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State-ofState-of--thethe--art of thermal water art of thermal water
utilization utilization
in the TRANSENERGY region: in the TRANSENERGY region:
current state, potentials and challenges current state, potentials and challenges Nina Rman1
Nóra Gál2, Daniel Marcin3, Katarína Benková3, Julia Weilbold4, Gerhard Schubert4, Tadej Fuks1, Dušan Rajver1, Andrej Lapanje1, Annamária Nádor2
1 Geological Survey of Slovenia2 Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary
3 State geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr, Slovakia4 Geological Survey of Austria
Vienna, 24.6.2013
Aim of this overview
• geothermal energy utilization in the project area (year 2011)
• recognition of possible transboundary aquifers
• impact of exploitation on regional hydrogeological conditions
• potential for increased exploitation
• challenges of sustainable geothermal energy utilization
Geothermal energy resource
(http://pubs.usgs.gov)DRAWDOWN
What is so special about
regional and transboundary water resouces?
Thermal water users
Twellhead > 20°C
Country Users Wells
Slovenia 20 35
Slovakia 44 59
Austria 20 48
Hungary 129 259
Total 213 401
Maximum wellhead temperature
Twellhead (°C)
Thermal water utilization
Foto: S.M., K.M., T.F.
Bathing and balneology Heating
Thermal water utilization
P = 180 kWe net T = 110°CQ = 20 l/s M = 18 g/l
Exploited geothermal aquifers
11 different aquifers
0.5 to 2 km depth
Q = 20-30 l/slots of CO2 → carbonates scaling → inhibitors
Q = 5-10 l/slots of H2S, CO2 → carbonates scaling → inhibitors
Q = 10-35 l/shigh abstraction → pump failures due to sand clogghing
Monitoring of geothermal wells
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
SI SK A HU SI SK A HU SI SK A HU SI SK A HU SI SK A HU
annual data continuous & daily data
occasional measurements
no monitoring no data
data is not saved
data is saved
No.
of b
oreh
oles
Groundwater level (m)
Momentary yield (l/s)
Cumulative quantity (m3)
Water temperature (°C)
Chemical monitoring
Identify anomalous changes
Sustainable management
Benchmarking indicators
Groundwater level monitoring
Thermal water production
Exploitation characteristics
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Paleozoic metamorphic rocks
Mesozoic carbonate rocks
Middle Miocene clastic rocks and sediments
Pannonian-Pontian clastic rocks and
sediments
Pliocene clastic rocks and sediments
changes
yiel
d, te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd w
ater
leve
l dec
eras
e
yiel
d an
d w
ater
leve
l dec
eras
e
wat
er le
vel d
ecer
ase
tem
pera
turec
hang
es, w
ell c
yclin
g,
yiel
d an
d w
ater
leve
l dec
eras
e
tem
pera
ture
and
wat
er le
vel d
ecer
ase
Waste thermal water management
locationwellhead
outletwellheadi TT
TT
sewage
Future geothermal development
Technical potential
65 inactive users 94 inactive wells +7 mio m3 annually:
Upper Miocene clastic rocks: +2.8 million m3 MZ carbonates: +1.7 million m3
Others: app. + 2.8 million m3
Future geothermal development
Hydrogeological potential
regional and transboundary aquifers → interferences → numerical models
Legislative potential
Applications for or granted water concessions (AT, SI, SK):
+30 mio m3 annually
Heat extraction: reinjection with doublets
Management of resources: benchmarking
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2007 2008 2009 2010 water permits
HU
A
SK
SI
An
nu
al e
xtra
ctio
n o
f th
erm
al w
ater
(mio
m3/
y) 70% data72% data
71% data
25% data
6% data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2007 2008 2009 2010 water permits
HU
A
SK
SI
An
nu
al e
xtra
ctio
n o
f th
erm
al w
ater
(mio
m3/
y) 70% data72% data
71% data
25% data
6% data
Future geothermal development
Conclusions
Utilization status in 2011 : 148 users with 307 active wells
Low temperature resources: direct use and 1 binary electricity power plant
2 most favourable geothermal aquifers: MZ carbonates & Upper Miocene sand
Indications of overexploitation
Cascade use: improves thermal efficiency and reduces water demand
Inactive geothermal wells
Low and intermediate temperature potential for new drillings
Limited hydrogeological potential can be expanded by reinjection
• Monitoring system: comparable and systematic, public data
Sustainable development: pilot models, benchmarking and strategy paper
http://transenergy-eu.geologie.ac.at/
http://akvamarin.geo-zs.si/users
Wellbore database
Geological maps
Utilization maps
Geothermal mapsCombination of layers
!!! Scale !!!!
Thermal water temperature and surface heat flow density
Most tapped geothermal aquifers andextent of the Upper Miocene sand
Temperature at 1000 m and thermal water users
Interactive webmaps and database of users