URENCO Nederland B.V. Drienemansweg 1PO Box 1587600 AD Almelo The Netherlands

Phone: +31 (0)546 54 51 51Email: isotopes@urenco.com

www.urenco.com

Stable IsotopesURENCO Nederland

enriching the future

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16 Depleted 64zinc18 Xenon isotopes20 Germanium isotopes21 Selenium isotopes22 Tellurium isotopes23 Cadmium isotopes24 Iridium isotopes26 Titanium isotopes27 Tungsten isotopes

04 Introduction06 Our products 08 Medical applications for our isotopes10 Industrial applications for our isotopes12 Research applications for our isotopes14 Zinc isotopes

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Medical applications for our isotopes

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Industrial applications for our isotopes

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Xenon isotopes

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Our products

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Tungsten isotopes

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Iridium isotopes

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Table of contents

URENCOAnnual report and accounts 2011 5 54

Welcome

Introduction

Operating principles of a centrifugeThe gas centrifuge consists of a fast spinning rotor inside a vacuum casing. Gas is fed into the rotor, where it is accelerated to the rotational frequency. Gas molecules are then subjected to centrifugal forces induced by the centripetal acceleration.

Heavy molecules are subjected to larger forces than light molecules and there will thus be a higher concentration of heavy molecules towards the rotor wall, whereas the lighter molecules are concentrated more towards the centre of the rotor.

The gas is extracted from the centrifuge by a set of gas extraction scoops; the heavy fraction scoop is located near the rotor wall, whereas the light fraction scoop is placed more towards the centre of the rotor. The operating principle is shown below.

An isotope is an element having the same number of protons (the same atomic number), but having different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus (different atomic mass).

URENCO is an independent, global energy and technology group. It operates from plants in Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, using its own centrifuge technology.

URENCO Stable IsotopesThe advanced centrifuge technology used and owned by URENCO is the result of over thirty years of continuous development. Due to its versatility, application of the gas centrifuge is not limited to the separation of Uranium isotopes: it is also employed for the separation of other isotopes. The production of these stable isotopes started as a diversification project at the URENCO enrichment plant in Almelo, the Netherlands in the early 1990s. The stable isotopes produced by URENCO are applied worldwide for medical, industrial and research applications. URENCO Stable Isotopes is part of URENCO Nederland B.V.

IsotopesAn isotope is an element having the same number of protons (the same atomic number), but having a different number of neutrons in the nucleus (different atomic mass). Isotopes of a single element possess almost identical chemical properties. An example of isotopes are 1Hydrogen (with one proton in the nucleus, and thus an atomic mass of 1) and 2Hydrogen (with one proton and one neutron in the nucleus, and thus an atomic mass of 2). 1Hydrogen and 2Hydrogen both act chemically as Hydrogen.

Its focus is on providing safe, cost effective and reliable uranium enrichment services for civil power generation within a framework of environmental, social and corporate responsibility. Its goal is to further increase worldwide market share and to become the leading supplier in the extended global enrichment market.

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We work in close cooperation with our customers to support the development of new applications and products.

URENCO Stable Isotopes has the facilities, personnel and resources to supply a wide range of isotopes to numerous clients in industrial, medical and research markets.

Isotopes in our current portfolio are those of Zinc, Xenon, Germanium, Selenium, Tellurium, Cadmium, Iridium, Titanium and Tungsten. URENCO can deliver isotopes in many different chemical forms such as oxide, chloride, fluoride or elemental and our product portfolio is constantly expanded.

DevelopmentAn important objective for URENCO is to participate in the development of new application areas where feasible. Development of new applications requires good cooperation and communication between client and producer, both commercially and technically. We work in close cooperation with our customers to support the development of new applications and products.

The periodic table below indicates the scope and capability of URENCO’s centrifuge in being able to engineer a wide range of isotopes.

Our products

H

KrBrSeAsGeGaZnCuNiCoFeMnCrVTiScCaK

ArClSPSiAlMg

NeFONCBBeLi

Na

He

LrNoMdFmEsCfBkCmAmPuNpUPaTh** Actanoid Series

LuYbTmErHoDyTbGdEuSmPmNdPrCe* Lanthanoid Series

Ac**RaFr

RnAtPoBiPbTlHgAuPtIrOsReWTaHfLa*BaCs

TeSbSnInCdAgPdRhRuTcMoNbZrYSrRb XeI

Already enriched by URENCO Not suitable for enrichment by URENCO

Potential candidates for enrichment

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Three segments of medical markets are currently being served by URENCO: Diagnostics, Therapy and Pain Relief.

