Star Test Review

Bio-CP

Chapter 15

• Evolution- organisms change over time• Charles Darwin- Naturalist who went on 5 year

voyage on HMS Beagle stopping at Galapagos Islands. Known for his theory of evolution and natural selection.

• Natural selection- nature selects for those who are the most fit for their environment to survive to reproduce

• Adaptations- inherited characteristics that increase an organisms chance for survival

Chapter 11

• Meiosis- formation of gametes• Gametes- sex cells (sperm or egg)• Haploid- 1 copy of the chromosomes (gametes),

human haploid #= 23• Diploid- 2 copies of the chromosomes (rest of

cells), human diploid #= 46• Homologous pairs- one chromosome from mom

and one from dad• Crossing over- homologous pairs touch during

meiosis and swap DNA, increases genetic diversity

Chapter 11

• Gregor Mendel- Father of Modern genetics, known for his work with pea plants

• Genes- sequences of DNA that code for proteins

• Alleles- 2 forms of the gene (TT, Tt, tt)• Genotype- genetic make-up (alleles)• Phenotype- what you physically express (tall

versus short pea plants)

• Homo = same• Homozygous dominant- TT• Homozygous recessive- tt• Hetero= different• Heterozygous- Tt• Punnett squares- uses parent’s gametes to

predict probable genetic outcomes of offspring

• Round (R) is dominant over wrinkled (r) seeds. Cross 2 heterozygous pea plants for seed shape.

• What are the chances the offspring willexpress the recessive trait?

• Dad is heterozygous and mom is homozygous recessive. What are the chances their offspring will express the dominant trait?

Chapter 3

• Autotroph/ producer- organism that can make its own food. Ex: plants

• Heterotroph/ consumer- organism that must consume food for energy. Ex: animals

Energy Pyramid/ trophic levels

• Energy flows in one direction

• Only 10% energy passed on to next trophic level

Chapter 7

• Nucleus- control center of cell, contains DNA• Ribosomes- site where proteins are made• Rough ER- modifies proteins• Golgi- packages and ships proteins• Lysosomes- contains digestive enzymes to break

down old cell parts, clean up crew• Mitochondria- powerhouse of cell, energy,

cellular respiration• Vacuole- storage• Chloroplast- photosynthesis in plants

• Cell membrane- selectively permeable, only certain things can pass through the membrane

• Diffusion- pass through the membrane without using energy (passive transport)

• Osmosis- diffusion of water

• Active transport uses energy

Chapter 2:Macromolecule monomer function example

carbs monosaccharide Immediate energy

Glucose, bread

lipids Glycerol, fatty acids

Energy storage

Fats, oils, steroids

proteins Amino acids Everything!! Meat, enzymes

Nucleic acids nucleotides Store, transmit hereditary info

DNA, RNA

Atom

Chapter 1

• Independent Variable- the one thing the experimenter changes

• Dependent variable- changes in response to independent variable

• Controlled variables- variables that remain constant throughout the entire experiment