a scientific body of knowledge.knowledge.
Analysis:Analysis: is one approach to theory building.is one approach to theory building.In analysis one clarifies ,refine and In analysis one clarifies ,refine and sharpens concept, statement, and sharpens concept, statement, and theory.theory.
Definition:
It is a process of examining It is a process of examining statements to determine if the statements to determine if the
statement is useful, informative, and statement is useful, informative, and logically correct.logically correct.
So what is statement analysis?
Rational Statement:Rational Statement: Each statement describes some type of Each statement describes some type of
relationship between or within the relationship between or within the concepts of the statement. It is the concepts of the statement. It is the
skeleton of theoryskeleton of theory
Non rational Statement :Non rational Statement : It is the theoretical and abstract It is the theoretical and abstract definition of the concepts at the definition of the concepts at the statement. It is the way by which the statement. It is the way by which the theorist clarifies the meanings in the theorist clarifies the meanings in the theory. theory.
Types:
●●Associational.Associational.
● ● Causal.Causal.
● ● Deterministic.Deterministic.
● ● Probabilistic.Probabilistic.
● ● Theoretical.Theoretical.
Relational Statement
Non Relational Statement
ExistenceAbstract
operational
● ● Identifies a concept or an Identifies a concept or an object and claims its object and claims its Existence e.g. affect is Existence e.g. affect is claimed to exist.claimed to exist.
● ● It Provides background and It Provides background and explanation before to explanation before to positioning relationships.positioning relationships.
Existence
Describes the characteristics Describes the characteristics of a concept.of a concept.
● ● Descriptive.Descriptive.
● ● Stipulative.Stipulative.
● ●OperationalOperational
Definition/Abstract
Descriptive Definition :
Describe the accepted
meaning for term already use
Stipulative Definition :
Describe the term that has a scientific use
within the theory.
Operational Definition :
includes the specific means for measuring or testing
Each scientific termwithin the theory
● ● Classify statement.Classify statement.● ● Examine the relationship between Examine the relationship between concepts.concepts.● ● Provide information about Provide information about structure and function of statement.structure and function of statement.● ● Determine any defectsDetermine any defects● ● Correct and modify the statement.Correct and modify the statement.● ● Build a new theory.Build a new theory.
Purposes and uses:
Steps of Statement Steps of Statement AnalysisAnalysis
1- Select the statement
2- Simplify the statement
Short Managable Simple
3- Classify the statement
4- Examine conceptswithin the statement
Steps Of Statement Steps Of Statement Analysis Analysis (cont.,)(cont.,)
5- Specify relationship
Type Sign Symmetry
6- Examine the logic
7- Determine testability
11-- Select the statementSelect the statement
Select a statement from a familiar theorySelect a statement from a familiar theory
● ● Specify purpose of analysisSpecify purpose of analysis.. ● ● Select a major or a prominent rather Select a major or a prominent rather
than insignificant statementthan insignificant statement.. ● ● Careful Reading of the theory as well Careful Reading of the theory as well
as the statement/s. Review of literatureas the statement/s. Review of literature . .
Simplify the statementSimplify the statement
•Simplifying the statement is needed Simplifying the statement is needed for 2 reasonsfor 2 reasons::
•The problem of elaborative verbal The problem of elaborative verbal concepts must be must be reduced concepts must be must be reduced
to manageable statementsto manageable statements..•The second problem is complexity The second problem is complexity
where one concept may be linked to where one concept may be linked to several others simultaneouslyseveral others simultaneously
22 - -Simplify the statement Simplify the statement (If 2 conditions)(If 2 conditions)
Carefully, reduce the statement into Carefully, reduce the statement into simplesimple , ,
shorter, manageable statementsshorter, manageable statements..
Environment
Agents
Workplace
worker
22 - -Simplify the statement Simplify the statement (cont.,)(cont.,)
Environment
worker
Workplace
worker
worker
Environment
Workplace
Agent
33 - -Classify the statementClassify the statement
There are 3 basic classifications of There are 3 basic classifications of statementstatement::
A- Existence statementA- Existence statement..
B- Definition statementB- Definition statement..
C- Relational statementC- Relational statement..
Existence statementExistence statement
•Claims existence of concepts It Does Claims existence of concepts It Does not define or indicate their not define or indicate their
characteristicscharacteristics..
•Example: there is a phenomenon called Example: there is a phenomenon called occupational diseasesoccupational diseases..
•Can be accurate or inaccurateCan be accurate or inaccurate..
B-Definition statementB-Definition statement
●● DescriptiveDescriptive
●● StipulativeStipulative
●● Operational statementsOperational statements
Descriptive DefinitionsDescriptive Definitions
●●Explains the accepted meaning for Explains the accepted meaning for the term that already in usethe term that already in use..
●●It explains the term in other words It explains the term in other words that already understood by the that already understood by the
readerreader . .
●●It could be considered accurate e.g It could be considered accurate e.g Kitten is the offspring of adult Kitten is the offspring of adult
female catfemale cat..
Stipulative DefinitionStipulative Definition
•It is specifically formulated only for It is specifically formulated only for use in the way the author or use in the way the author or
researcher has decreed. For example researcher has decreed. For example ‘ for the purpose of this study a ‘ for the purpose of this study a
kitten shall be defined as any kitten shall be defined as any healthy female offspring of a healthyhealthy female offspring of a healthy
female cat that is less than 8 weeks female cat that is less than 8 weeks oldold..