DiagnosticsNuclear diagnostic imaging techniques offer the advantages of being able to identify diseases at an early stage, to track disease progression, to allow for accurate disease staging and to provide predictive information about likely success of alternative therapy options.

One of the important diagnostic techniques is gamma imaging. Nuclear medicine departments worldwide use gamma cameras to detect diseases of various organs including heart, brain, bone, lung and the thyroid. URENCO produces the stable precursors for the radioisotopes 67Gallium (i.e. 68Zinc), 111Indium (i.e.112Cadmium) and 123Iodine (i.e. 124Xenon) which are all used in these cameras. Another diagnostic radioisotope is 124Iodine which is used for PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and for which URENCO produces the stable precursor 124Tellurium.

TherapyRadioisotopes are also used extensively for therapeutic purposes. Brachytherapy is the procedure of using temporary irradiation very close to the area of disease, in particular for cancer and stenosis. URENCO produces 191Iridium for 192Iridium sources used in remotely controlled afterloaders. Another example of brachytherapy is the use of radioactive sources (‘seeds’) in tumours, in particular prostate cancer. A significant percentage of patients diagnosed with this disease is treated with these radioactive seeds. The radioactive source often used in the seeds is 125Iodine (made from 124Xenon).

Other examples of therapeutic radioisotopes are 67Copper (produced from 68Zinc) and 77Bromine, produced from 77Selenium.

A relative new development is to deplete Titanium in the isotope 46Titanium. Natural Titanium is a suitable biocompatible material, which is being used to encapsulate radioactive seeds for brachytherapy. Instead of the complicated process of sealing radioactive sources into Titanium capsules, it would be preferable to seal the stable precursors into Titanium capsules before irradiating the precursors. However, this would make it necessary to deplete the Titanium in the isotope 46Titanium in order to eliminate the undesired production of radioactive 46Scandium. Under a government grant and in cooperation with other companies, URENCO has developed depleted 46Titanium for this application.

Pain reliefPalliative care of pain arising from secondary metastasis derived from spread of breast, prostate and lung cancers is under development. A number of radioisotopes is already being used on a regular basis, while the potential of other isotopes is being investigated. One such isotopes is 188Rhenium which is produced from 186Tungsten.

Medical applications for our isotopes

Photo: NRG

One of the important diagnostic techniques is gamma imaging

using gamma cameras to detect diseases of various organs.

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URENCO’s main industrial isotope is Depleted 64Zinc which is used widely in the nuclear industry.

Several of URENCO’s stable isotopes have industrial applications such as: nuclear power plants, Non-Destructive Testing sources and semiconductor production.

The addition of Zinc to nuclear reactor cooling water inhibits corrosion and the subsequent generation of radioactive 60Cobalt, thus reducing worker radiation exposure.

However, natural Zinc contains 48% 64Zinc and as the cooling water is subjected to continual neutron bombardment this isotope is activated to radioactive 65Zinc which is a strong radiation emitter with a long half-life. Hence the use of Depleted 64Zinc compounds enables the maximum benefits of Zinc injection to be reaped without the attendant radio-nuclidic consequences.

URENCO provides large quantities of Depleted 64Zinc to nuclear plants in the form of Depleted Zinc Oxide (DZO) pellets or powder for BWRs, and Depleted Zinc Acetate (DZA) for PWRs.

Non Destructive TestingNon-Destructive Testing (NDT) is often performed with gamma cameras. Several gamma sources are in use with 192Iridium sources being the most common ones. 75Selenium sources have a slightly softer gamma spectrum and these are typically used for thin walled products.

Semiconductor productionGermanium tetrafluoride (GeF4)) is used in the semiconductor industry for the pre-amorphisation implant process. The use of GeF4 enriched in the isotope 72Germanium improves this process and increases the beam current. URENCO can supply GeF4 enriched in 72Germanium, tailored to the customer’s specific requirements.

