State of the environment report for Zanzibar

2004/2005

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AbbreviationsAIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeCBO Community Based OrganizationDANIDA Danish International Development AgencyEA Environmental AssessmentEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationGDP Gross Domestic ProductHa HectaresHIV Human Immuno-deficiency VirusIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentMACEMP Marine and Coastal Environment Management ProjectMANREC Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Co-operativesMPA Marine Protected AreaNGOs Non Governmental OrganizationsOIE Organization for Animal HealthSMOLE Sustainable Management of Land and EnvironmentTsh Tanzanian shillingsUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeZGGSP Zanzibar Good Governance Strategic PlanZIPA Zanzibar Investment Promotion AgencyZPRP Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan

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ContentsMap of Zanzibar . . . . . . 2Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Zanzibar today . . . . . . . 4About this report . . . . . . 5

State of the Natural EnvironmentForests and biodiversity . 6Fresh water and water use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Coastal zone . . . . . . . . 10Agriculture and livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

State of the Socio-economic EnvironmentTourism . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Economy and poverty . 18Education and awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Population, health and gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Governance . . . . . . . . . 24

State of the Built EnvironmentHousing, infrastructure and transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Pollution and waste . . . 30Land use and planning 32

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . 34Acknowledgements . . . 35References . . . . . . . . . . 36

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Map taken from The Study on The Zanzibar Irrigation Master Plan: Action Plan Report, Vol 1, 2003.

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Forward

The Zanzibar Department of Environment proudly presents the 2004 State of Environment Report.

This report is meant to provide a clear look at the environmental situation in Zanzibar and what we are

doing to improve it. It highlights the priority issues and current state of all different parts of our

environment. It also summarizes the current measures being taken by government, development partners,

non-governmental organizations, the private sector and local communities.

The origin of the Report lies in our decision to outline objectively the status of our environment. It is a

fully Zanzibar-made product and the result of a collaborative effort between representatives of a number

of government departments. It should be pointed out that the information used came from a wide range

of studies, reports, censuses and input from colleagues in numerous government departments, and that

the accuracy of information can sometimes vary. Studies are often conducted at irregular intervals or only

once, and as a result, the Report is reliant on the best available information that could be acquired. This

Report thus is a first attempt and our aim will be to improve State of the Environment Reporting with

each new edition as time passes.

Information provides the basis for decision-making. It therefore needs to be shared as widely as possible.

To some extent the State of Environment Report is a scorecard that assesses how well we are doing in

terms of protecting the environment on which we all depend. For this reason, copies of this State of

Environment Report will be widely distributed in English and Kiswahili to central, regional and local

government, private businesses, NGOs, interested associations and, importantly – members of the public.

May this Report assist us in our efforts to collectively work toward securing a healthy and prosperous

environment in Zanzibar to support our people, now and into the future.

Ali J. Hamadi

Director, Department of Environment

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Zanzibar todayZanzibar is a nation richly endowed with remarkable cultural and natural heritage. It has been a centre of trade, agriculture and cultural exchange for thousands of years. As a small group of islands with limited space, Zanzibar faces many environmental and social challenges. Fortunately, a good deal of progress has been made to wisely manage its natural resources, and people are taking action to ensure that Zanzibar’s valuable natural, cultural and economic assets remain intact and are used in a sustainable manner for the benefit of all our people.

Pressures on our environment continue and in some cases are expanding. The environment is being more heavily utilized than ever before and parts are rapidly degraded. Zanzibar is at a critical stage in terms of deciding the directions it will take into the future. Will it become a sustainable group of islands with a healthy popu-lation and vibrant natural, cultural, and econom-

ic resources? Or will it fall into a poor state with worsening conditions? Decisions made now will determine the quality of life and the quality of the environment in Zanzibar for many years to come.

Link to policyNumerous policies and plans have been devel-oped to propel Zanzibar on a path towards poverty reduction, sustainable development and a healthy environment. They include Zanzibar’s Vision 2020, the Zanzibar Biodiversity Strategy and the Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP). Vision 2020 serves as a foundation for development with links to all sectors of society, environment and economy. The ZPRP (progress reports can be viewed at www.zprp.org) is a plan of action for implementing various socio-economic improvements, and the Biodiversity Strategy outlines the way forward for managing conservation and utilization of natural resources.

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About this reportWhat is the environment?The environment is where we live. Many people consider the “environment” to be primarily concerned with natural things such as plants and animals, forests and coral reefs. The environment is certainly made up of such things, but it also includes a much wider spectrum of life and society. It is a broad term which describes the space around us – in natural, social, economic as well as technological (“built”) ways. Education, urbanization, waste, population, housing and energy are all part of our environment. What is a state of environment report for?To maintain and improve our environment, it is necessary to keep track of its health and progress. Information based on continuous monitoring provides the basis for decision-making. To this end, The State of the Environ-ment Report is meant to do the following:• Provide an overall “snapshot” of the status of

different aspects of the environment and the pressures and issues facing them.

• Highlight the trends and progress in each aspect of the environment.

• Report on the ways that Zanzibar is respond-ing to the issues facing the environment.

• Inform all tiers and sectors of society, including political decision-makers, adminis-trators and civil society, including local communities, on the state of the environment on which we all depend.

The State of Environment Report (SoER) should therefore be recognised as a handy tool for decision makers in government, as well as the private sector and the general public. The Report is not an end in itself, but is meant to be a “living document” which should be updated regularly in order to continue to paint an accurate picture of the situation in Zanzibar. It allows us to see which aspects of the environ-ment are getting better, which are staying the same and which are getting worse – and to act accordingly.

The Government of Zanzibar has made the decision to investigate its environmental situation in a holistic manner and subsequently commis-sioned a State of Environment Report to be produced – the first ever for Zanzibar. Such a report can be a useful tool to set, and keep, Zanzibar on the right path, as it serves as a summary of the current situation and what is being done to improve it. Not only can the Report provide a clear picture of where Zanzibar stands now, but it can also provide information to plan how Zanzibar should look in the future.

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Forests and biodiversityThe remaining high forests of Zanzibar, such as Jozani and Ngezi, are under good formal protection. These forests have increasing tourism value and sustainable management plans are in place. However, Zanzibar’s increasing population is placing pressure on other forest resources for building supplies and fuelwood. Quarries deface parts of the countryside, coral rag forests are heavily utilised for fuel and cleared for cultiva-tion and mangroves are cut for building poles. Flagship species such as the Pemba Flying Fox and the Ader’s Duiker continue to be under threat, but there are increasing efforts to protect them. In many places communities and local government have mobilized to plant trees, manage forests and protect the endemic species of Zanzibar. Monitoring of resource utilization and environmental damage due to salt farming continues to be a challenge for Zanzibar.

What are the priority issues? 1) Encroachment on forest areas from

settlement, farming and tourism development.2) Habitat degradation particularly in the coral

rag forests, coral reefs and mangroves.

3) Widespread wildlife harvesting – both in the terrestrial and marine environments.

4) Increase in numbers of quarries and salt farms.

What are some of our indicators? • Percentage increase/decrease in forest cover.• Status of populations of keystone and

indicator species.• Number of new protected areas and status of

their management.

What is the state of this environment?• An estimated 500ha of coral rag forest is

cleared each year.• 41% of Zanzibar’s woody biomass is

indigenous and 59% is exotic.• Firewood is the primary fuel source on

Zanzibar. Pressure on mangroves for building poles and coral rag for fuelwood is increasing as a result of growing demand.

• There are 29 active quarries for soil, sand and primarily stone. Some rehabilitation takes places but not for the majority of quarries. The increase in demand for building stone is prompting an increase in mining.

Quarries are an increasingly familiar site in the countryside.

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• The Zanzibar Red Colobus Monkey population has increased steadily since the 1980s. 1999 figures estimate almost 2,500.

• The Ader’s Duiker population has decreased by an estimated 87.7% between 1982 and 1999. Hunting still occurs.

• Pemba Flying Fox is limited to approximately 5 main colonies.

• Harvesting of wildlife products such as sea turtles continues and is difficult to monitor.

• Indian house crows are an increasing problem for indigenous bird species. Studies have been carried out in the past to control the crows.

