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Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.1
Starflower Image Herbarium Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z
© Starflower Foundation, 1996-2007 Washington Native Plant Society
These species pages has been valuable and loved for over a decade by WNPS members and the PNW plant
community. Untouched since 2007, these pages have been archived for your reference. They contain valuable
identifiable traits, landscaping information, and ethnobotanical uses. Species names and data will not be updated.
To view updated taxonomical information, visit the UW Burke Herbarium Image Collection website at
http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php. For other useful plant information, visit
the Native Plants Directory at www.wnps.org.
Compiled September 1, 2018
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.2
Contents
Sagittaria latifolia .................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Wapato, Arrowhead ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
Sedum lanceolatum ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Lance-leaved Stonecrop ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Sedum oreganum ................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Oregon Stonecrop ............................................................................................................................................................... 6
Sedum spathulifolium ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
Broad-leaved Stonecrop ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Sisyrinchium californicum ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Golden-eyed Grass .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Sisyrinchium idahoense .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Blue-eyed Grass .................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Sium suave ............................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Water-parsnip ................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Solidago canadensis ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Canada Goldenrod ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Stachys cooleyae .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Cooley's Hedge Nettle ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Streptopus amplexifolius ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
Clasping Twisted Stalk ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
Tellima grandiflora ............................................................................................................................................................... 15
Fringecup........................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Tiarella trifoliata .................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Foamflower ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Tolmiea menziesii ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Piggy-back Plant ................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Trientalis latifolia ................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Broad-leaved Starflower ................................................................................................................................................... 18
Trillium ovatum .................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Western Trillium ............................................................................................................................................................... 19
Typha latifolia ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Broad-leaved Cattail .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Urtica dioica .......................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Stinging Nettle................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Vaccinium oxycoccus ............................................................................................................................................................ 22
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.3
Bog Cranberry ................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Vancouveria hexandra ......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Inside-out Flower .............................................................................................................................................................. 23
Viola adunca ......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Early-blue Violet ................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Viola glabella ........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Yellow Wood Violet ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
Viola sempervirens ............................................................................................................................................................... 26
Evergreen Violet ................................................................................................................................................................ 26
Xerophyllum tenax ............................................................................................................................................................... 27
Beargrass ........................................................................................................................................................................... 27
References ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28
About Ann Lennartz
Founded in 1996 by Ann Lennartz, Starflower Foundation assisted with the
creation, rehabilitation, and stewardship of Pacific Northwest native plant
communities in Seattle, Washington, by supporting community-driven restoration
and education projects. Having met the founder’s expectations, Starflower Foundation ceased operations in
December 2007.
Resources developed by Starflower Foundation included an array of educational materials, plant ID cards,
project case studies, and this image herbarium. All resources contain Western Washington native plant
information and images for use in education, restoration and landscaping projects. As mutually agreed upon
with Starflower Foundation, Washington Native Plant Society has made Starflower's learning and education
materials available on our website.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.4
Sagittaria latifolia
Wapato, Arrowhead
At a Glance: Tall semi-aquatic perennial of marshes or lake margins,
with large arrowhead shaped leaves and small white flowers.
Height: 3 feet (90 cm).
Growth Form: Herb.
Stems: Flowering stem is leafless.
Leaves: All basal; long angled stalks; submerged leaves are lance
shaped or linear; emergent leaves are arrowhead shaped;
Size: to 25 cm long and 20 cm wide; color: green.
Flowers: Sexes often on different flowers, 3 white petals 1-2 cm
long and 3 greenish sepals, numerous ovaries and stamens,
flowers in 2-8 whorls.
Flowering Period: July, August.
Fruits: Sharp-beaked, flattened, and winged achenes; numerous in
ball-like clusters.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80%
mostly sunny 60%-80%
Hydrology wet
Wetland Indicator Status:
OBL (obligate wetland)
Elevation Range
low elevation
Soil Preferences muddy soils
Wildlife Value Birds: Roots (rhizomes and tubers) eaten by ducks and geese.
