STAAR Facts2013 Social Studies

COLONIAL ERA• Northern (New England)

Colonies• Connecticut, Rhode Island,

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine

• Cold climate, rocky soil• Plymouth, Massachusetts

founded in 1620 by Pilgrims for religious tolerance

COLONIAL ERA

• Middle Colonies (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware)

• Fertile soil, milder climate, ideas of tolerance & quality

• Pennsylvania founded in 1680 by William Penn

COLONIAL ERA• Southern colonies

(Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia)

• Warm climate, pleasant soil, farming and agriculture

• Jamestown, VA founded in 1607

• Georgia founded in 1733 as debtor’s colony

COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS

• Mayflower Compact: Pilgrims pledged to obey law of colony

• House of Burgesses: 1st representative government in colonies, Virginia 1619

COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS

• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: 1st written constitution in America

• Representative Government: Citizens elect representatives

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

• 1754-1763• George

Washington gained prominence

• England had more land to control

• War costs plunged England into debt

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

• Proclamation of 1763: colonists could not settle beyond Appalachian Mountains

• Treaty of Paris of 1763: ended French & Indian War; kicked French out of North America

REVOLUTIONARY ERA

George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. 1st President of the U.S.His farewell address warned against foreign alliances & political parties.

REVOLUTIONARY ERA

Thomas Jefferson: Author of the Declaration of Independence3rd President of the U.S.

REVOLUTIONARY ERA

Benjamin Franklin:• Publisher & inventor• Respected statesman

who guided colonies toward independence

• Convinced France to support America during Revolution

REVOLUTIONARY ERA

• Samuel Adams: Patriot, member of the Sons of Liberty, organized Committees of Correspondence

• Patrick Henry: Patriot, “Give me liberty or give me death!”

REVOLUTIONARY ERA• Thomas Paine:

Author of Common Sense; convinced colonists to support the revolution against Britain

• King George III: Ruler of Great Britain during the American Revolution

REVOLUTIONARY ERA• Abigail Adams: Wife of

John Adams, famous for letters about women’s rights, “Remember the ladies”

• Mercy Otis Warren: Writer who wrote plays, poems, and essays for independence from Britain

REVOLUTIONARY ERA

• James Armistead: slave who enlisted as a Patriot spy; Marquis de Lafayette helped him earn his freedom

• Crispus Attucks: former slave, 1st civilian shot at Boston massacre

REVOLUTIONARY ERA• John Paul Jones:

American Revolution naval hero

• Haym Solomon: helped finance the Revolutionary War

• Wentworth Cheswell: town leader, interested in the betterment of America

REVOLUTIONARY ERA

• Marquis de Lafayette: French officer who helped train American soldiers to fight against British; secured the help of France during the war

• Bernardo de Galvez: governor of Louisiana territory, helped U.S. buy Spanish weapons, gunpowder, and supplies

CAUSES OF REVOLUTION• Proclamation of 1763• Colonies taxed to pay

for French & Indian War• “No taxation without

representation!”• Tax acts, including

Stamp, Sugar, and Tea• Boston Massacre• Intolerable Acts

AMERICAN REVOLUTION• Lexington & Concord: 1st

battle; “shot heard ‘round the world”

• Battle of Saratoga: turning point; French entered war as allies to Patriots

• Battle of Yorktown: British defeat that ended war

• Treaty of Paris 1783: British recognized American independence

REVOLUTION ERA VOCAB• Tariff: tax on imports &

exports• Mercantilism: nation’s

power depended on its wealth; “more money, more power”

• Grievance: wrongdoing by England & King George

• Tyranny: cruel & unjust government

REVOLUTIONARY ERA VOCAB• Loyalists: Americans who

supported Great Britain • Patriots: Americans who

favored independence from Britain

• Declaration of Independence: written by Thomas Jefferson, lists grievances against King George lll