Industrial applications for our isotopes

192Iridium is mostly produced form natural Iridium but for high specific activity sources, enriched 191Iridium is used as a precursor. The radioisotope 75Selenium is produced from enriched 74Selenium. 191Iridium and 74Selenium are both produced by URENCO.

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URENCO’s stable isotopes are used for several research applications such as: food uptake studies, material research and nuclear physics.

Food uptake studiesA significant amount of research is done into the diet of children living in poor and underdeveloped areas. The diet of these children often does not contain the right amounts of essential elements such as Zinc, Iron, Calcium and Magnesium. Studies are performed to verify if and how these elements can be added to the diet. The use of stable isotopes can help in assessing how much of these essential elements are absorbed by the body and where those go inside the body. URENCO’s Zinc isotopes are regularly used in these food uptake studies.

Research applications for our isotopes

Material research Materials used in nuclear environments are subjected to harsh conditions with intense neutron fluxes. The materials are often activated by these neutron fluxes leading to a decrease in lifetime. By changing the isotopic composition of the materials, the cross section for neutron capture can be reduced significantly. In turn this leads to lower activation, reduction in radioactive waste and increased lifetime of the materials. URENCO produces low-activating Tungsten, ideally suited for use in environments with high neutron fluxes such as fission and fusion reactors. URENCO has also developed low-activating Titanium, depleted in 46Titanium which strongly reduces the formation of radioactive 46Scandium.

Nuclear physicsStable isotopes are used extensively in nuclear physics research. One example is the use of stable isotopes for the creation of super-heavy elements. URENCO’s enriched 70Zinc and 50Titanium have been, and still are, extensively used for this research.

Another example is the use of enriched stable isotopes for neutrino research. Enriched isotopes such as 82Selenium, 76Germanium, 130Tellurium and 136Xenon are often incorporated in detectors used for investigating the characteristics of neutrinos. These enriched isotopes produced by URENCO have been successfully used in the field of neutrino research.

Research applications for our isotopes

URENCO’s Zinc isotopes are regularly used in food

uptake studies.

Photo: Paolo Lombardi INFN-MI

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64ZincZinc depleted in the isotope 64Zinc is added to the cooling water of nuclear power plants to reduce the shutdown dose rate and to mitigate stress corrosion cracking. For more information see pages 16-17.

66Zinc66Zinc can be used for the production of the PET isotope 66Gallium.

67Zinc67Zinc is used in research fields such as nutritional studies and in biological research into the uptake of Zinc in the human body. It can also be used for the production of the radioisotopes 67Gallium and 67Copper.

68Zinc68Zinc is used as a precursor or for the important radio-pharmaceutical isotope 67Gallium. 67Gallium is used for imaging of abdominal infections, soft tissue infections, detection of Hodgkins, osteomyelitis and granulomaous diseases. 68Zinc can also be used for the production of 67Copper.

70Zinc70Zinc is used in biological research and in research into super-heavy elements. It has for instance been used in the discovery of element 112: Copernicium.

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Naturally occurring Zinc has five stable isotopes in the following abundance:

64Zn 48.6%66Zn 27.9%67Zn 4.1%68Zn 18.8%70Zn 0.6%

All of these isotopes can be enriched or depleted by URENCO to any required concentration. Using the most advanced centrifuge technology present in the world today, concentrations can be enriched to exceed 99% or depleted below 1%. Zinc isotopes can be supplied in metal and oxide form, however URENCO can tailor the product to suit the individual customer’s needs.

Zinc isotopes

Using the most advanced centrifuge technology present in the world today, concentrations can be enriched to exceed 99% or depleted below 1%.

Photo: GSI

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The DEZ produced during the depletion process is converted to the desired chemical form for sale to our customers.

Zinc, depleted in the isotope 64Zinc is presently being used as an additive in the cooling water systems of nuclear reactors.

Depleted Zinc Oxide PowderURENCO’s Depleted Zinc Oxide Powder is mainly used in BWRs and is available in two grades: regular and extra fine.

SpecificationIsotopic Composition: 64Zinc < 1%Chemical Purity: > 99.8%

Specific Impurity LimitsC < 1250 ppm; Al, Si < 50 ppm;Cl, F < 20 ppm; All other elements < 10 ppm

Powder specificationMoisture Loss @ 110 C: < 0.2%Average Particle Size: < 12 μm

Surface Area (BET), Regular Grade: > 10 m2/gSurface Area (BET), Extra fine grade: > 25 m2/g

Depleted Zinc Oxide pelletsURENCO’s Depleted Zinc Oxide Pellets are used in BWR’s all over the world.