Mammals: The whole plant (especially the roots) eaten by muskrats,
beavers and porcupine.
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Food Uses: The Chinook baked and ate the tubers. They were a staple food.
Ecological Importance: Forms large stands in slow or still water - commonly
used in restoration sites and sometimes in wastewater treatment systems.
Name Info: Wapato means "tuberous plant" in Chinook. Scientific name means
"broad leaved arrowhead" for the shape of the leaves.
Interesting Facts: Currently cultivated in China and Japan for food.
Habitat Preferences
Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes
Shallow pools
Sloughs
Swales or wet ditches
Marshes or swamps
Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.5
Sedum lanceolatum
Lance-leaved Stonecrop
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: April, May, June.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80%
Hydrology dry
Elevation Range low elevation
mid elevation
Habitat Preferences
Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs
Rocky slopes
Outcrops
Photo © Ben Legler
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.6
Sedum oreganum
Oregon Stonecrop
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: June, July, August.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80%
mostly sunny 60%-80%
Hydrology dry
Elevation Range mid elevation
sub-alpine
high elevation
Habitat Preferences
Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Cliffs
Rocky slopes
Crevices
Slide areas
Sub-alpine and Alpine: Avalanche tracks
Wildlife Value Nectar for butterflies
Host for insect larvae
Insects: Bees and butterflies are drawn to the flowers. Host for larvae.
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Sedum species are easy rock garden plants.
Photo © Ben Legler
Photo © 2005, Ben Legler
Photo © 2005, Ben Legler
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.7
Sedum spathulifolium
Broad-leaved Stonecrop
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: April, May, June, July.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80%
Hydrology dry
Elevation Range low elevation
Habitat Preferences
Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs
Cliffs
Rocky slopes
Outcrops
Crevices
Forests and Thickets: Open forests
Wildlife Value Nectar for butterflies
Host for insect larvae
Insects: Bees and butterflies visit the flowers. Host for larvae.
Landscape Uses: Sedum species are easy to grow rock garden plants.
Photo © Ben Legler
Photo © 2006, Ben Legler
Photo © 2006, Ben Legler
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.8
Sisyrinchium californicum
Golden-eyed Grass
At a Glance: A small iris-like plant with yellow flowers.
Height: 16 inches (40 cm).
Growth Form: Herb.
Stems: Stems are flattened and winged, 2-6 mm wide.
Leaves: Mostly basal, long and narrow; 30 cm long, 5 mm wide;
green.
Flowers: Short stalked, petals yellow with purplish-brown veins,
1.2 cm long; 2-7 flowers in a terminal cluster above 2 sheathing,
leaf-like bracts, turns purplish-black when pressed and dried,
flowers in the morning and close by mid-day; Size: 3 cm; shape:
circular with 6 symmetrical tepals.
Flowering Period: June, July, August.
Fruits: Black, pitted seeds with flattened sides contained in egg-
shaped capsules to 12 mm long.
Hydrology wet
moist
Wetland Indicator Status:
FACW (facultative wetland)
Elevation Range low elevation
Habitat Preferences
Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes
Shallow pools
Bogs, fens
Seeps, springs
Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores
Bog margins
Stream or river banks
Saltwater Areas: Coastal dunes or beaches
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80%
Soil Preferences
sandy soils
nutrient poor soils
Flowers appear like beautiful
golden eyes from the side of a
grass-like stem. Sisyrinchium
was Theophrastus name for an
iris.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.9
Sisyrinchium idahoense
Blue-eyed Grass
At a Glance: A small clump-forming iris-like plant with small blue
flowers.
Height: 28 inches (40 cm).
Growth Form: Herb.
Stems: Stems flattened and with winged margins.
Leaves: Mostly basal, long and narrow, to 20 cm long by 2 mm
wide; color: dull green.
