ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS-CHANDIGARH, PANCHKULA, MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR

Class 9 English Worksheet-11

Answer Key of English Worksheet-10

Exercise-1

1. Very few cities are as beautiful as Jaipur.

2. Macbeth is better than any other play that I have ever seen.

3. Very few boys in the class are as tall as Raghu.

4. Tokyo is one of the biggest cities in the world.

5. No other book that I have ever read is as good as David Copperfield.

6. India is the largest democracy in the world.

7. This is the biggest diamond that I have ever seen.

8. No other woman was as beautiful as Helen of Troy.

9. Very few Indian cities are as big as Hyderabad.

10. Australia is larger than any other island in the world.

Exercise-2

1. Malacca is older than any other town in Malaysia.

2. Peter is the cleverest boy in the class.

3. Jupiter is bigger than all other planets.

4. John is more industrious than many other boys in the class.

5. Shakespeare was the greatest playwright.

6. Ashoka was greater than many other Indian kings.

7. Greenland is larger than any other island in the world.

8. Lead is the heaviest metal.

9. The cow is one of the most useful animals.

10. Amar is not stronger than Abdul.

Exercise-3

1. He is not taller than me..

2. Very few cities in India are as rich as Mumbai.

3. Avanti is a better singer than Anita.

4. Siya is not more intelligent than Riya

5. Very few kings were as great as Akbar.

6. Karim is not the most industrious boy.

7. Mysore is not as cool as Bangaluru.

8. Rama is better than any other bowler in the team.

9. No other morning paper has as big a circulation as this newspaper.

10. Chennai is one of the biggest cities in India. Note: Dear students ,kindly complete the exercises given in the prescribed Grammar

Workbook.

Class 9 Hindi Worksheet-11

Class 9 Punjabi Worksheet-11

ਹੇਠਾਂ ਦ ਿੱ ਤੀ ਗਈ ਦਿਖਤ ਨ ੂੰ ਚੂੰਗੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ ਅਤ ੇਨੀਚੇ ਦ ਿੱ ਤੇ ਪਰਸ਼ਨਾਂ ੇ ਉੱਤਰ੍ ਅਦਿਆਸ

ਪਸੁਤਕਾ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਵਿਖ।ੋ

ਪਰਸ਼ਨ 3- ਤਰੇੀ ਭਾਬੀ ਪੀਤ ੋਇਿੱਕ ਪੜ੍ਹ -ੇਵਿਖ ੇਦੀ ਬਹ ੂਹ।ੈ ਉਹ ਖਤੇਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਰਟੋੀ ਿੈ ਕ ੇਨਹੀਂ ਆ ਗੇੀ।

(੧) ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਕਿਸ ਨੇ, ਕਿਸ ਨ ੂੰ ,ਿਦੋਂ ਤੇ ਕਿਉਂ ਿਹੇ?

(੨) ਪੀਤੋ ਦੀ ਭਾਬੀ ਵਕਿੱਥੇ ਰੋਟੀ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਨਹੀਂ ਜਾਾਂਦੀ ਸੀ ?ਇਸ ਦ ੇਵਪਿੱਛੇ ਕੀ ਕਾਰਨ ਸੀ? ਵ ਸਥਾਰ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਵਿਖੋ।

(੩) ਨਾਮ ੋਨੇ ਪੀਤ ੋਨ ੂੰ ਇਹ ਪਤਾ ਿਰਨ ਲਈ ਿੀ ਉਪਾਅ ਦੱਕਸਆ ਕਿ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਭਾਬੀ ਭੱਤਾ ਲੈ ਿੇ ਖੇਤਾਂ ਕ ੱਚ ਕਿਉਂ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਉਂਦੀ? ਤ ੇਪੀਤੋ ਨੇ ਅੱਗੋਂ ਿੀ ਜ ਾਬ ਕਦੱਤਾ?

(੪) ਨਾਮ ੋਨੇ ਪੀਤ ੋਦੇ ਖੇਤਾਂ ਕ ੱਚ ਜਾ ਿੇ ਿੀ ਮਕਹਸ ਸ ਿੀਤਾ ਤੇ ਕਿਉਂ?

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ਪਰਸ਼ਨ 4 - ਥਡੋ ੇਘਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਜਾਣਾ, ਤਰੇੀ ਮਾਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਹਤੁ ਡਰ ਿਿੱਗਦਾ ਹ।ੈ ਤੂੂੰ ਸਾਡ ੇਹੀ ਘਰ ਆ ਜਾਇਆ ਕਰੀਂ।

(੧) ਇਹ ਾਰਤਾਲਾਪ ਕਿੂੰ ਨਾ ਦ ੋਪਾਤਰਾਂ ਕ ੱਚ ਹੋਈ? ਕਿਸ ਨ ੂੰ , ਕਿਸ ਦੀ ਮਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਿੀ ਡਰ ਲਗਦਾ ਸੀ?