SpecificationIsotopic Composition: 64Zinc < 1%Chemical Purity: > 99.8%

Specific Impurity LimitsC < 500 ppm; Al, Si < 50 ppm;Cl, F < 20 ppm; All other elements < 10 ppm

Pellet specificationDensity: > 4.8 g/ccHeight: 10 mm ± 1mmDiameter: 10 mm ± 1mm

Depleted Zinc AcetateURENCO’s Depleted Zinc Acetate is developed for use in PWRs.

SpecificationIsotopic Composition: 64Zinc < 1%Chemical Purity: > 99.8%

Specific Impurity LimitsAl, Si < 50 ppm;Cl, F < 20 ppm; All other elements < 10 ppm

Production The feedgas Di-Ethyl Zinc (DEZ) is depleted in a custom made dedicated facility which uses the most advanced gas centrifuge in cascade form (see graph). One single pass through the cascade can provide enough depletion such that the naturally occurring 48.6% 64Zinc is reduced to less than 1%. This facility represents the fourth cascade to be commissioned specifically to satisfy the demands of the stable isotope marketplace.

ConversionThe DEZ produced during the depletion process needs to be converted to the desired chemical form for sale to our customers. This form can be Zinc oxide or Zinc acetate or indeed any other Zinc compound. The conversion occurs under the strict supervision of process parameters giving accurate control of the particle size and moisture content.

Depleted 64Zinc

The addition of Zinc greatly reduces corrosion processes, including stress corrosion cracking. Furthermore the added Zinc reduces the amount of radioactive 60Cobalt formed as a consequence of the activation of natural Cobalt in the construction materials of the reactor.

60Cobalt is a major contributor to radiation build-up in the cooling systems and therefore also causes elevated dose rates of maintenance personnel. If natural Zinc is injected, 64Zinc forms the radioactive 65Zinc which negates the beneficial reduction of 60Cobalt level. If the 64Zinc isotope is removed prior to injection in the cooling system, full advantage can be taken from the 60Cobalt level reduction and the average dose rates are substantially reduced.

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Naturally occurring Xenon has nine stable isotopes in the following abundance:124Xe 0.1%126Xe 0.1%128Xe 1.9%129Xe 26.4%130Xe 4.1%131Xe 21.2%132Xe 26.9%134Xe 10.4%136Xe 8.9%

Xenon isotopes

129Xenon is also used for medical diagnostics to extend possibilities and improve results of MRI.

All of these isotopes can be enriched or depleted by URENCO to any required concentration. Using our centrifuge technology, concentrations can be enriched to exceed 99.9% or depleted below 1%.

124XenonThe medical precursor 124Xenon is enriched from its natural abundance of 0.1% up to >99.9%. 124Xenon is used as a precursor for both radioactive 123Iodine and 125Iodine. 123Iodine is an important thryroid diagnostic radiopharmaceutical isotope, also used for diagnostic analysis of brain, kidney and neurological diseases. A more recent development is the use of 123Iodine in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. 125Iodine is used in diagnostic imaging and detection of osteoporosis, and in radiotherapy treatment of prostate cancer through seed implantation.

129Xenon129Xenon is also used for medical diagnostics to extend the possibilities and improve the results of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). In hyperpolarized state the 129Xenon is inhaled by the patient, allowing clear images of the lungs and trachea to be obtained with conventional MRI equipment. Furthermore, the Xenon gas dissolves in the blood stream and therefore images of the circulatory system can be made.

Other Xe isotopes136Xenon has been used as a detector for neutrinoless double Beta decay research. 126Xenon can be used as a target for the production of radioactive 128Barium.

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Research applications for our isotopes

All of these isotopes can be enriched or depleted by URENCO to any required concentration. Using our centrifuge technology, concentrations can be enriched to exceed 99% or depleted below 1%.

72GermaniumNatural GeF4 is used in the semiconductor industry, for the pre-amorphisation implant process. The use of 72Germanium, in the form of GeF4, improves this process and reduces contamination. For this application, 72Germanium is enriched from its natural abundance of 0.89% to above 50%.