Flowers: Terminal cluster of 1-5 flowers above a pair of
sheathing, leaf-like bracts, petals wilt and shrivel shortly after
picking; primary color: blue to bluish-purple with a yellow "eye";
Size: 2 cm; shape: 6 symmetrical petals, circular.
Flowering Period: March, April, May, June.
Fruits: Black seeds contained in egg-shaped capsules to 6 mm
long.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80%
mostly sunny 60%-80%
partial sun and shade 40%- 60%
Hydrology wet
moist
Elevation Range low elevation
mid elevation
Soil Preferences Prefers well drained soil.
Habitat Preferences
Aquatic and Wetland: Shallow pools
Marshes or swamps
Seeps, springs
Shorelines and Riparian: Floodplains
Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas
Disturbed Areas: Roadsides
Name Info: Flowers appear like beautiful blue eyes from the side of a
grass-like stem. Sisyrinchium was Theophrastus name for and iris.
Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan
Photo © 2005, Heidi Bohan
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.10
Sium suave
Water-parsnip
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: July, August, September.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%
Hydrology wet
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland:
Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Sloughs Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Bogs, fens Seeps, springs
Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Bog margins
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.11
Solidago canadensis
Canada Goldenrod
At a Glance: Forms patches from long creeping rhizomes. Stems leafy
and hairy near the top, with a dense cluster of small yellow flowers.
Height: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters).
Growth Form: Herb.
Stems: Leafy stems, hairy on upper portions.
Leaves: Lacking basal leaves; stem leaves numerous and
crowded, gradually reduced upwards; saw-toothed to entire;
hairless to roughly hairy on upper and lower sides; leaves are
prominently 3-veined; shape: lance-shaped to linear; color: green.
Flowers: Numerous flower heads in dense pyramidal cluster; ray
flowers 10-17, 1-3 mm long; involucres 3-6mm x 3-5mm, long-
pointed bracts that sometimes overlap, sometimes sticky and
glandular.
Flowering Period: June, July, August, September.
Fruits: Short, hairy achenes; white hairs on pappus.
Wildlife Value Seeds
Birds: The seeds of goldenrod are eaten by numerous bird species.
Insects: The bright, showy flowers attract bumblebees and pine white, red
admiral, and mylitta crescent butterflies. Syrphid flies and small wasps
also frequently visit the goldenrod flowers.
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: Okanogan children use to pull up golden rod stalks and play with
them using them as whips. Goldenrod was reputedly carried into battle during
the crusades and was often used as a substitute for highly taxed English tea
during the American revolution. Goldenrod contains small amounts of rubber
and Thomas Edison tried to make a business out of extracting rubber from
inexpensive goldenrod. The yellow tops can be harvested and used to make a
strong yellow or golden dye.
Name Info: The Latin name solidus means whole. The Latin word ago means to
make. Together the name means to make whole or create.
Habitat Preferences
Saltwater Areas: Coastal dunes or beaches
Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs
Disturbed Areas: Roadsides
Disturbed sites
Forests and Thickets: Open forests
Forest edges, openings, or
clearings
Thickets
Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas
Photo © Heidi Bohan
Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly sunny 60%-80%
Hydrology moist dry
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Soil Preferences nutrient rich soils
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.12
Stachys cooleyae
Cooley's Hedge Nettle
At a Glance: Perennial from rhizomes.
Height: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters).
Growth Form: Herb.
Stems: Erect stems, leafy, simple or branched, square in cross-
section, hairy/fuzzy.
Leaves: Opposite arrangement; hairy/fuzzy curved bristles on
upper and lower surfaces, stalked, coarsely toothed along edges;
petioles are 1.5-4.5 cm long; shape: deltoid;
Size: 4-16 cm long; color: green.
Flowers: Several to many in open terminal cluster; hairy,
stalkless; sepals united in a tube with 5 spine-tipped lobes; petals
fused into a two-lipped tube, the lower lip is 3-lobed; 4 stamens;
4-lobed ovary; primary color: deep red to purple;
Size: 23-40 mm long; shape: tubular.