What is being done?• Villages in Unguja have developed Resource

Use Management Agreements (RUMAs) to control utilization of forest products.

• Conservation education is increasing through radio, television, youth trips and publications.

• The Sustainable Management of Land and Environment Strategy (SMOLE) is mapping and taking aerial photographs of Zanzibar to update land and environmental data.

• By-laws are in place for sustainable use of forest products in the villages surrounding Ngezi Forest, and village management of forests have long been established in the Jozani area.

• There are numerous international conserva-tion and sustainable management programmes and projects and local CBOs and NGOs involved in conservation and treeplanting. Some initiatives include Vitangoji Environ-mental Conservation Association; Wete

Forest cover in Zanzibar

Forest Type Unguja (ha) Pemba (ha)Coral Rag 85,254 13,075Mangrove 5,829 13,919High forest / plantation 7,141 9,505Agroforestry systems 37,891 85,084Mixed Woody Vegetation 437 19,733

Woody Biomass Inventory of Zanzibar Islands, 1997

Environmental Conservation Club; Community Development and Environmental Conservation Zanzibar, Misali Island Conservation Association, Jozani Chwaka Bay Conservation Project.

• Zanzibar’s Protected Area network is increasing, further protecting habitat.

• Recent Ader’s Duiker translocation to Chumbe Island demonstrates responsible tourism and biodiversity conservation in action.

Increase in building activities puts pressure on resources.

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Fresh water and water useThe supply and condition of water supplies in Zanzibar is a top priority. Currently, the water demand on Zanzibar is not being met and some sources are contaminated, mainly from human waste. The implications extend to the overall health of the population. Access to water for Zanzibar’s population has increased, but is still low in certain districts, and some districts only receive a small percentage of their allocated operational and maintenance budget. Water in many areas is not healthy for consumption, and higher levels of awareness are needed. The Draft Water Policy of 2003 highlights these issues, although it has yet to be implemented. Water conservation, recycling and general awareness of the population can alleviate the water situation in Zanzibar, as can further coordination between the Department of Water and other relevant departments, the Department of Health in particular.

What are the priority issues? 1) Contamination of water supplies and

pollution.2) Difficulties in meeting the water demand in

Zanzibar.3) Water waste, leakage and lack of sufficient

water conservation awareness.

4) Coordination between the Department of Water and other relevant departments.

What are some of our indicators?• Percent of population with access to clean

water.• Health of water sources and watersheds.

Faecal coliform levels.• Incidence of water-borne disease such as

dysentery and cholera.• Water demand vs. existing supply.

What is the state of this environment? • Rising population, industry and tourism are

rapidly increasing the consumption and demand for water in Zanzibar. It is estimated that supply presently meets only 51% of the demand.

• Percentage of piped water has increased over the past five years, but in some places, such as Micheweni District, figures are still low.

• 50% of those in West District and Chake Chake do not opt for government household water connection because it is too expensive. 65% of users of public drinking water facilities are willing to pay more for better services.

• Open inland waters in Zanzibar are often visibly polluted with rubbish and waste.

An estimated 30% of water is lost through leakages before it reaches the consumer.

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• Some districts report that the amount of money received from the Operation and Maintenance Fund does not meet their needs. For instance, the water department in Pemba received less than 20% of what it was allocated.

• Contamination of water supply from human waste remains a serious concern affecting some of Pemba’s main water supplies, such as in Chake Chake.

• Settlements continue to be built on top of watersheds and there is little funding to correct the situation.

What is being done?• Draft Water Policy was approved in 2003, but

in some areas it has not been implemented.• Because of the lack of operational and

maintenance funds, the Department of Water has engaged communities to form water committees to help maintain the water supply where the department supplies the technician and the communities raise money for the needed supplies. In West District and Chake Chake, 58% of common public water users are involved in maintenance programs.

• Department of Water in Pemba assists local communities in obtaining donor assistance to upgrade water facilities.

• There exists some awareness about water usage and contamination, but more is needed – amongst the local population and at hotels which are heavy consumers of water and where most tourists are unaware of Zanzibar’s water situation.

(%) Piped, protected well/spring as main source of drinking water – 2002

Urban West North Unguja South Unguja North Pemba South Pemba 95% 81% 62% 40% 49%

Source: Census 2002

Distribution of Households by Main Sources of Drinking Water (%)

Normal Water Source Total West District Chake ChakeHousehold pipe 34 38 28Common public tap 43 48 36Boreholes within house 01 02 0Boreholes outside house 02 02 0Protected well 02 02 02Unprotected well 12 01 29Others 06 07 05

Source: Participatory Water Service Delivery Assessment on Drinking Water, 2004

Households with access to piped water has increased.

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Coastal zoneThe coast and its resources are some of Zanzibar’s most valuable assets. If used correctly, they can help sustain our people far into the future. The rapid transformation of Zanzibar’s coast as a result of tourism development remains one of the most critical issues concerning the coastal zone. Widespread development seen on Unguja’s East Coast, in areas such as Kiwengwa, are changing the face of Zanzibar. Pemba is largely in good shape, but is in a critical phase to determine how it will limit tourism development to few specific areas, as outlined in Zanzibar’s Tourism Zoning Plan. The maintenance of mangrove stands is also of importance, as they are critical for protection against coastal erosion and as crucial breeding grounds for fish, crustaceans and molluscs. They provide a valuable ecosystem function that extends to coral reefs and overall fisheries. Areas in Unguja continue to be heavily cut, and in Pemba salt farming poses a sizeable risk to mangroves on the East Coast. Coastal erosion and coral reef

damage, if left unchecked, will negatively impact tourism, fisheries and Zanzibar’s biodiversity. Environmental and village groups with support of the Government engage in treeplanting and environmental education, and additional marine conservation areas are being planned.

What are the priority issues? 1) Conservation and wise use of mangroves,

coral reefs and other inshore fish habitat.2) Rapid transformation of coastal areas from

tourism development – mainly the north and east coasts of Unguja.

3) Need for strict adherence to the tourism zoning plan and environmental regulations for any future tourism development in Pemba.

What are some of our indicators? • Percent of coastline consumed by tourism

development and number of new coastal tourism resorts.

• Percent decrease in mangrove cover.

Tourism development like this at Nungwi is changing the nature of Zanzibar’s coast.

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• Number and size of areas converted to salt farms.

• Bleaching and damage to coral reefs.

What is the state of this environment?• Tourism development is often too close to or

below the high water mark, leading to erosion. This is especially evident in Unguja, particu-larly Nungwi.

• Many tourism developments continue to illegally dump waste and litter.

• Social impacts of coastal tourism are insufficiently monitored.

• Coral harvesting for construction continues to affect reef systems and can contribute to coastal erosion.

• Destructive fishing techniques continue to harm coral reefs.

• All mangroves are classified as forest reserves since 1965 and existing and future marine reserves place them under formal protection, but sustained cutting continues to thin mangrove forests.

• Only half of Zanzibar’s mangroves can be considered undamaged.

• In Pemba, the increase in salt farms is threatening the stands of mangroves and this is regarded as a priority by Pemba’s Depart-ment of Environment. Generally, salt farms benefit few individuals, yet require and alter very extensive areas.

• The total mangrove land cover in Zanzibar was 7.4% in 1997 and 6.1% in a 2001. There are currently an estimated 16,000 ha of mangroves (5,003 ha in Unguja and 10,943 ha in Pemba).

• Awareness of coastal issues in government departments is good, but there is still a lack of authority and funding to enforce regula-tions.

What is being done?• Coordinated efforts are being made between

the Department of Environment, the Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry, the Institute for Marine Science and villages for integrated management.

• The Sustainable Management of Land and Environment (SMOLE) strategy and the Department of Environment are updating the mapping of land and resources. Evaluation of aerial photographs can help determine erosion levels and mangrove extent.

• There are local mangrove planting efforts, such as in Jozani Forest, Chwaka Bay, Menai Bay and Misali Island. Fortunately, mangroves can regenerate quickly.

• Environmental assessment training is taking place, but the enforcement of environmental regulations, such as environmental impact assessments, remains weak.

• There are plans for additional Marine Conservation Areas and the Marine and Coastal Environmental Management Project (MACEMP) is now coming into action.

Mangroves provide fish habitat and protection from coastal erosion.