Other Germanium isotopes74Germanium is used for the production of 74Arsenicum. 77Arsenicum is produced from 76Germanium. 74Germanium is used for the production of 73Arsenicum and 72Germanium for the production of 72Arsenicum. 70Germanium, 72Germanium and 74Germanium can all be used for the production of the medical radioisotope 73Selenium, although the most common production route is via natural Arsenicum (75Arsenicum). 76Germanium is used in double Beta decay research.

Germanium Isotopes

URENCO’s GeF4 enriched in 72Germanium is used in

semiconductor production.

Naturally occurring Germanium has five stable isotopes in the following abundance:70Ge 21.23%72Ge 27.66%73Ge 7.73%74Ge 35.94%76Ge 7.44%

Naturally occurring Selenium has six stable isotopes in the following abundance:74Se 0.89%76Se 9.36%77Se 7.63%78Se 23.78%80Se 49.61%82Se 8.73%

All of these isotopes can be enriched or depleted by URENCO to any required concentration. Using our centrifuge technology, concentrations can be enriched to exceed 99% or depleted below 1%.

74Selenium74Selenium is enriched from its natural abundance of 0.89% up to >99.5% and is used in the Non-Destructive Testing industry in gamma cameras. 74Selenium is the stable precursor of 75Selenium and these sources have a relative soft gamma spectrum compared to for instance 192Iridium sources.

82Selenium82Selenium exhibits so-called double Beta decay and it is used in neutrinoless double Beta decay research.

Other Selenium isotopes77Selenium and 78Selenium are used for the production of the therapeutic radioisotope 77Bromine. 80Selenium is used for the production of the medical radioisotope 80mBromine. 76Selenium can be used for the production of the medical isotopes 75Bromine and 76Bromine. Most of the Selenium isotopes have been used in studies into the role of Selenium as an essential nutrient.

URENCO enriches Selenium for use in

gamma cameras.

Selenium isotopes

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Naturally occurring Tellurium has eight stable isotopes in the following abundance:120Te 0.096%122Te 2.60%123Te 0.908%124Te 4.816%125Te 7.14%126Te 18.96%128Te 31.69%130Te 33.80%

All of these isotopes can be enriched or depleted by URENCO to any required concentration. Using our centrifuge technology, concentrations can exceed 99% or be depleted below 1%.

123Tellurium123Tellurium is used for the production of radioactive 123Iodine which is used in thyroid imaging. Although 123Iodine is mainly produced using 124Xenon targets, 123Tellurium allows for the use of smaller cyclotrons.

124Tellurium124Tellurium is used for the production of both 123Iodine and the PET isotope 124Iodine. 124Iodine has a relative long half-life compared to for instance the PET isotope 18Fluorine and this provides a dynamic range advantage and additional sensitivity to weakly reporting systems.

Other Tellurium isotopes120Tellurium is used for the production of 120Iodine which has an application as a PET and Beta emitting isotope. 122Tellurium is used in the production of the radioisotope 122Iodine which is used in gamma imaging. 130Tellurium is used in research into double Beta decay.

130Te is used in research into double Beta decay.

Naturally occurring Cadmium has eight stable isotopes in the following abundance:106Cd 1.25%108Cd 0.89%110Cd 12.51%111Cd 12.81%112Cd 24.13%113Cd 12.22%114Cd 28.72%116Cd 7.47%

All of these isotopes can be enriched or depleted by URENCO to any required concentration. Using our centrifuge technology, concentrations can exceed 99% or be depleted below 1%.

Conversions of the product material are performed in our production facilities. Cadmium can be supplied in metal and oxide form, however URENCO can tailor the product to suit the individual customer’s needs.

112Cadmium112Cadmium is employed as a precursor for the important radio pharmaceutical isotope 111Indium, which has many varied medical applications. Radioactive 111Indium is used for several purposes: as a detector (of heart transplant rejection, of osteomyelitis and with 67Gallium of soft tissue infection); for imaging (of abdominal infections, of white blood cells, and of tumours), antibody labelling, cellular dosimetry, myocardial scans, and finally for the treatment of leukaemia.

Other Cadmium IsotopesThe even Cadmium isotopes (mainly 110Cadmium, 112Cadmium, 114Cadmium and 116Cadmium) have an application in Helium-Cadmium lasers. The use of these isotopes boosts the output of the laser and also increases its coherence length.

