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2.1 Darwin’s Voyage on HMS Beagle
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
30 years of studyHMS BeagleGalapagos Islands
2.2 Darwin’s Evidence
Principles of Geology, by Charles Lyellfossil recordliving animal similaritiesembryologynonfunctional partsplants from cabbage
2.3 Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin and Malthus population size stays constant
Natural Selection Individuals that possess superior physical,
behavioral, or other attributes are more likely to survive than those not so well endowed.
Ex. Breeding domestic animals (pigeons)
Inventing the Theory
Darwin drafts his argument but waits 16 years to publish it.
Wallace has the same idea.Publication of Darwin’s Theory
The Descent of Man
2.4 The Beaks of Darwin’s Finches
See Figure 2.11The importance of the beak.Was Darwin wrong?A Closer Look
See Figure 2.13 The Measurement of beaks in Geospiza fortis.
Darwin was right after all.
2.5 Clusters of Species
Adaptive radiation 1. Ground finches 2. Tree finches 3. Warbler finch 4. Vegetarian finch
See Figure 2.14
2.6 Hawaiian Drosophila
Unique morphological and behavioral traitsScaptomyza and DrosophilaLarvae have specialized niches. Adaptive radiation
2.8 New Zealand Alpine Buttercups
Adaptive radiation by periodic isolationRananculus species have invaded five
habitats, receded to isolate mountain habitats, and reformed links again.
See Figure 2.18
2.9 What is Ecology?
The study of how the organisms that live in a place interact with their physical world.
Levels of Ecological Organization Populations Communities Ecosystems Biomes
Population, community, or systems ecologists
2.10 Ecosystems
ENERGY FLOWS THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS
FOOD CHAINS SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCERS CONSUMERS (herbivores, carnivores) DECOMPOSERS
Major Ecosystems = Biomes
Rainfall and temperature are important factors.
Draw food chains for different biomes. See Fig. 2.20
2.11 Patterns of Population Growth
Innate capacity for increase or biotic potential
Realized rate of population increaseImmigrants Emigrantsr = (birth = immigration)- (death +
emigration)
Exponential Growth
Population growth rate = rNr = rate of population increaseN = number of individualsNotice the J-shaped curve
Carrying Capacity
List factors needed by a populationpopulation growth rate = rN (K - N) Krate x number of population x carrying
capacityRead sectionSigmoid growth curve
Life History Strategies
R = exponential growthK = slow population growthMosquitoes reproduce fast = r-selected life
history and J curveElephants reproduce slowly = a K-selected
life history and a slow incline
2.11 Population growth is limited by the ability of the environment to support the population. Organisms in transient environments are often adapted to reproduce rapidly, while those in stable environments tend to reproduce more slowly.
2.12 Human Populations
Humans have K-selected lifestyles.A stable population is now doubling
rapidly.See Figure 2.25
Population Pyramids
See Figure 2.26 - Mexico’s populationSee Figure 2.27 - Population pyramidsCompare developed countries to
underdeveloped countriesLook at Table 2.2