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Agriculture & livestockAgriculture has been part of the heritage and history of Zanzibar since early times when it was the largest clove exporter in the world. However, over the past 20 years, Zanzibar’s clove produc-tion has fallen by over 90%. In spite of this, clove production continues to support many rural households, and with subsistence crops and livestock, they represent the main livelihoods on Zanzibar. The ability of Zanzibar to meet its

food demands and revive its export crops continue to be challenges and soil fertility, training, equipment and access to markets are often cited as central focal areas. The Govern-ment with outside assistance is making consider-able progress to assist rural people in crop and stock production.

What are the priority issues? 1) Soil fertility and water conservation.2) Food production efficiency.3) Development and research in the livestock

industry.4) Settlement on agricultural land and crowding

in farming areas.5) Topsoil loss from erosion, deforestation,

rainfall events and poor agricultural practices.6) Access to markets by small scale farmers in

rural areas, particularly in Pemba.

What are some of our indicators?• Increase/decrease in imported food such as

rice and sugar. • Increase/decrease in cash crop exports.• Annual crop yields and livestock numbers.• Rural poverty figures.

What is the state of this environment?• Agriculture’s contribution to Zanzibar’s Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) declined from 58.3% in 1985 to 43% in the 1990s to 34.6% today.

• Imports of rice and sugar have fluctuated and were very high in 1996, 1999 and 2000. Imports lowered in 2001 to 69,055 tonnes (rice) and 21,733 tonnes (sugar).

• The area under food production has continually dropped over the past 20 years, from 54,172 ha in 1985 to 44,995 ha in 1996. Poor agricultural and soil management techniques result in topsoil loss, erosion, soil deterioration, and food distribution remains a problem with certain areas, such as Pemba’s east and north eastern areas.

• Cloves are still the main export crop in Zanzibar and one of the few agricultural products still controlled by the Government. Clove prices have fallen by almost 90% over the past 20 years. Seaweed production, however, has increased and the majority of farmers are women.

There are numerious programmes underway to improve and expand the livestock industry.

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• In 2004 Tanzania applied to the Organization for Animal Health as a rinderpest-free country for the first time.

• The tsetse fly problem has been eradicated on Unguja Island, although other sources of livestock disease remain obstacles in develop-ing the livestock industry.

• Government agricultural subsidies decreased from Tsh 40,489,430 (1994/5) to Tsh 31,867,060 (1998/9).

• 65% of cattle are kept for “personal savings” for sale in times of hardship; 9% are draught animals; 43% are bulls sold for meat; and 41% are for milk production.

What is being done? • International donor projects are underway or

planned through IFAD, UNDP, FAO, Saudi Fund, DANIDA and other foreign assistance organizations for crop diversification, marketing, pest control and capacity building.

• The Agricultural Strategic Plan has been produced by the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Co-operatives.

• Pilot projects for vanilla and other potential cash crops are underway, and the Feasibility Study for Agricultural Sector Development has been completed.

• Farmer assistance from the Departments of Agriculture and Livestock provide training and equipment for farmers, and research continues at Kizimbani Research Station.

• Heifer-in-trust schemes have been set up to provide livestock to small farmers and Farmer Field Schools have been set up to empower and train farmers.

• The Government is making progress in commercializing the dairy industry.

• Irrigation schemes are being developed, but these must seriously consider water consump-tion and re-use in Zanzibar.

Livestock Production in Zanzibar

Livestock type Unguja PembaCattle 45,750 65,943Goats 26,472 18,643Sheep 375 265Chicken 324,657 465,432Ducks 24,921 8,427Donkeys 494 700Guinea fowl 1,334 2,174

Livestock Census (1993)

Production of Selected Cash Crops (tonnes)

Crop 1991 2000 2001Cloves 15,394 1,847 300Clovestems 482 50 naCopra 3,691 972 64Chillies 2.9 0.1 0.1Seaweed 2,493 4,991 naRubber 39 42 na

Land Husbandry Improvement Plan

Imports of rice declined between 1994 and 2001, but remain significantly higher than in the early 1990’s.

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FisheriesOfficial fisheries statistics report a significant increase in the artisinal fish catch over the past decade but this is in contrast with reports from fishers and officials, who describe a reduction in fisheries productivity. Also contrasting are data on fisher and vessel numbers which are widely considered to be increasing. There is heavy pressure on fisheries in many areas and fishers report smaller average catch size and increasing difficulty in maintaining livelihoods from fishing. Habitat destruction of coral reefs and mangroves from illegal fishing techniques, such as spearfish-ing, drag-netting and dynamiting compounds the problem. Zanzibar’s increasing population and fast-growing tourism industry will likely place further pressure on Zanzibar’s inshore fisheries. The pelagic fish catch, also reported to be increasing, may be able to sustain further exploitation by small scale fishermen better than the already strained inshore stock. The Govern-ment is taking steps to control and understand fisheries through frame surveys, education of local fishermen and the establishment of additional marine conservation areas. Enforce-ment of regulations remains a difficulty.

What are the priority issues?1) Increasing pressure on fisheries resources.2) Insufficient enforcement of fisheries

regulations.3) Destruction of mangroves, reefs and other

habitat by exploitation and destructive fishing techniques.

What are some of our indicators? • Catch numbers, catch trends and average fish size.• Vessel numbers and trends.• Incidence of destructive fishing techniques.• % increase/decrease in mangroves and coral

reefs.

What is the state of this environment?• Overall the inshore fish catch is widely report-

ed to be declining, although the official statistics suggest an increase.

• Numbers of fishers and vessels are widely reported to be increasing, but official statistics suggest that they are decreasing.

• Artisanal fishing is becoming an increasingly difficult livelihood and small scale fishers who have exhausted fishing grounds near to their villages now travel greater distances for fish and congregate around rich grounds such as Misali Island.

• Certain species are under greatly increasing pres-sure, such as octopus, reef fish and anchovies.

• Dynamite fishing is still reported and can cause extensive damage to coral reef systems. Such fishers are reported to be from the mainland.

• Conflicts between villages over fisheries are reported to be increasing.

• Enforcement of laws is still weak.• Beach seine continues to be used, but has

effectively been stopped in certain marine protected areas.

• Proportion of skippers who own their own vessels and equipment (as opposed to them being owned by a non-fishing businessman) has increased significantly between 1997 and 2003.

• Deep sea fishery vessels, owned largely by international companies were required to register in 2003. In 2003, there were 104 registered vessels and in 2004, there were 72, while in 1996 there were only 13 registered vessels, and many operated without registra-tion. Vessel registration fees include either $18,000 per year or $1,333 per month in addition to an annual $2000 registration fee.

• Almost 1⁄4 of the coast of Unguja lies within Marine Conservation Areas, although enforce-ment still needs to be improved.

• There are 3 Marine Conservation Areas in Unguja and 1 in Pemba.

• Seaweed farming has increased significantly over the past decade and currently there are

Fishing with certian nets or traps is indiscriminate and can damage habitat.

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approximately 25,000 seaweed farmers in Zanzibar – mainly women.

• Yearly consumption of fish is approximately 21 kilograms per person, and fishing provides income and employment for about 20% of the population.

What is being done?• The Zanzibar Fisheries Department is making

efforts to propose 3 additional MPAs in Unguja and progress is being made for the establishment of the Pemba Channel Conser-vation Area (PECCA) to protect and manage

Zanzibar’s Fishing Industry

ITEM 1997 SURVEY 2003 SURVEY % CHANGENumber of landing sites 254 224 -12 %Number of fishers 23,734 18,618 -22 %Number of fishing vessels 5,149 4,115 -20 %Number of outboard engines 368 351 -5 %Number of inboard engines 23 11 -52 %Gill nets 6,247 878 -86 %Sharks nets 2,777 151 -95 %Moveable traps 10,644 8,257 -22 %Hand lines 16,728 10,538 -37 %Surrounding nets 36 1,437 +3,892 %Fixed fences 167 21 -87 %Stick spears 3,298 1,848 -44 %

Source: Zanzibar Fisheries Department, 2003 Frame Survey

Official Artisanal Fishery Catch (Kgs) – UNGUJA

Marine Resource 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003Fish 5,981,016 8,603,005 7,419,045 7,182,163 10,126,482 10,576,420 10,853,236 11,295,661Octopus/Squid 333,662 645,857 530,099 596,729 552,075 439,381 416,335 354,267Lobster 458,250 15,962 110,257 38,908 109,691 39,511 27,783 24,853

Source: Zanzibar Fisheries Department, 2004

resources along the western coast of Pemba.• Zanzibar Fisheries Department continue to

conduct Frame Surveys every 5-6 years and demonstrate the desire to conduct them more regularly.