Flowering Period: June, July, August.
Fruits: 4 nutlets.
Habitat Preferences
Aquatic and Wetland: Marshes or swamps
Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores
Stream or river banks
Forests and Thickets: Open forests
Forest edges, openings, or clearings
Thickets
Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas
Disturbed Areas: Roadsides
Trailsides
Disturbed sites
Wildlife Value Nectar for hummingbirds
Birds: The showy, bright tubular
flowers and frequently visited by
several species of hummingbirds.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.13
Stachys cooleyae continued
Sun/Shade Tolerance Hydrology Elevation Range
Common in open or in forest
under story.
partial sun and shade 40%-
60%
Prefers moist habitat, common
along coast.
moist
Wetland Indicator Status:
FACW (facultative wetland)
Only common at lower elevations.
low elevation
Soil Preferences Prefers nutrient rich, mucky, peaty soils.
muddy soils
peaty soils
nutrient rich soils
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts
Material Uses: Nuu-chah-nulth fishermen wiped their hands on this plant before handling their gear.
Medicinal Uses: The Saanich peoples made spring tonic by steeping the crushed rhizomes in boiling
water. The Green River and Puyallup peoples used the hedge nettle to cure boils. The Quileute used the
hedge nettle to cure rheumatism.
Food Uses: The Haida used to chew on the young stems. The Quinalt peoples sucked the nectar from the
flowers and covered steaming sprouts with hedge nettle plants to aid in the steaming process.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.14
Streptopus amplexifolius
Clasping Twisted Stalk
At a Glance: Perennial herb with a branched zigzagging stem and
dangling white flowers.
Height: 3 feet (1 meter).
Growth Form: Herb.
Stems: Repeatedly branched, glabrous to densely hairy.
Leaves: Alternate; glaucous beneath; inconspicuous irregularly
spaced teeth sometimes on margin; leaves clasp stem at base,
veins are not obvious; shape: oval to lance-shaped and pointed;
Size: 5-14 cm long; color: green.
Flowers: Flowers hang on thin, twisted stalks; 1-2 from each leaf
axil along stem; primary color: greenish-white;
Size: 1-2 cm; shape: bell shaped with flaring tips.
Flowering Period: April, May, June.
Fruits: Oval-oblong, yellow, orange, or red berries to 1 cm long;
many seeded, seeds 3 mm long and grooved.
Wildlife Value Other Wildlife: The Quileute believed the berries were eaten by garter
and water snakes.
Sun/Shade Tolerance partial sun and shade 40%- 60%
mostly shady 60%-80%
Hydrology moist
Elevation Range
low elevation
mid elevation
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: Whole plants and roots were used by the Nlakapamux and
Secwepemc as a scent, tying them to the body, clothes or hair. Lower Stlatlimx
fishing nets were boiled in a solution of S. amplexifolius to improve fish catch.
Medicinal Uses: The Haida used the stem as a poultice for cuts. Makah women
chewed and ingested the root to induce labor in difficult births.
Food Uses: Some Alaska peoples ate the young shoots (they learned this from
Europeans).
Toxicity: Poisonous plant and berries, young shoots are edible..
Name Info: Streptopus is from Greek - steptos means twisted and podus means
foot; amplexifolius is from Latin - amplexor means to surround and folius
means leaf.
Photo © Ben Legler
Photo © 2007, Ben Legler
Photo © 2007, Ben Legler
Habitat Preferences
Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks
Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods
Coniferous forests
Old growth forests
Forest edges, openings, or
clearings
Thickets
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.15
Tellima grandiflora
Fringecup
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: April, May, June, July.
