Social Studies STAAR Test

Review

Colonization

1. Reasons for English Colonization

• Social-

• Economic-

• Religious-

2. Jamestown- 1607• First permanent English

settlement in North America.

3. Virginia House of Burgesses

• First representative assembly in the colonies.

4. 1620

• Founding of Plymouth Colony• Mayflower Compact- Early

example of self government.

5. Representative Government

• Power is held by the people who elect representatives to look out for their interests.

6. Plantations

• Large farms that usually grow one kind of cash crop.

7. Cash Crops• Grown to make money.

8. Mercantilism• Economic system where colony

can only trade with Mother Country (England). Hurt the colony’s economy

9. Triangular Trade

• Buying and selling of humans for forced labor.

10. Colonial Economies

• Southern- Agricultural.

• Northern- Industrial, ship building, fishing.

11. Free Enterprise• Economic system where there

is competition between businesses with little governmental control.

Revolution

12. Effect of the French and Indian War

• Colonies paid taxes to help pay off England’s war debt.

Britain

13. King George III

• King of England during the American Revolution.

14. “No Taxation Without Representation”

• Reason colonists were upset with British government.

15. Samuel Adams

• Opposed British taxation.

• Helped form the Sons of Liberty.

16. Patrick Henry

• Known for his “Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death” speech.

17. Thomas Paine

• Wrote “Common Sense” which gave reasons to fight for independence.

18. Thomas Jefferson• Wrote the

Declaration of Independence in 1776.

• This listed grievances (complaints) against King George III.

19. Unalienable Rights

• Rights that cannot be taken away.

• In the Declaration of Independence they are-

20. George Washington

• Commander of the Continental Army.

21. Lexington and Concord

• Opening battles of the American Revolution.

22. Saratoga• Battle which was the turning

point of the revolution.• France began to help the

colonies after this victory.

Victory

23. Benjamin Franklin

• Helped convince France to help the colonists fight the British.

24. Valley Forge• Where Washington’s army spent a

difficult winter but emerged a stronger force.

25. Yorktown

• Ended the American Revolution.

U S A

26. Treaty of Paris

• British recognized American independence.

• Mississippi River became the western border of the U.S.

Government and the Constitution

27. Articles of Confederation• First U.S. Constitution.• Weak National government.

28. Northwest Ordinance• Set up an orderly system to

bring in new states.

29. Convention of 1787• Called to revise the Articles of

Confederation• New Constitution was written.

30. James Madison

• “Father of the Constitution”

31. Federalist• For the Constitution.

32. Federalist Papers

• Written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to gain support for the Constitution.

33. Anti-Federalist

• Against the Constitution.• Feared a loss of rights.

34. George Mason• Anti-Federalist who was concerned that

the new Constitution was too powerful and would take away the rights of the people and the states.

35. Great Compromise• Set up Congress into 2 houses.• House of Representatives:

Based on state’s population.• Senate- Two for each state.

36. Three-Fifths Compromise

• Settled how slaves would be counted for taxation and representation purposes.

37. Branches of Government• Executive-

President: Carries out the laws.

• Legislative- Congress: Makes laws.

• Judicial- Courts: Interprets the laws.

38. Bill of Rights• First 10 Amendments to the

Constitution.• Protects Unalienable rights.

39. Limited Government

• All authority figures must obey the law.

40. Republicanism

• People hold the power through the election of representatives.

People Elect Representatives

41. Checks and Balances• Prevents one branch of the

government from becoming too powerful.

EXAMPLES:

42. Federalism• The sharing of power between a

national government and states.

43. Separation of Powers• Each branch of the government is

assigned specific powers.

LMake Laws

ECarries

out Laws

JCourt

System

44. Popular Sovereignty

• Political power rests with the people.

• Exercised through voting.

Power of the People

45. Amendment Process• Addition or

change to the Constitution.

• 2/3 approval vote in both houses of Congress.

• ¾ approval of states.

Early Nation

46. Federalist Party

• Alexander Hamilton.

• Believed in a strong national government.

47. Democratic-Republican Party

• Thomas Jefferson• Weak national government.

48. Bank of the United States• Bank chartered by the National

government to provide bank notes to be used as money and to regulate state banks.

49. Washington’s Farewell Address• Warned against political parties, foreign

entanglements, regional differences, and having a debt.

50. 1803• Year Thomas Jefferson purchased the

Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million.

• Doubled the size of the U.S.

51. Marbury v Madison• John Marshall-

Supreme Court case which established Judicial Review.

• Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional.

52. War of 1812• War with Britain over impressment,

and interference with American trade, and military aid to Indians.

53. James Monroe• His doctrine

stated European countries were to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.

54. Missouri Compromise• Missouri- slave state. Maine free

state. • First sectional issue between the

North and South.

55. Sectionalism• When one part of the country

looks out for its own interests.

Industrial Revolution

56. Industrial Revolution• Production of goods and products

in factories by machines. • Led to more goods being produced

at lower prices.

57. Urbanization• Major movement of people from

rural (Countryside) to cities (urban).

58. Interchangeable Parts• Eli Whitney.• Parts are made exactly the same to make

it easier to replace defective parts.

59. Agricultural Inventions• Cotton Gin- Eli

Whitney- Created a demand for slaves.

• Steel Plow- John Deere- Increased agricultural production.

• Mechanical Reaper- Cyrus McCormick- Increased grain production.

60. Transportation

• Steamboat- Robert Fulton. Decreased travel time on water.

• Canals- Man made waterways found mainly in the Northeast. Connected cities by water.

• Railroads- Fastest form of transportation on land. Led to growth of cities and westward expansion.