Operational DefinitionOperational Definition
•Includes the specific means for measuring Includes the specific means for measuring or testing each scientific term within itor testing each scientific term within it. .
•An operational definition must be precise An operational definition must be precise so that if it is used repetitively it will give so that if it is used repetitively it will give
an objective results. For example ‘ For the an objective results. For example ‘ For the purpose of the study a kitten any healthy purpose of the study a kitten any healthy
female offspring of a healthy female cat female offspring of a healthy female cat weighing between 4 and 12 ounces and no weighing between 4 and 12 ounces and no less than 3 days or more than 12 days oldless than 3 days or more than 12 days old..
Classify the statement Classify the statement (cont.,)(cont.,)
C- Relational statementC- Relational statement::
•Specify relationships between conceptsSpecify relationships between concepts..
•May be well supported empirically and logically so It May be well supported empirically and logically so It
functions as a law or an axiom within the theoryfunctions as a law or an axiom within the theory..
•May be less well supported empirically and logically so May be less well supported empirically and logically so
It serve as a proposition or empirical generalizationIt serve as a proposition or empirical generalization..
•May be unsupported hypothesisMay be unsupported hypothesis..
44 - -Examine the concepts within the Examine the concepts within the statementstatement
•Identify concepts by scanning the Identify concepts by scanning the statement for the major expressed statement for the major expressed
ideasideas..•● ● Determine the definition of Terms that Determine the definition of Terms that
reflect the conceptsreflect the concepts
● ● Determine if concepts as they are defined Determine if concepts as they are defined are theoretically validare theoretically valid
● ● Determine if concepts as they are defined are Determine if concepts as they are defined are used consistently used consistently throughout the discussionthroughout the discussion
55 - -Specify relationships by type, Specify relationships by type, sign, and symmetrysign, and symmetry
Specify relationships by type, sign, and Specify relationships by type, sign, and symmetrysymmetry
Specify relationships by typeSpecify relationships by type
Conditional
Time order
Necessary
Probabilistic
Concurrent
Causal
TYPES
•Use symbols to diagram relationships.
5.25.2-- Specify relationships by signSpecify relationships by sign
Positive Positive relationshiprelationship
Negative Negative relationshiprelationship
Inferred Inferred relationshiprelationship
Unknown Unknown relationshiprelationship
Concepts vary Concepts vary in the same in the same direction.direction.
Concepts vary Concepts vary in different in different direction.direction.
Derived Derived logically from logically from the first two the first two statement.statement.
As one concept As one concept increases or increases or decreases so decreases so does the other.does the other.
As one concept As one concept increases , the increases , the other decrease.other decrease.
Since both A Since both A and Gc are and Gc are related to H , related to H , they are related they are related to each other.to each other.
AA HH HH GcGc A GcA Gc
Specify relationships by symmetrySpecify relationships by symmetry
SymmetricalSymmetrical AsymmetricalAsymmetrical
Two ways relationshipTwo ways relationship One way relationshipOne way relationship
Each concept affect the otherEach concept affect the other Relationship only goes from one Relationship only goes from one concept to the next but is never concept to the next but is never reciprocated.reciprocated.
Example: High attachment scores Example: High attachment scores were associated with low anxiety were associated with low anxiety scores and high anxiety scores scores and high anxiety scores were associated with low were associated with low attachment scores.attachment scores.
Example: Anxiety is negatively Example: Anxiety is negatively related to group cohesiveness.related to group cohesiveness.
At Ax At Ax
Ax GcAx Gc
Examine the logicExamine the logic
•Examine the logic for originExamine the logic for origin..
•Examine the logic for Examine the logic for reasonablenessreasonableness..
• Examine the logic for adequacyExamine the logic for adequacy..
Examine the logic Examine the logic for originfor origin
•Is the statement constructed deductively or Is the statement constructed deductively or inductivelyinductively??
•If it is deductive in origin its logic is adequateIf it is deductive in origin its logic is adequate..
•If it is inductive in origin logic can’t be judged If it is inductive in origin logic can’t be judged except after empirical support and comparison to except after empirical support and comparison to
existing knowledgeexisting knowledge..
Examine the logic for reasonablenessExamine the logic for reasonableness
•Is the statement seems reasonableIs the statement seems reasonable??
•Is the statement gives what we already know Is the statement gives what we already know on the subjecton the subject??
•Does the statement makes sense in the light of Does the statement makes sense in the light of existing knowledgeexisting knowledge??
Examine the logic for adequacyExamine the logic for adequacy
•Draw a simple diagram labeling Draw a simple diagram labeling concepts by letters or numbers and concepts by letters or numbers and determine types and signs that are determine types and signs that are
relevantrelevant..
Advantages of statement analysisAdvantages of statement analysis • Examine relationships systemically.Examine relationships systemically.
• Examine the structure and function of Examine the structure and function of statements.statements.
• Discover other linkages important to Discover other linkages important to theoretical examination.theoretical examination.
limitations of statement analysislimitations of statement analysis
• Difficulty of analyzing one statement apart Difficulty of analyzing one statement apart from the whole theory.from the whole theory.
• Loss of valuable information.Loss of valuable information.
• Difficulty determining logic of statementDifficulty determining logic of statement
Utilization of statement Utilization of statement analysisanalysis
• Education.Education.
• Practice.Practice.
• Research.Research.
• Theory development.Theory development.