Sun/Shade Tolerance partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80%
Hydrology moist
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Habitat Preferences Shorelines and Riparian:
Stream or river banks Forests and Thickets:
Forests and woods Open forests Coniferous forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Use individually to show off flowers, or in masses.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.16
Tiarella trifoliata
Foamflower
At a Glance: Herb with erect or ascending stems and spikes of dainty
white flowers.
Height: 2 feet (60 cm).
Growth Form: Herb.
Stems: Often reddish.
Leaves: Main leaves basal, long stalked, usually with 3 irregularly
lobed and coarsely toothed leaflets, sparsely hairy, stem leaves (1
to few) reduced in size and with shorter stalks;
Size: 8 cm; color: bright green.
Flowers: Tiny and delicate white flowers at the end of short wire-
like stalks, several to many in elongate clusters, 5 petals and 10
stamens;
Size: 2 mm; shape: stars, narrowly tube shaped.
Flowering Period: May, June, July, August.
Fruits: resemble sugar scoops once the upper and lower halves
split apart; few smooth, shiny, black seeds; shape: capsule (sugar
scoop); color: black.
Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly shady 60%-80%
full shade > 80%
Hydrology moist
Soil Preferences organic soils
Elevation Range low elevation
mid elevation
sub-alpine
Habitat Preferences
Aquatic and Wetland: Seeps, springs
Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks
Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods
Coniferous forests
Old growth forests
Mixed forests
Forest edges, openings, or
clearings
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Medicinal Uses: The Quileute chew the leaves as a cough medicine.
Landscape Uses: Pretty when planted in masses.
Name Info: Tiarella is the diminutive of tiara, a turban worn by ancient
Persians, which the fruit resembles.
Photo © Ben Legler
Photo © 2006, Ben Legler
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.17
Tolmiea menziesii
Piggy-back Plant
At a Glance: A woodland herb whose leaves give rise to small plantlets.
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: May, June, July, August.
Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80%
Hydrology moist
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Soil Preferences humic soils nutrient rich soils organic soils
Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets:
Forests and woods Coniferous forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: New plantlets form on top of old leaves. Also used as a houseplant.
Photo © Heidi Bohan
Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.18
Trientalis latifolia
Broad-leaved Starflower
At a Glance: A small delicate herb with a single whorl of leaves topped
by several small, pink, star-shaped flowers.
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: May, June.
Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80%
Hydrology moist dry
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Soil Preferences humic soils organic soils
Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets:
Forests and woods Coniferous forests Mixed forests
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Does well in dry shade.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.19
Trillium ovatum
Western Trillium
At a Glance: Short stout stems topped with a whorl of three leaves and
a single large white flower.
Height: 12-18 inches (30-45 cm).
Growth Form: Herb.
Stems: Erect, one or more per plant long.
Leaves: Leaves are in whorls of three at top of stem, leaves are
unstalked, spreading horizontally, triangular-oval shape (ovate)
with drip-tip feature, 4-20 cm long, green.
Flowers: The solitary flower has three white petals 2.5-5 cm
long by 1.8-4.5 cm wide, with 6 fuzzy yellow stamens and three
green sepals beneath. The petals turn pink to purple with age.
Flowering Period: March, April, May.
Fruits: Somewhat fleshy oval capsules with winged ridges,
containing numerous egg-shaped seeds.
Soil Preferences Typically on sloped topography.
well drained soils
organic soils
Habitat Preferences
Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks
Riparian corridors
Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods
Open forests
Coniferous forests
Mixed forests
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Requires 4-5 years to grow from seed to flower.
Photo © James Ellingboe
Sun/Shade Tolerance partial sun and shade 40%- 60%
mostly shady 60%-80%
Hydrology wet
moist
Elevation Range low elevation
mid elevation
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.20
Typha latifolia
Broad-leaved Cattail
At a Glance: A tall wetland plant with long, erect sword-like leaves and
dense brown flower spikes.