61. Commerce• McCulloch v. Maryland-

Supreme Court case which stated Congress had the power to carry out its power stated in the Constitution.

• Gibbons v. Ogden- Supreme Court case which stated Congress could regulate interstate commerce.

Maryland, you can’t tax the Bank of the U.S.

62. Improvement in Communication

• Telegraph- Samuel Morse. Allowed people to communicate over long distances.

Manifest Destiny

63. Manifest Destiny• Belief that the U.S. was destined to

run from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.

64. U.S.-Mexican War• Occurred over the annexation

(addition) of Texas.• After its victory, the U.S. acquired most

of the present day American Southwest (Mexican Cession).

Age of Jackson and Reform Movements

65. Andrew Jackson• His election was

one for the Common Man.

• Believed in a strong national government.

• Hero of the Battle of New Orleans.

66. Democratic Party• Revolved around the beliefs of

Jackson.• Strong Federal Government.• Supported by Southerners and slave

owners.

67. Daniel Webster• Represented the viewpoint of the North.• Believed in preserving the Union was

most important.Remember what George Washington said about

what geographical differences will do to our

country.

68. Henry Clay• “Great Compromiser”.• Worried how the spread of slavery would

affect Western Territories.

Lets make a deal.

69. John C. Calhoun• Represented the South.• From South Carolina.• Believed in slavery and states’ rights.

Long live slavery and

states’ rights!

70. Protective Tariff• Tax on

imports meant to protect U.S. industries.

• Made imports more expensive and encouraged people to buy products made in the U.S.

71. States’ Rights• Belief that

states don’t have to follow Federal law if that state feels that law violates the Constitution.

72. Nullification Crisis• Occurred when

South Carolina refused to enforce the Protective Tariff of 1828.

• President Jackson threatened to enforce the tariff

• South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union.

73. Indian Removal Act of 1830

• All Indians East of the Mississippi would be moved to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

• The Indian’s land was wanted for farming.

74. Trail of Tears• The Cherokee Indians were forced to

march to Indian Territory. • One fourth of them died on the trip.

75. Reform Movements

• Women’s Rights- Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The “Declaration of Sentiments” from the Seneca Falls Convention called for equal rights for women.

75 Reform Movements

• Public (Common) School- Led by Horace Mann. Called for education for all students regardless of background.

75. Reform Movements• Temperance-

Against the abuse of alcohol. Believed it caused problems like family violence and poverty.

75. Reform Movements

• Abolitionist- Wanted to do away with slavery. Found in the North.

75. Reform Movements• Mental Illness and

Prison Reform- Dorothea Dix. Wanted to improved conditions for the mentally ill and better treatment of prisoners.

The Coming of The Civil War

76. Frederick Douglass • Former

slave who spoke against slavery and for human rights.

77. Compromise of 1850• California admitted as a free state.• Strengthened Fugitive Slave Law.

78. Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Written by Harriet

Beecher Stowe.• Antislavery novel

which caused many Northerners to oppose slavery.

79. Kansas-Nebraska Act• Allowed Popular Sovereignty to

determine legality of slavery in these territories.

• Led to violence.

80. Dred Scott v Sanford• Supreme Court case which stated

slaves were not citizens.

81. Election of 1860• Abraham Lincoln elected president.• Caused Southern states to secede from

the Union.

82. Lincoln’s Inaugural Addresses

• First Inaugural Address- North would leave slavery alone but would act to preserve the Union.

• Second Inaugural Address- Wanted to treat the Southern states without malice after the Civil War.

Civil War

83. 1861-1865

• Years of the Civil War.

84. Confederate States of America

• Formed by former Southern states.

85. Jefferson Davis• President of the Confederate

States.

86. Ulysses S. Grant

• Commander of Union (North) forces during the Civil War.

87. Robert E. Lee

• Commander of the Confederate (South) forces during the Civil War.

88. Fort Sumter

• Opening battle of the Civil War.

89. Battle of Gettysburg• Northern victory which was the

turning point of the war in the East.• Southern troops withdrew.

90. Gettysburg Address• Speech by Lincoln which reaffirmed

the North’s commitment to winning the war.

91. Battle of Vicksburg• Northern victory which was the turning

point of the war in the West.• North controlled the Mississippi River.

92. Emancipation Proclamation

• Issued by Lincoln.

• Freed the slaves in the rebelling states (south).

93. Appomattox Court House

• Civil War ended with a Union victory when Lee surrendered to Grant.

Reconstruction

94. Reconstruction Amendments• 13th- Ended slavery

and made it illegal.• 14th- Defined

citizenship and gave equal protect under the law.

• 15th- Granted Black men the right to vote.

95. Andrew Johnson• Became

President after Lincoln’s assassination. Wanted to treat the South leniently.

96. Black Codes • Passed by

Southern states to limit the civil rights and freedom of the freedmen.

To all Freedmen:

Any Freedman found without a job will be fined

and possibly jailed!

97. Freedman’s Bureau • Created to help

freedmen adjust and to set up schools to educate them. They were given food, clothing and medical care.

98. Homestead Act • Allowed any

citizen to own 160 acres of land if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it. Contributed to people moving westward.

99. Morrill Act • Gave each state

30,000 acres of federal land times the number of its members of Congress. States could sell land to fund public colleges.

Colleges Established Under the Morrill Act

• Iowa State• Kansas State• Michigan State• Rutgers University• Penn State University• University of Vermont• University of Minnesota• University of Missouri• University of Wisconsin

100. Dawes Act• Broke up Indian

tribes and promoted the assimilation of Native Americans into American society. Caused Indians to lose most of their lands.

Maps To Know

Maps To Know