• The Government has made efforts in credit schemes for fishers with varying success.

• Deep sea fisheries are monitored by the Maritime Control and Surveillance (MCS) since 2003, which conducts sea and air patrols. The responsibility will soon be taken over by Marine and Coastal Environment Management Programme (MACEMP).

Official Artisanal Fishery Catch (Kgs) – PEMBA

Marine Resource 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003Fish 1,946,140 2,272,242 1,950,979 2,911,359 2,813,003 5,991,092 8,478,905 8,799,439Octopus/squid 126,121 172,058 195,500 288,669 20,635 609,326 564,161 247,160Lobster 5,858 31,640 19,441 16,272 16,114 266,284 2,684 39,233

Source: Zanzibar Fisheries Department, 2004

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TourismTourism is the fastest growing sector of Zanzibar’s economy with foreign earnings in 2002 at $4,471,000. Tourism is promoted by Zanzibar as a way to generate revenue and boost the livelihoods of local people. Beach tourism is significant and new tourism developments are continuing to spring up along the coast, especially along the east and northern coasts of Unguja. Pemba is developing itself as an ecotourism destination in contrast to Unguja’s mass-tourism market. Concerns remain about the rapid growth of coastal developments, water and resource use for tourism, and the cultural impact of tourism. It also remains to be seen to what extent the general population of Zanzibar can benefit from tourism, as much revenue currently remains overseas.

What are the priority issues? 1) Control of tourist development in coastal areas. 2) Benefits from tourism for local people.3) Waste and water use by tourism developments.4) Cultural sensitivity.

What are some of our indicators?• Percent of coastline utilized by tourism.• Sentiment amongst local people about

tourists’ behaviour and dress.• Increasing population or displacement of

people around tourism development areas.• Benefits from tourism flowing to the local

population.

What is the state of this environment?• Tourism arrival numbers fluctuate, but show

an increase since the early 1990s. A decline in recent years can be due to global terrorism. Data is perhaps inaccurate because now not all visitors are required to register at immigra-tion (for instance those arriving from other parts of Tanzania).

• Benefit-sharing to local communities is not required, but some responsible hotels have sharing schemes to provide some benefits to the local people.

• Italians make up 1/3 of the international tourist market and specifically focus on mass beach tourism to Unguja’s East Coast, where there are the most large tourism develop-ments.

• Hotels are increasing – there are now 216 tourist accommodation venues in Zanzibar (200 in Unguja and 16 in Pemba).

• 25 additional beach tourism sites are earmarked for Pemba’s coast; most have already been allocated to developers. Sites are primarily on the western side of Pemba.

• There are 152 tour operators in Zanzibar.• Much revenue from tourism remains overseas

and local people sometimes express dissatis-faction about benefits to the local population of Zanzibar.

• Many guides are untrained. “Papasi” (unofficial guides) are increasing in high density tourism areas such as Zanzibar Town and are considered by the Commission of Tourism to be one of the greatest problems facing the industry.

Source: Zanzibar Commission for Tourism

Zanzibar Tourist Arrivals: 1990-2003

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1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Zanzibar Tourist Arrivals: 1990 – 2003

Tourism development is continuing to spread on the coast of Zanzibar.

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• Tourism has visible environmental and social impacts in Zanzibar, many of which are unchecked and unmonitored.

• Hotel development is altering the coastline of Zanzibar and continues to consume the beach areas, especially on Unguja’s East and North coasts.

• Seasonality (with July-October being the busiest months) and market fluctuations affect the people working in the tourism industry. Global and regional terrorism and Zanzibar’s recent political violence have caused sometimes dramatic drops in tourism numbers and revenue.

• Floating Boat Hotels in Pemba are not fully monitored and conflicts with local fishing villages have been reported.

• Potential conflict zone of Kwa Azani will need to be managed carefully with the envisioned tourism developments there. Proper Social and Environmental Impact Assessments will need to be carried out for tourism developments with maximum community participation.

• Changuu (Prison) Island is now under private management with a large hotel recently built on it. In contrast to small, ecotourism accommodation such as on Chumbe Island, Changuu’s development is considerably more extensive.

What is being done?• Environmental Assessment awareness is being

raised in the local villages in places of tourism or potential tourism.

• Zanzibar Commission for Tourism has 14 security officers throughout Unguja to protect tourists from crime.

• Zanzibar Commission for Tourism is planning to implement a system for guide certification.

• Ministry of Trade, Industry, Marketing and Tourism has a revised, updated 2004 Tourism Policy.

• The Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry successfully prevented the development of two tourism sites in Vumaw-imbi, Pemba out of concern for the Ngezi Forest, demonstrating sound vision in planning tourism development.

• Studies have been carried out in Pemba to gauge the perceptions of local people to tourism to develop ways for tourism to exist within the cultural context of Zanzibar.

• Environmental and social impact assessments of new developments are required by law, but the Department of Environment is limited in resources and in its capacity to enforce regulations.

Strict environmental and social impacts assessments prior to development are necessary for large developments like this one under construction at Kiwengwa where the perimeter wall extends almost 1 kilometre along the road.

Pemba Tourism Numbers: 1999 – 2003

Year Number of Tourists1999 3,6922000 4,2742001 6,3292002 3,0012003 6,648

Source: Commission for Tourism, Pemba

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Economy and povertyPoverty reduction has been marked as one of the central aims of Government. Strategies to reduce poverty relate to virtually all aspects covered by this State of Environment Report. Significantly, the Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan is already reporting concrete results. However, great challenges continue to face Zanzibar as a result of the declining clove industry, large trade deficits and high levels of unemployment. Government has the daunting task to provide its population with the necessary basic services for healthy lives and economic opportunity, yet the economic resource base on which revenue depends is volatile. Tourism has emerged as a great hope to bring in foreign exchange to the extent that cloves have in the past. Tourism is growing, investment is increasing, but how to spread significant benefits to the local population and manage tourism growth remain the greatest challenges. Otherwise, growth will not be sustainable in the long run or meet the needs of the general population of Zanzibar.

What are the priority issues?1) Employment and livelihood creation for our

growing population.2) Trade and the vitality of clove and other

agricultural and livestock markets.3) Poverty reduction and provision of basic

services.4) Development of the tourism industry in ways

that are economically, socially and environ-mentally sustainable.

What are some of our indicators?• Unemployment rates and poverty levels.• Trade deficit and Gross Domestic Product

(GDP).• Percentage of population with access to good

communications, education, health care, suitable housing and basic services.

What is the state of this environment?• Between 2001 and 2002, capital investment

increased by 33.2%. This was largely due to the sea transport, tourism and housing construction sectors.

Sea transport and tourism were two major growth sectors for capital investment in 2001/2002.

Employment breakdown in Zanzibar

Employment type (%) North South Urban North South Unguja Unguja West Pemba PembaBusiness Operations 15 16 53 20 21Office Work 3.50 4.80 17 4.50 6.70Agriculture 64 65 15 52 52Livestock Keeping 0.83 0.97 0.76 6.72 1.18Fishing 12.53 6.86 2.83 7.62 7.73Elementary Occupations 2.78 4.52 6.68 8.37 10.44Plant Assemblies/Operations 1.07 1.43 4.22 0.62 1.14

Source: Census 2002

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• Road infrastructure and land development investments increased by 24.1% over the same period.

• The proportion of the population below the National Basic Needs Poverty Line dropped from 60% in 1990 to 51% in 2000, but 36% of the population is still living in extreme poverty.

• The per capita income was estimated at $259 in 2000 and $269 in 2002, and more than 60% of the population subsist on less than $150 per year.

• Disparity of income levels between Pemba and Unguja and between rural and urban areas continues.

• The trade deficit between January and April, 2004 was Tsh 11,674.4 million and GDP growth rate has fallen from 9% in 2001 to 5% in 2003.