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: June, July.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%
Hydrology wet
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland:
Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Sloughs Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Emergent wetlands
Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.21
Urtica dioica
Stinging Nettle
At a Glance: Tall perennial herb with deciduous leaves covered in
stinging hairs.
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: May, June.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60%
Hydrology moist
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Soil Preferences Prefers nutrient-rich soils.
nutrient rich soils organic soils
Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets:
Open forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets
Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas
Disturbed Areas: Disturbed sites
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Toxicity: The leaves and stems are sparsely covered with small, hollow, needle-like hairs filled with formic acid. Touching the plant will create a stinging sensation on the skin. However, the plant is edible once cooked since heat destroys the formic acid..
Photo © Heidi Bohan
Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.22
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Bog Cranberry
At a Glance: Creeping perennial of peat bogs, producing pink flowers and
dark red cranberries.
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: June, July, August.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%
Hydrology wet
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Soil Preferences peaty soils
Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland:
Bogs, fens
Photo © Ben Legler
Photo © 2005, Ben Legler
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.23
Vancouveria hexandra
Inside-out Flower
At a Glance: Rhizomatous perennial with small white flowers and
delicate leaves.
Height: 16 inches (40 cm).
Growth Form: Herb.
Stems: Stalks are brownish-hairy near the base.
Leaves: Leaves are twice divided into 3's with 9-15 heart to
egg-shaped leaflets. Leaflets are sparsely hairy, delicate. Leaf
Size: 10-40 cm; color: dull green.
Flowers: 6 petals and 6 sepals bent backwards and flaring;
stamens finely purplish-glandular-hairy; 10-30 flowers on
slender stalks in open panicles; Size: 2 cm; shape: shooting
star.
Flowering Period: May, June, July.
Fruits: Purplish-glandular-hairy follicles with several black
seeds nearly covered by a fleshy outgrowth; Size: 1 cm long.
Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets:
Forests and woods
Coniferous forests
Old growth forests
Wildlife Value Seeds
Insects: Seeds are sometimes dispersed by wasps and ants.
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Nice leaf texture as a ground cover.
Name Info: Named after the explorer Captain George Vancouver;
hexandra is for the 6 stamens exposed by the inside-out flower.
Sun/Shade Tolerance partial sun and shade 40%- 60%
mostly shady 60%-80%
full shade > 80%
Hydrology moist
Elevation Range low elevation
mid elevation
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.24
Viola adunca
Early-blue Violet
At a Glance: A blue flowered violet that grows from slender rhizomes
and is stemless in the early season, later grow upright stem.
Height: Up to 4 inches (10 cm).
Growth Form: Herb.
Stems: Usually stemless in early part of season, later developing
aerial stems.
Leaves: Leaves can be hairy or hairless; margins are finely round-
toothed; reddish-brown stipules; shape: oval to heart-shaped;
Size: 3 cm long; color: green.
Flowers: Flowers have slender spur which is half as long as
lowest petal; the lower 3 petals often have a whitish base or
whitish highlights, the lateral pair of petals are white-bearded;
primary color: blue to deep violet; Size: 1.5 cm long.
Flowering Period: April, May, June, July.
Fruits: Small ballistic capsules with 3 valves.
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Medicinal Uses: The flowers and leaves have long be used in various
herbal remedies as poultices, laxatives, and to relieve cough and lung
congestion. The Makah women used to eat the violet flowers and leaves
during labor. The Klallam mashed the leaves and applied them to the
chest or stomach to relieve pain. The crushed leaves were applied only
for a few hours because they can irritate and blister the skin.
Food Uses: The flowers can be eaten and used in salads, potherbs, or tea.
Some violet species are used for decoration on certain types of food such
as cake. In the southern US the leaves are often added to soups as a
thickening agent.
Habitat Preferences
Forests and Thickets: Open forests
Forest edges, openings, or clearings
Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas
Disturbed Areas: Disturbed sites
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80%
mostly sunny 60%-80%
Hydrology moist
dry
Elevation Range low elevation
mid elevation
sub-alpine
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.25
Viola glabella
Yellow Wood Violet
At a Glance: An attractive yellow-flowered violet of moist open
woodlands.