Cadmium isotopesTellurium isotopes

Photo: visualsonline.cancer.gov

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Naturally occurring Iridium has two stable isotopes in the following abundance:191Ir 37.3%193Ir 62.7%

Iridium isotopes

192Iridium produced from URENCO’s 191Iridium is used for Non-Destructive Testing of constructions.

Industrial applications192Iridium is used in industrial applications for the Non Destructive Testing of constructions. In this application the radioactive 192Iridium is used as a source of gamma radiation to detect irregularities in material. One example is the verification of welds for inclusions, voids or cracks. Another utilization is structural mechanics verification, in which the structure key properties, such as displacement or acceleration at different points of the structure, are measured while undergoing a dynamic input. For the industrial applications URENCO produces specially designed Iridium discs of various dimensions.

Medical applications192Iridium has many medical applications such as ‘afterloading’ (brachytherapy) for the treatment of prostate, lung, breast and gynaecological cancers.

A developing application is radiation as treatment after dilatation of coronary arteries (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, PTCA). In many cases re-narrowing (restenosis) of the coronary arteries occurs, up to 45% with in six months after PTCA, resulting in the need for a repeat treatment. A low dose of radiation, with for example 192Iridium, delivered to the site of obstruction directly after dilatation practically prevents restenosis.

For medical applications, URENCO produces Iridium pellets of various dimensions.

Both of these isotopes can be enriched or depleted by URENCO to any required concentration. Using our centrifuge technology, concentrations can be increased to exceed 99%.

191Iridium191Iridium is used instead of natural Iridium to optimise the production of the radioactive 192Iridium, producing a more effective product. The use of enriched 191Iridium leads to a better activation of the material and a higher specific activity which allows for the use of smaller sources.

193IridiumThe use of 193Iridium has been proposed for the production of the therapeutic radioisotope 195mPlatinum.

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Titanium isotopes

Titanium depleted in the isotope 46Titanium has been proposed as encapsulation material for radioactive sources.

All of these isotopes can be enriched or depleted by URENCO to any required concentration. Using our centrifuge technology, concentrations can be enriched to exceed 99.9% or depleted below 1%.

46TitaniumTitanium depleted in the isotope 46Titanium has been proposed as encapsulation material for radioactive sources. The use of this material allows the stable precursor of the radioactive source to be loaded in the depleted 46Titanium capsule and to be activated in a reactor without the formation of the radioisotope 46Scandium. Depleted 46Titanium is also ideally suited for use in environments with high neutron fluxes such as fission and fusion reactors.

47Titanium47Titanium is occasionally used as an alternative precursor for the production of 48Vanadium.

48Titanium48Titanium is used for the production of the radioisotope 48Vanadium which is used in nutritional studies and for calibrating PET instrumentation.

49Titanium49Titanium is used in the production of the radioisotope 49Vanadium.

50Titanium50Titanium is used in the production of super heavy elements whereby targets of elements such as Lead, Bismuth or even Berkelium are bombarded with 50Titanium ions.

Naturally occurring Titanium has five stable isotopes in the following abundance:46Ti 8.25%47Ti 7.44%48Ti 73.72%49Ti 5.41%50Ti 5.18%

Isoptopically modified Tungsten has been proposed for use in extreme conditions such as fusion reactors.

Naturally occurring Tungsten has five stable isotopes in the following abundance:180W 0.12%182W 26.50%183W 14.31%184W 30.64%186W 28.43%

All of these isotopes can be enriched or depleted by URENCO to any required concentration. Using our centrifuge technology, concentrations can be enriched to exceed 99.9% or depleted below 1%.

186Tungsten186Tungsten is used for the production of 188Tungsten which is used in so-called Tungsten-Rhenium generators. The 188Tungsten daughter 188Rhenium is ‘milked’ from these generators and used as a therapeutic radioisotope.

Other Tungsten isotopes180Tungsten is used for the production of the therapeutic radioisotope 181Tungsten. 184Tungsten has been used to study the elastic and inelastic scattering of heavy ions. Isotopically modified Tungsten has also been proposed for use in extreme conditions such as fusion reactors.

Tungsten isotopes

Photo: GSI

Photo: EFDA