• Unalienable rights: rights that cannot be taken away

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

• 1st Constitution (1781)• 1st form of government

established by the 13 states

• Replaced by the U.S. Constitution because it had a weak central government (no court system, no power to tax, no executive branch)

Influences of U.S. CONSTITUTION

Magna Carta 1215: limited the king’s powers; provided trial by juryEnglish Bill of Rights 1687: cruel & unusual punishment forbidden, right to bear armsDeclaration of Independence 1776:Unalienable rights of life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

U.S. CONSTITUTION FACTS• 1787: delegates from

13 states drafted the Constitution in Philadelphia, PA

• Delegates included: John Adams, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton who authored the Constitution

U.S. CONSTITUTION VOCAB• Preamble: introduction

of the Constitution that states its purpose

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787: established orderly expansion of western territory & way for states to join Union

• Ratify: to approve

U.S. CONSTITUTION VOCABFederalist Papers: 1787-1788- Essays written to encourage ratification of the Constitution. Authors included James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.

CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISESGreat Compromise: Determined state representation in U.S. Congress: All states get 2 votes in Senate; number of seats in the House of Representatives depends on the state population.• Virginia and New

Jersey Plans

CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES Three-Fifths Compromise: Slavery• Each slave

counts as 3/5ths a person for taxation and representation

U.S. CONSTITUTION PRINCIPLES• Separation of Powers:

divides powers of government into 3 branches – Legislative, Executive and Judicial

• Federalism: Power is shared between states & national government

• Republicanism: people vote to elect representatives to run government

U.S. CONSTITUTION PRINCIPLES• Individual Rights: basic liberties

of all citizens guaranteed by Bill of Rights

• Checks & Balances: no branch of government becomes too powerful

• Limited Government: “No one is above the law”

• Popular Sovereignty: People hold supreme power

• Democracy: government that gives power to the people

BILL OF RIGHTS

• 1ST 10 amendments of the Constitution

• Protects individual rights & liberties

• Bill of Rights was necessary for some states to ratify the Constitution

COURT CASES• Marbury v. Madison

(1803): established judicial review. The Supreme Court has the authority to decide whether a law is constitutional

• McCullough v. Maryland: federal government overrides state governments

COURT CASES

• Dred Scott v. Sanford: Scott, a slave, was considered property, not a citizen, and was not granted freedom

• Gibbons v. Ogden: regulated interstate commerce, or trade between states

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONEra of change from household industries to factory production using machines. Inventions include Cotton Gin, Steamboat• Urbanization: population

moves from farms to cities• Protective Tariff: tax on

goods from another country to promote American economy

CAUSES OF WAR OF 1812• Impressment of

sailors• Britain interfered

with U.S. trade• British attacked

American ships• British encouraged

Indians to attack Americans on the frontier

WAR OF 1812• British attack and set

fire to Washington D.C.• Francis Scott Key

writes The Star-Spangled Banner while watching battle of Fort McHenry in Baltimore

• Andrew Jackson wins Battle of New Orleans

WAR OF 1812 OUTCOME

The MONROE DOCTRINE states the U.S. will not interfere with existing European colonies in the Americas but will fight any new ones.

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

Andrew Jackson was “Peoples’ President,” beginning of Democratic Party.He favored states’ rights and opposed a strong central government.

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

• Indian Removal Act: policy that removed Cherokee from eastern homeland

• Trail of Tears: forced removal of Cherokee from homes to resettle in Oklahoma

• Bank of U.S. forced to close; government funds withdrawn

WESTWARD EXPANSION

Manifest Destiny: belief that the U.S. should expand from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans; land acquisition through the 1860sTexas (1845), Mexican Cession (1848), Utah Territory (1850), Gadsden Purchase (1853), Oregon Territory (1859)

WESTWARD EXPANSION• Railroads encouraged

settlement in the west and created thousands of jobs

• Sectionalism: strong sense of loyalty to a state or section

• Mormons: religious group that moved west and settle in Utah to escape religious persecution.