• Unemployment in 1999 was estimated at between 17-25%, and the 2004 progress report of the Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan state a current figure of 40%. The informal sector makes up 61% of employ-

ment. Proportion of the population that is economically active is 54%.

• Inflation continues to fluctuate as a result of a volatile resource base and reached 9% at the end of 2003. The shilling depreciated against the dollar and food prices also increased by 9%.

• The Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency (ZIPA) recorded that 62% of investment projects are in the tourism and hotel sector.

What is being done? • The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan is

implementing numerous initiatives in a wide range of sectors.

• The Employment Policy is being developed and the Labour Court has been officially opened.

• The National Trade Policy is being prepared and studies are underway to improve the state of the clove industry,

• The Government has planned many initiatives in entrepreneurship, private sector development, and trade promotion, but trade continues to suffer, as revealed in the current deficit.

The majority of employment comes from the informal sector.

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Education and awarenessEducation provides a foundation for improving all sectors of society and all aspects of life. It receives considerable attention from the Government and its development partners. With Zanzibar’s growing population, the need to rehabilitate school facilities, upgrade study materials, revise curricula and train teachers is well recognized. Similarly, general public awareness is required to address environmental and health issues. Additional vocational training is necessary to address unemployment in Zanzibar and to develop livelihoods. Quality of education and developing suitable curricula remain key priority areas.

What are the priority issues? 1) Enrolment, attendance and continuation at all

school levels.2) Quality and suitability of teachers, facilities,

materials and curricula.3) Awareness of the general public in terms of

the environment, water, health, land issues, and good governance.

What are some of our indicators?• Enrolment and continuation rates. • Literacy rates.• Participation of the public in decision-

making. Number and quality of awareness campaigns.

• Number of new or upgraded facilities and availability of materials.

What is the state of this environment?• 1998 tests of Standard IV literacy showed

5.2% having reached the desirable mastery literacy level, and overall literacy continues to increase (refer to table).

• Males still dominate higher education, although enrolment is becoming more equal. Karume Technical College enrolment in 2000 was 69% male.

• Enrolment for females and males was almost the same in 1997, and was more for females than males in the 2002 Census (refer to table).

• A 2004 Pilot Citizen Report Card found general satisfaction of parents with schools with the exception of recreational facilities and the quality of study materials.

• The student – teacher ratio averaged 33:1 for basic education and teacher training continues to increase.

• The 1996-2000 Zanzibar Education Master Plan cites that the current centralized curricula of schools is not wholly suitable, does not sufficiently prepare students for careers and lacks focus on development of creative skills.

• Primary school enrolment increased by 1% between 2002 and 2003 and now stands at 99.1%, although continuation rates are reported to not be as high, although increas-ing. In 2000, for example, the continuation rate between Form 3 and 4 was 14%.

• The number of vocational training centres According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census, the net enrolment rate in Zanzibar is higher for females than males.

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almost doubled between 2002 and 2003. There are now 38 centres with 4,414 students.

What is being done?• The new Education Policy is being completed.• Tsh 80 million from Government and almost

Tsh 1600 million from development organizations were contributed in 2002/2003 to the education sector of the Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan.

• Schools are being rehabilitated and new buildings constructed. Textbooks and teachers’

Literacy

Literacy Rate (%) North Unguja South Unguja Urban West North Pemba South PembaMales 58 76 82 55 59Females 48 68 76 43 52

Source: Census 2002

Net Enrolment in schools

Net Enrolment Rate (%) North Unguja South Unguja Urban West North Pemba South PembaMales 64 81 80 58 62Females 67 83 84 61 67

Source: Census 2002

training guides are being purchased and distributed.

• Environment is not a formalized subject in schools but is starting to get more attention in the classroom. Awareness about environ-mental issues and the number of environmen-tal education and awareness groups and NGOs is increasing, but funding for such activities remains a challenge.

• The Zanzibar Association of Parents of Children with Mental Handicap has established special classes at schools in Pemba and Unguja.

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Population, gender and healthThe population of Zanzibar is rising continually and stands now at close to 1 million people. Resources such as water are under pressure and the government and people are continually striving to improve the health and well-being of a growing population. Malaria remains the number one health concern, together with dysentery, and the number of people suffering from HIV/AIDS is still unknown. Increasing desire by women for education and employment and the challenge of family planning to better manage the expansion of Zanzibar’s population are challenges for the rich culture, society and religion of Zanzibar. These challenges are great and there are numerous efforts by government, international organizations as well as small community-run initiatives to better the health and lives of Zanzibar’s people.

What are the priority issues? 1) Prevention of serious disease – HIV/AIDS,

malaria, dysentery.2) Family planning and planning for Zanzibar’s

rising population.3) Health and nutrition of children.

What are some of our indicators?• Census statistics concerning population,

women, children and health.• Outbreaks and incidence of disease.• Women’s employment and education

statistics.

What is the state of this environment? • Population density was 260 people per square

kilometre and now stands at 400 people. Population is almost 1,000,000 people and the population growth rate between 1988 and 2002 was highest in West District of Urban West (9.2%).

Population Statistics• Life expectancy: 48 years• Infant mortality (1996): 75 per 1000 • Infant mortality (1999): 83 per 1000• Under 5 mortality: 114.3 per 1000• Maternal mortality: 377 per 100,000 births

Source: Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan

• The rate of infant mortality in Zanzibar is higher than the national average, except for Unguja South and North A Districts.

• 91% of households in Pemba and 48% in Unguja use salt with no iodine – this can lead to iodine deficiency and goitres.

• 20% of young people get information about sex from their families.

• Use of heavy drugs such as heroin is considered a relatively new problem which has increased over the last several years.

• Family planning is well publicised with 76% of the population aware of family planning methods. Pemba fares worse than Unguja in terms of awareness about condoms and family planning.

• Malaria accounts for 40% of all outpatients, 33% of all admissions, and 28% of hospital deaths for children under 15. Malaria remains the largest health threat in Zanzibar.

• Diarrhoea remains a health concern for children with almost half not given additional fluids or taken to a medical facility. Health awareness is required.

• HIV/AIDS – few cases are reported and accurate data is difficult to obtain.

• 1999 studies reported 35% of the popula-Basic services remain a priority for the poor.

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tion’s children to be stunted with great differences between Unguja and Pemba, which reports 46.5% stunting. Rural areas also fare worse than urban areas.

• Rape is still scarcely reported for social and cultural reasons and women are often prevented by men from using contraceptive devices.

What is being done? • Zanzibar NGO Cluster for HIV/AIDS/

STDs (ZANGOC) has approximately 20 NGO’s focusing on HIV/AIDS in Zanzibar.

• Zanzibar Association of the Disabled (UWZ) and Zanzibar Association for the Blind (ZANAB) assist people with disabili-ties.

• Radio programmes have widely publicised family planning and condom use and there are numerous donor projects addressing HIV/AIDS and other aspects of family planning and health.

• Village Health Committees strive to make health services available to rural people and some organize Village Health Days.

Population Statistics

North South Urban North South Category Unguja Unguja West Pemba PembaPopulation 136,639 94,244 390,074 185,326 175,471Widowhood – men (%) 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.40Widowhood – women(%) 5.80 4.80 4.10 5.50 4.80Child orphans (%) 0.24 0.40 0.55 0.23 0.32Percent of population under 14 years (%) 45.00 43.00 40.00 49.00 48.00Percent of population with a disability (%) 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.30 1.50

Source: Census 2002

Zanzibar’s population now stands at almost 1,000,000.

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GovernanceGovernance affects all aspects of society and the environment. It defines the responsibility of the different parties involved and describes the accountability of government to its constituen-cies. Governance systems determine how decisions are made that often have far-reaching implications for peoples’ lives. Good governance promotes democracy, transparency, efficiency and allows for participation of civil society in matters affecting its welfare. Decentralization of power to lower tiers of government is therefore essential. All governments should continuously strive to improve systems of governance. Local government is particularly in need of boosting and reform and the Local Government Reform Programme was subsequently developed. Overlapping of responsibilities, public participa-tion in the decision-making process, safe and fair elections, and general concerns about efficiency, corruption and training are all earmarked for action in the Zanzibar Good Governance Strategic Plan (ZGGSP).