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: March, April, May.
Sun/Shade Tolerance partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80%
Hydrology moist
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Soil Preferences nutrient rich soils organic soils
Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets:
Forests and woods Open forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.26
Viola sempervirens
Evergreen Violet
At a Glance: A creeping violet with evergreen leaves and yellow flowers.
Growth Form: Herb.
Flowering Period: May, June.
Sun/Shade Tolerance partial sun and shade 40%- 60%
Hydrology dry
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Soil Preferences organic soils
Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets:
Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings
Meadows and Fields: Disturbed Areas:
Roadsides Trailsides
Photo © Ben Legler
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.27
Xerophyllum tenax Beargrass
At a Glance: Forms a tall grass-like clump of tough leaves topped by a
large dense cluster of white flowers.
Height: 3-5 feet (1-1.5 meters).
Growth Form: Herb.
Leaves: Grass-like, in large basal clumps; margins are finely
toothed (barbed); Size: to 90 cm long, 1.5-4 mm wide; color:
green.
Flowers: Tiny, white, fragrant flowers on long stalks in a showy
pyramidal terminal cluster on a long stem; 6 petal-like sepals and
stamens; flowers irregularly every few years; stem dies after
fruiting.
Flowering Period: May, June, July, August.
Fruits: Only a few small seeds per capsule; shape: oval 3-lobed
capsule; Size: 6 mm long.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80%
mostly sunny 60%-80%
partial sun and shade 40%- 60%
Hydrology moist dry
Elevation Range low elevation
mid elevation
sub-alpine
Soil Preferences clay soils
peaty soils
well drained soils
Habitat Preferences
Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods
Open forests
Coniferous forests
Old growth forests
Forest edges, openings
Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas
Wildlife Value Mammals: Bears eat the fleshy leaf
bases in springtime; also forage for
other mammals, large and small,
including elk and mountain goat.
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: Native peoples made baskets, hats and capes with the leaves.
They were especially used for fine overlapping, trimming, and ornamentation.
Leaves were a valuable trade item.
Landscape Uses: Does not flower every year.
Ecological Importance: Dominates the forest under story in many Cascade sub-
alpine forests; wildfire triggers flowering.
Name Info: Xerophyllum means dry leaves, tenax means tough for the
usefulness of the leaves in clothes and basket making.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.28
References
Sagittaria latifolia Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 183.
Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 70. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1102. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.
Page 559. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 322. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page
160. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 337.
Sisyrinchium californicum Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 188.
Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 101. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1156. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.
Page 698. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page
226.
Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 115.
Sisyrinchium idahoense Suggested References
Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 101. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1156. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.
Page 698. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 448. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page
298. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 114.
Solidago canadensis Suggested References
Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 137.
Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 48. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.
Page 549. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 306. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 284. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page
237. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 289.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.29
Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 210.
Stachys cooleyae Suggested References
Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 154.
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 197.
Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 200. Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 45. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.
Page 408. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page
301. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 247. Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial
Museum. Page 215.
Streptopus amplexifolius Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 201.
Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 25. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1204. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.
Page 693. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 330. Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington
Press. Page 146. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 101. Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial
Museum. Page 206.
Tiarella trifoliata Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 203.
Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 31. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1011. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.
Page 199. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 193. Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington
Press. Page 216. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 1. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 168. Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial
Museum. Page 1.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.30
Trillium ovatum Suggested References
Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 152.
Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1206. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.
Page 695. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 332. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page
160. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 102.
Vancouveria hexandra Suggested References
Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 138.
Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 364. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.
Page 143. Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington
Press. Page 180. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 312.
Viola adunca Suggested References
Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 164.
Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 40. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.
Page 298. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 456. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 224. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page
315.
Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 201.
Xerophyllum tenax Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 221.
Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 149.
Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 112.