STATES’ RIGHTSBelief in local government close to the people; each state should be able to decide issues for themselves• Plantation System:

economic system where slaves provided labor necessary to plan & harvest cash crops

• Nullification: idea that a state can declare a federal law illegal

NULLIFICATION CRISIS

Argument between South

Carolina & federal

government over role of national

government

• SC opposed high tariff started by federal govt.

• SC claimed states had right to reject any law that was to state’s disadvantage

• Federal govt. threatened to send in military

• Henry Clay helped reach compromise

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• Maine enters U.S. as a free state; Missouri enters as a slave state

• 36/30 latitude line divided free and slave territories

COMPROMISE OF 1850

• California admitted as a free state

• Mexican Cession lands would decide slavery issue with popular sovereignty

• Border set between Mexico & Texas

• Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

REFORMERS: Abolitionists• Harriet Tubman:

conductor on the Underground Railroad

• Frederick Douglas: influential speaker and writer

• Sojourner Truth: spoke about her experiences as a slave

REFORMERS: Women’s Suffrage

• Suffrage: women’s right to vote

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton: worked for women’s rights; wrote Declaration of Sentiments

• Susan B. Anthony: campaigned for women’s suffrage

REFORMERS

• Temperance: campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol

• Civil Disobedience: refusal to obey government law as a means of resistance

CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION

• Civil War: War between the North & South from 1861-1865

• North: President Abraham Lincoln, General Ulysses S. Grant

• South: President Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee

CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION

Causes included:• Sectionalism• Differences over slavery

and states’ rights• Manufacturing vs.

agricultural economies• Anti-slavery sentiment

in North• Lincoln elected

President in 1860

CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION

Lincoln: 1st Republican President whose election encouraged South to secede from Union. He was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. just 5 days after the end of the Civil War.

CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION

Lincoln’s speeches:• 1st inaugural address:

secession was illegal, he would not interfere with slavery where it already existed, South would be responsible for any war

• 2nd inaugural address: “with malice toward none…”

• Gettysburg Address (1863): ”Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.”

• Emancipation Proclamation (1863): Document declaring that all slaves were free

CIVIL WAR BATTLES• Fort Sumter: 1st

battle began when Confederate forces attacked U.S. fort in South Carolina

• Gettysburg: Lee’s only offensive battle in the North (Pennsylvania), turning point of war when Lee retreats back to the South

CIVIL WAR BATTLES

• Vicksburg: Confederates surrender, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River; turning point of war.

• Appomattox Court House: Lee surrenders to Grant, the Civil War ends

RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS

• 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery

• 14th Amendment: Made former slaves citizens and gave equal protection for all citizens

• 15th Amendment: African-American males are given the right to vote

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS• Free Enterprise System:

people can conduct business free of government control

• Subsistence Agriculture: farmer produces just enough to support himself & his family with nothing left for purchasing manufactured goods.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

• Market-Oriented Agriculture: Goods are produced in mass quantities with intention of selling them

• Cottage Industries: business that employs a large number of workers to produce goods in a factory

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Columbian Exchange: exchange of crops, animals, disease, and ideas of different cultures after Europeans landed in the Americas

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

• Immigration: Movement of people into a country from another country

• Migration: Movement of persons from one location to another

IMPORTANT DATES

• 1607: 1st European settlement at Jamestown in North America

• 1620: Pilgrims land at Plymouth to escape religious persecution in England

• 1776: America declares independence from Britain

IMPORTANT DATES

1787: The Northwest Ordinance provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the Northwest Territory

IMPORTANT DATES1803: United States purchased from France the Louisiana Territory, land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, doubling the size of the United States. President Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis & Clark to explore the new territory.

IMPORTANT DATES

• 1861-1865: American Civil War, from the 1st shots fired at Ft. Sumter to the surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox Court House.

• For timeline: http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/

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