What are the priority issues?1) Decentralization and empowerment of local

government and communities.2) Efficiency, transparency, accountability and

the fight against corruption.

3) Public participation and civic engagement in policy implementation and decision-making.

4) Integration and coordination between departments and levels of government.

What are some of our indicators?• Status of local government and other

governance reforms.• Freedom and fairness of elections.• Percentage of elected political positions vs.

nominated positions.• Number of duplicated government responsi-

bilities.

What is the state of this environment? • There is unclear overlapping of responsibili-

ties between local and central governments, especially between Shehias and wards.

• Local government has only limited authority in decision making, and most crucial decisions are still made by people in the central tiers of government. Local govern-ment’s revenue, budget, financial accountabil-ity and staff remain weak.

• 16 out of 50 House representatives are nominated by the President and all Sheha are nominated and not elected.

• Staff levels in ministries meet 50% of their requirements and 70% of staff are unskilled or semi-skilled. Conversely, efficiency of staff and adequate facilities remain issues.

• There is no effective legislative and adminis-trative framework for anti-corruption or transparency in public procurement.

• 30% of House seats are allocated to women as part of SADC Protocol.

• Regulations are not always understood. Some local government offices and Shehia do not have copies of the specific laws relating to their work, such as the Environmental Act for Sustainable Development of 1996 and the Environmental Assessment (EA) regulations.

• Public access to information remains cumbersome.

• A clear and implemented auditing practice and transparency in the budget process remain a priority for the Government.

• Local authorities compete for revenue from natural resources, such as quarrying and forestry products.

Governance in Zanzibar will ultimately determine if development will be sustainable and fair.

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What is being done?• The Government has made governance and

governmental reform a priority issue of action.

• A Ministry responsible for Constitutional Affairs and Good Governance was established in 2000.

• Zanzibar has developed the Zanzibar Good

Governance Strategic Plan (ZGGSP), Country Financial Accountability Assessment (CFAA), Public Expenditure Review (PER), Local Government Reform Programme (LGRRP), and the Country Procurement Assessment Report (CPAR).

• The Zanzibar NGO policy has been drawn up and is awaiting approval from Parliament.

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Urbanisation continues in Zanzibar, as people from rural areas and the mainland move to urban centres in the hope of economic opportunity. Informal (unplanned) settlements began cropping up in Zanzibar Town since the mid-1980s, and now are home to over half of Zanzibar Town’s residents. Delivery of basic services to such areas is difficult, access is poor and poverty – accompanied by its associated health problems – is in places severe. Infrastruc-ture plays a crucial role in economic develop-ment, facilitating the movement of goods and people to work opportunities and markets, and much work on roads, ports and Zanzibar’s airport is underway.

What are the priority isssues?1) Rapid urban migration and growing informal

and formal settlements.2) Infrastructure and basic services – electricity,

water, drainage, access, roads.3) Social and environmental impacts, such as

unplanned building on areas unfit for housing such as wetlands and watersheds.

4) Confusion over and lack of security of land tenure.

What are some of our indicators?• Population growth rates, particularly in urban

areas.• Physical extent of urban sprawl and building

on agricultural land.• Percentage of population with access to basic

services.• Status of land registration.• Kilometres of repaired and new roads.

What is the state of this environment?• Growth rat e in urban areas is between 3.5

and 4%, and an estimated 60% of Zanzibar Town’s settlements are informal and un-planned. New inhabitants come from the countryside, Pemba and increasingly from mainland Tanzania.

• Communications sector has been privatized and there are 3 cellular networks competing in Zanzibar.

• Numerous projects are underway for rehabilitating and building roads. According to the progress reports of the Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan, over $5 million was received from development partners to finance the transport sector between 2002/2003.

Over half of Zanzibar Town’s population live in informal settlements.

Housing, infrastructure and transport

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• Basic services remain the greatest concern for people living in informal areas.

• Private boreholes in informal settlements such as Tomondo are a health risk as they are often in close proximity to pit latrines and polluted water sources. Inland surface water in urban areas is often contaminated with human and other waste. Yet, settlements continue to be built on watersheds such as in Chake Chake and in wetlands areas such as in Tomondo.

• Open water, leaking water, and private boreholes all increase breeding grounds for malaria. Unplanned areas, and even some planned areas, have major problems with drainage, and flooding makes problems worse as sewerage floods causing outbreaks of disease such as cholera.

• Dumping sites, both informal and formal, are sometimes built or created in or near to informal settlements.

What is being done?• The Zanzibar National Transport Policy has

been completed and the preparation for the National Information and Communication Technology Policy was completed.

• A new Housing Policy is being developed by the Government.

• Feasibility studies have been carried out for rehabilitation and development of roads and work is underway or completed for almost 20 different road networks in Zanzibar. A Feasibility Study has been completed for Malindi Port and work is continuing on the Zanzibar airport.

• Urban areas are being mapped from aerial photographs to understand the spacial extent of settlements and calculate growth.

The National Transport Policy has been completed and implementation of the National Road Safety Master Plan is planned.

Average Household Size (persons per household)

North Unguja South Unguja UrbanWest North Pemba South Pemba 4.8 4.6 5.1 5.5 5.8

Source: Census 2002

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EnergyZanzibar relies a great deal on wood products for household energy. Even though urban areas receive a higher proportion of electricity than rural areas, fuelwood in all areas is still the primary source of energy for cooking. The coastal rag forests in particular receive most of the pressure from this demand, and there are some tree-planting initiatives to manage the demand for wood. Much of the electricity supply infrastructure is old and in need of upgrading, and efforts to upgrade systems are on the agenda of the Department of Energy and State Fuel and

Power Corporation. Importantly, the implemen-tation of a comprehensive policy is required to provide electricity to more households, particu-larly in rural areas.

What are the priority issues?1) Heavy reliance on fuelwood as a source of

household energy.2) Condition and age of energy infrastructure.3) People without access to electricity.

What are some of our indicators?• Percentage of households with electricity.• Incidence of power failures.• Percentage of households using wood as a

fuel source.

What is the state of this environment?• There are approximately 50,000 people using

electricity in Zanzibar, according to the State Fuel and Power Corporation.

• Domestic consumption accounts for 77% of electricity use, industrial 12% and commer-cial 10%. Consumption increases by 9% per year.

• All electricity on Pemba Island is generated by generators and is reported to be insufficient to meet demand. There are currently 3 in use and the main generator is 29 years old. There is no electricity obtained from Unguja or mainland.

• Unguja receives it electricity from hydroelec-tric power from the mainland through underwater cables, but infrastructure is outdated – the cable is 24 years old.

• Prices of electricity have remained the same since January 2001, but production costs have risen over the same period. The problem of

Energy Usage in Zanzibar

Category North Unguja South Unguja Urban West North Pemba South PembaElectricity as a main source of energy for lighting (%). 3.3 9 47 7.1 13Firewood/charcoal as a main source of energy for cooking (%). 99 99 81 99 99

Source: Census 2002

Pemba’s diesel generators are over 20 years old and now leaking considerably.

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unpaid bills by consumers remains critical. Collection of customer payments and balance of payments to TANESCO resulted in a 1998 debt of between Tsh 6 and 9 billion.

• Coastal thickets account for 90% of the energy source in Zanzibar.

What is being done?• There are plans to add 2 generators for

Pemba, but operating costs remain high.• I n 1998, the Government undertook a large

electricity rehabilitation project, including upgrading cabling, sub-stations and installing new transformers.

• The need for and implementation of a sound energy policy is now a priority of the Government.

• The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan outlines the promotion of renewable energy as a target action, and the rural electrification programme has been revived, with a solar energy pilot project underway on Uzi Island.

Firewood and charcoal comprise almost 100% of cooking energy in most parts of Zanzibar.

Production and consumption of electricity – UNGUJA

Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (Jan-Sept)Purchase (KWh) 113,277 121,117 127,254 134,849 145,821 118,193Consumption (KWh) 95,826 91,748 94,013 101,527 101,815 79,137Price (Tsh.) 4,491,662 5,863,446 3,796,895 4,569,410 4,935,339 3,767,869

Source: State Fuel and Power Corporation

Production and consumption of electricity – PEMBA

Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (Jan-Sept)Purchase (KWh) 11,614 13,934 14,026 16,209 19,115 14,535Consumption (KWh) 8,615 8,863 8,775 14,783 12,855 9,372Price (Tsh.) 667,774 942,786 592,069 679,243 968,606 1,169,735

Source: State Fuel and Power Corporation

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Pollution and wasteWaste is a visible concern in Zanzibar. Most places in Unguja and Pemba do not have solid waste or sewage processing facilities and the increasing population and islands’ blooming tourism compound the issue and will continue to do so in the future. Although few studies have been done, air pollution is not at alarmingly high levels, but pollution of soil from waste and sometimes specific industrial leaks and pollution of water from primarily sewage are significant causes for concern. The associated health hazards for the overall population are clear: disease, contaminated water and food supplies and the general impact on society from a dirty environ-ment. The good news is that Government and development partners are continuing to upgrade systems in Zanzibar Town and is taking serious notice of tourism waste in high volume areas such as Nungwi.

What are the priority issues? 4) Pollution of water supplies by human waste.5) Informal landfill sites.6) Plastic bags.7) Health hazards associated with pollution.

What are some of our indicators? • Number and extent of informal dumping

sites and rubbish.• Faecal coliform levels in the sea, inland waters

and water supplies. • Levels of heavy metals, chemical and

persistent organic pollutants.• Incidence of disease.• Capacity of existing refuse and waste

treatment services to meet the demand.

What is the state of this environment?• There is no centralized sewerage and drainage

system in any part of Zanzibar except Zanzibar Town. Domestic wastewater often combines with stormwater and gets disposed into the sea. There are 27 sea-outfalls in Zanzibar Town which range from 1.3 km to sea to as little as 23.5 metres from the shore.

• Estimated average wastewater discharge in the Zanzibar Municipality from areas served by a centralized sewerage system is 2,200 cubic metres per day.

• Since 1993, the improvement of septic tanks has reduced organic pollution into the sea by 30%.

• 80.9% of municipal waste is comprised of biodegradable food waste.

• Plastic bags are a visible problem in Zanzibar, but there is no accurate data.

• Pemba has no waste treatment and liquid and solid waste is disposed of into the sea or at formal and informal landfill sites. Chake Chake’s one septic tank vehicle is in disrepair.

• The central dumping site at Jumbi is unlined, and there are numerous informal dumping sites throughout the countryside and urban areas. Wetlands in particular become dumping places for liquid waste and general household rubbish.

• Rubbish generated by hotels is often disposed off haphazardly in the coral rag and some-times in large quantities. This problem is acute in Nungwi.

• Zanzibar municipality generates approximate-ly 200 tonnes of waste per day but has the capacity to collect and dispose of 60 tonnes only.

Informal dumping sites like this one in the Botanical Gardens are often the only place to dispose of rubbish.

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What is being done?• Ministries of Health and Agriculture and the

Zanzibar Municipal Council have weekly radio programmes raising some environmental health issues.

• School programmes are beginning to discuss the topic of environment and health.

• The Refuse Collection by-law of 2004 has been approved and is awaiting implementa-tion. A private company has already begun making compost from municipal waste.

• With German assistance the Government is planning to upgrade Zanzibar Municipality’s sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal system. The Zanzibar Sustainable Programme is also active in waste management.

• Hotels are required to have a septic tank with a soak pit but disposal is often into the sea and solid waste scattered on land. Some responsible hotels create compost and even have incinerators.

Access to toilet facilities (%)

Toilet facility (%) North South Urban North South Unguja Unguja West Pemba PembaPercent using traditional pit latrine 44.0 72.0 68.0 23.0 28.0Percent with no toilet facility 51.0 23.0 3.3 73.0 62.0

Source: Census 2002

Liquid waste is often dumped at informal sites, such as here in the mangroves at outside Zanzibar Town.

Local, even small, initiatives to collect rubbish can help.

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Land use and planningLand tenure and security are currently being addressed, and plans are underway to survey and register land in Zanzibar. This will serve to address the significant problems of unplanned building, especially on agricultural land. Urban plots and 3 acre plots allocated for agricultural purposes have been over the years subdivided and sold off for housing. Environmental Assessment (EA) of developments is also being addressed in order to effectively ensure that land use changes and developments are carried out with minimal social and environmental impact. Environmental management regulations exist, but the Depart-ment of Environment needs more resources and stronger authority over the entire process.

What are the priority issues?1) Insecurity and confusion over land tenure.2) Uncontrolled urban development and

settlement on agricultural lands.3) Land conflicts increasing due to limited land

and resources and increasing population. 4) Implementation of Environmental Assess-

ment (EA) regulations.

What are some of our indicators?• Percentage increase in land registration.• Percentage of land cover taken by housing

construction and development.• Percentage of developments approved/

rejected/improved through the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process.

Houses being built on agricultural land are a great concern for the Department of Environment.

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• Percentage of developments approved without having to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs).

What is the state of this environment?• 16% of women own land, but female-owned

land is often in the control of a husband or male relative.

• The current land policy dates to 1982.• 3 acre plots for agriculture or livestock

production have been given free of charge to approximately 22,000 households. Proof of ownership is usually by official letter and plots are often not duly registered or properly surveyed.

• Much private land allocated for agricultural purposes have housing development existing or under construction. Many such areas near to urban areas have been subdivided and sold off as smallholdings.

• Most people have Property Titles for their homes, but no Land Title for their land.

• The decision about whether or not a tourism development requires an Environmental Impact Assessment (known as the screening process) is determined by the Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency and not by the Department of Environment.

Land use – Unguja

Land use – Pemba

Coral Rag ForestsMangrovesAgriculture(Field and shamba)Agroforestry(coconut and mixedcrops)Forests and forestryplantationsMixed WoodyVegetationSettlement

Coral Rag ForestsMangrovesAgriculture(Field and shamba)Agroforestry(coconut and mixedcrops)Forests and forestryplantationsMixed WoodyVegetationSettlement

Land use – Unguja

Land use – Pemba

Coral Rag ForestsMangrovesAgriculture(Field and shamba)Agroforestry(coconut and mixedcrops)Forests and forestryplantationsMixed WoodyVegetationSettlement

Coral Rag ForestsMangrovesAgriculture(Field and shamba)Agroforestry(coconut and mixedcrops)Forests and forestryplantationsMixed WoodyVegetationSettlement

• Authority and resources for Environmental Assessment (EA) and public awareness about and participation in the EA process is still weak.

What is being done?• The Government is developing a new

Housing Policy and the Sustainable Manage-ment of Land and Environment (SMOLE) Strategy is working to survey and register land. Aerial photographs will also update the mapping departments to provide a better spacial understanding of land use.

• The Department of Surveys and Urban Planning are conducting pilot studies to determine the needs of people in informal settlements and raise awareness over land registration procedures.

• Environmental Assessment training in government is underway and awareness is being raised over the public’s rights concern-ing participation and decision-making in the EA process.

• An Environmental Assessment manual for Zanzibar will be produced during the implementation phase of SMOLE with the involvement of the full range of stakeholders.

Land use patterns in Zanzibar

Source: Woody Biomass Inventory of Zanzibar Islands, 1997

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ConclusionNatural environment• Biodiversity and Forestry – Certain

environments and species remain under threat from destruction and over-utilization, but good progress is being made to protect forests and biodiversity.

• Fresh Water and Water use – Water is one of the most critical issues facing Zanzibar. Access to water has improved, but water waste, high consumption and contamination remain significant issues.

• Coastal Zone – The face of the coast is changing rapidly from tourism development and the utilization of mangroves, coral rag and coral reefs. Such human impacts must be reduced to save these environments.

• Agriculture and Livestock – Agriculture remains the largest economic sector and government promotes efforts to improve animal husbandry and provides agricultural training and support. Soil fertility, loss of topsoil, the need for crop diversification and low clove prices remain key issues.

• Fisheries – Inshore fisheries are widely regarded to be under significant pressure. Destructive fishing methods and habitat destruction continue to be of concern. Fisheries management and conservation of marine habitats are top priorities.

Socio-economic environment• Tourism – The tourism industry is growing,

and new facilities are rapidly being built. Tourism’s impact on the coastal environment is large and unfortunately tourism revenue remains largely out of reach of local people.

• Economy and Poverty – The economy is growing and there is notable effort to alleviate poverty through implementing the Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan, but a substantial number of people remain unemployed and lacking basic services.

• Education and Awareness – School enrol-ment has risen and the female/male pupil ratio is balanced at the lower levels. Continua-tion in school, quality of curricula, and higher education for females remain areas which can still be improved.

• Population, Health and Gender – Zanzibar’s population is growing and consuming more resources. The status and empowerment of women has begun to improve. HIV/AIDS is still under-reported and malaria and clean water are continuing problems.

• Governance – Local government reforms and other policies are bringing the deserved attention to this crucial aspect of society. Sound environmental and socio-economic improvement can only be achieved with a transparent, equitable and efficient govern-ment, with sufficient power at the local level.

Built environment• Housing, Infrastructure and Transport –

Urban migration from rural areas and the mainland and the spread of informal settlements continues, which are often created in unhealthy locations and circumstances. Substantial building and repairing of roads, ports and airports is taking place.

• Energy – There have been improvements in supplying electricity to households, but infrastructure is relatively old. Fuelwood is still a primary source of energy and places pressure on the coral rag forests.

• Pollution and Waste – A visible and urgent situation in Zanzibar. Projects are planned to upgrade some systems, but only a small percent of Zanzibar’s waste is treated and informal dumping sites can be found throughout the islands. Public awareness needs to improve.

• Land Use and Planning – There is substan-tial confusion over land tenure and unplanned building and implementation of environmen-tal assessment regulations are priority issues. Work is planned to survey and register plots.

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Acknowledgements

The following individuals contributed to this report:

Hamza Zubeir Rijal Department of Environment Fatma Omar Department of Environment Abdalla A. Kombo Zanzibar Municipal CouncilAbdul Rahman Mnoga Department of Regional Administration and Local Gov’tAbuu Jafer Ali Department of EnvironmentAmour H. Bakari Office of Chief Government StatisticianAziz B. Ali Zanzibar Investment Promotion AgencyB.W. Omar Kitambo Office of Chief Government StatisticianBadria Y. Hamyar Department of Women and Children DevelopmentBishara A. Juma Department of FisheriesGhalib Omar Awadh Department of Surveys and Urban PlanningJabir K. Makame Department of AgricultureJuma H. Abdallah Zanzibar Commission for TourismMakame M. Haji Department of EnvironmentMark Thornton EcoAfricaMayasa Hamad Ali Department of EnvironmentMwalim Hamis Mwalim Department of EnvironmentOmar S. Mohomed Department of Energy and MineralsRahshid A. Rashid Stone Town Development AuthoritySaid Mbarouk Juma Department of EnvironmentSaliim Rashid Abdulla Department of Surveys and Urban PlanningSheha Mjaji Zanzibar Sustainable ProgrammeTamrini A. Said Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry

For more information about the State of Environment Report, please contact Hamza Zubeir Rijal at smole@zanlink.com.

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Some references for 2004/2005 state of environment report• Ader’s Duiker: Species Recovery Plan. 2002. • An Environmental Policy and Programme for

Zanzibar. 1992. • An Investigation into the Current Distribution and

Status of the Pemba Blue Duiker, in and around the Ngezi Forest Reserve, Pemba. 1996.

• Analysis of Wood Transport Costs in the Zanzibar Forest Development Project. 1994.

• Assessment of the Environmental Changes Occurred since the Tsetse Eradication on Unguja Island, Zanzibar. 2004.

• Baseline Monitoring Survey of the Coral Reefs and Fisheries of the Fumba Peninsula, Zanzibar. 1994.

• Basic Agricultural Statistics. 1995.• Coastal Erosion in Zanzibar: Analysis of the 1995

Coastal Erosion Field Survey Comparison of the Coastline of Zanzibar between 1947 and 1989. 1996.

• Ecological Baseline Surveys of Coral Reefs and Intertidal Zones around Mnemba Island and Zanzibar Town. 1990.

• Ecological Monitoring Survey of the Coral Reefs around Mnemba, Chapawani, Changuu and Bawe Islands. 1992.

• Environmental Act for Sustainable Development. 1996.• Environmental Impact Assessment Report for a

Lodge at Tondooni, Pemba Island, Zanzibar. 1999.• Farming Systems Zones in Pemba and Unguja:

Progress and Current Status. 1995. • Feasibility Study for the Development of Agriculture

in Zanzibar. 2003. • Formulation of Forest Management Plan by Involving

the Local Community in the Process. 1997.• Fuelwood Consumption Study on Pemba Island,

Zanzibar, Tanzania. 1995.• Fuelwood Use in Zanzibar Town. 1991.• Hotel’s Statistical Bulletin, 1993. • Household Economy Analysis for Zanzibar: Final

Report. 2003. • Inventory on the Mangrove Forest Reserves of the

Chwaka Bay Conservation Area. 2001. • Land Husbandry Activities in Pemba. 1997. • Land Tenure Confused; Past Present and Future of

Land Management in Zanzibar. 1994. • Land Tenure in Zanzibar. 1994.• National Forest Policy for Zanzibar. 2004.• National Land Use Plan. 1994.• Observations on the Indian House Crow in Unguja,

Pemba and Adjacent Islets. 1990.• Participatory Rural Appraisals on Utilization of

Natural Resource Base: cases of Jambiani, Kibuteni, Kizimkazi Dimbani and Kizimkazi Mkunguni Villages. 2002.

• Participatory Service Delivery Assessment on Drinking Water and Primary Education in Zanzibar: A Pilot Citizen Report Card, Summary of Key Findings. 2004.

• Pollution by Industry and Other Users of Chemicals. 1990.

• Programme Document and IFAD Formulation Report. 2004.

• Progress in Integrated Coastal Management for Sustainable Development of Zanzibar’s Coast: Unguja Island Coastal Profile and Management Strategy. 2001.

• Red Colobus Crop Raiding Workshop with Jozani-Pete Village. 1996.

• Sea Turtles in Zanzibar. Zanzibar Environmental Study Series. 1993.

• Sea Turtles in Zanzibar: Pemba Sea Turtle Conserva-tion Education and Community Nest Recording Programme. 1997.

• Sea Turtles in Zanzibar: Status, Distribution, Management Options and Local Perspectives. 1993.

• Settlement Structure Plan, 1993-2015. • Situational Analysis for Women and Children in

Zanzibar, Second Draft. 2001.• Socio-ecological Study of Zanzibar Fischer’s Turaco.

2001.• Socio-economic and Ecological Study of Mangrove

Forest Management in Zanzibar, Tanzania: A Case from Chwaka Bay. 1994.

• Solid Waste Management of Zanzibar Town: Final Report. 1998.

• Status and Conservation of the Pemba Flying Fox. 1995.• Status and Issues Affecting Marine Resources around

the Fumba Peninsula. 1992. • Status of the Coral Reefs of Misali Island, Pemba. 1992. • Summary of Marine Resources in Zanzibar. 1990. • Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey, 1999. • Tanzania Sensa 1988, population profile Pemba. • Tanzania Sensa 1988, population profile Unguja.• Tanzania Sensa 2002. • Technical Problem Analysis of the ZFDP Stove

Activities and Recommendations for a Viable Programme in Zanzibar. 1993.

• The 1998 Coral Bleaching and Mortality Event in Tanzania: Implications for Coral Reef Research and Management. 1999.

• The Study on the Zanzibar Irrigation Master Plan in the United Republic of Tanzania: Action Plan Report, Volume 1: Main Report. 2001.

• Tourism Zoning Plan. Undated. • Vision 2020. 2002.• Woody Biomass Inventory of Zanzibar Islands. 1997. • Zanzibar Fisheries Frame Survey, 2003. • Zanzibar Long-term Forestry Plan. 1997-2006. • Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan. 2002.• Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan: Progress Report

for the Year 2003. • Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan: Six Months

Progress Report: January-June, 2004. • Zanzibar Red Colobus Conservation Strategy. 2003.• Zanzibar Sectoral Biodiversity Strategy: Part Two,

Sectoral Papers. Undated.• Zanzibar Tourism Policy. 2004.