(੨) ਕਿਸ ਦੇ ਘਰ ਜਾਣ ਦੀ ਗੱਲ ਹੋ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ? ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਇੱਿ ਦ ਜ ੇਦੇ ਘਰ ਕਿਉਂ ਜਾਣਾ ਸੀ?

(੩) ਨਾਮ ੋਅਤ ੇਪੀਤ ੋਦੇ ਸਭੁਾਅ ਬਾਰ ੇਕਲਖ?ੋ

(੪) ਨਾਮ ੋਅਤ ੇਪੀਤ ੋਨ ੂੰ ਜਰਨੈਲੀ ਸੜਿ ਤੇ ਜਾਂਦ ੇਹੋਏ ਡਰ ਕਿਉਂ ਲਗ ਕਰਹਾ ਸੀ? ਤੇ ਉਨਹ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਦਾ ਿੀ ਉਪਾਅ ਿੀਤਾ?

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Answers key of Punjabi Worksheet-10

ਉੱਤਰ੍ 1 (੧) ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਸੂੰਤ ਵਸੂੰਘ ਸੇਖੋਂ ਦੀ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਭਿੱਤਾ ਵ ਚੋਂ ਿਏ ਗਏ ਹਨ।ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਨਾਮੋ ਦੀ ਮਾਾਂ ਨੇ ਨਾਮੋ ਨੂੂੰ ਕਹੇ। ਜਦੋਂ ਉਹ ਸ ੇਰ ੇ

ਸੁਿੱਤੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ,ਤੇ ਮਾਾਂ ਦ ੇਅ ਾਜਾ ਿਗਾਉਣ ਤੇ ੀ ਉੱਠ ਨਹੀਂ ਰਹੀ ਸੀ।ਜਾਾਂ ਤਾਾਂ ਨਾਮੋ ਰਾਤ ਦੇਰ ਤਿੱਕ ਗੁਿੱਡੀ ਦੇ ਸੂਟ ਤੇ ਵਿਕਰਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਪਈ ਰਹੀ

ਜਾਾਂ ਸ ੇਰ ਦੀ ਤਾਜੀ ਹ ਾ ਕਾਰਨ ਉਸਦੀ ਨੀਂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਖੁਿੱਿਹ ੀ। ਇਸਿਈ ਨਾਮੋ ਦੀ ਮਾਾਂ ਗੁਿੱਸੇ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਉਪਰੋਕਤ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਕਵਹੂੰਦੀ ਹੈ। ਅਸਿ ਵ ਿੱਚ

ਨਾਮੋ ਨੇ ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਰੋਟੀ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਜਾਣੀ ਸੀ।ਉਸ ਦਾ ਵਪਤਾ ਤੇ ਭਰਾ ਹਰਨਾਮ ਵਸੂੰਘ ਸ ੇਰ ਦ ੇਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਕੂੰਮ ਕਰ ਰਹੇ ਸੀ, ਇਸ ਿਈ ਸਮੇਂ ਤੇ

ਰੋਟੀ ਪਹੁੂੰਚਾਣੀ ਜਰਰੂੀ ਸੀ।

(੨) ਇਸ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਦਵਸਆ ਵਗਆ ਹੈ ਵਕ ਜਦੋਂ ਵਕਸਾਨ ਸ ੇਰ ੇ-ਸ ੇਰੇ ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਹਿ ਾਹੁਣ ਿਈ ਚਿੇ ਜਾਾਂਦ ੇਹਨ। ਘਰ ਵ ਿੱਚੋਂ ਕੋਈ ਨਾ

ਕੋਈ ਔਰਤ ਰੋਟੀ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਮਗਰ ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਜਾਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ,ਉਸਨੂੂੰ ਭਿੱਤਾ ਵਕਹਾ ਜਾਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਭਿੱਤਾ ਨਾਮੋ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਵਪਤਾ ਤੇ ਭਰਾ

ਹਰਨਾਮ ਵਸੂੰਘ ਿਈ ਆਪਣੇ ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਜਾਣਾ ਸੀ ਤੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਵਪਤਾ ਿਈ ਆਪਣੇ ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ। ਦੋਹਾਾਂ ਦੇ ਖੇਤ ਨਾਿ- ਨਾਿ ਹੀ

ਸਨ।

(੩) ਇਹ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਸੂੰਤ ਵਸੂੰਘ ਸੇਖੋਂ ਦੀ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਭਿੱਤਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਪੇਂਡੂ ਵਕਸਾਨਾਾਂ ਦੇ ਸਧਾਰਨ ਜੀ ਨ ਦੀ ਝਿਕ ਹੈ। ਜੋ ਬਹੁਤ ਵਮਹਨਤੀ,

ਵਸਿੱਧੇ ਸੁਭਾਅ ਾਿੇ ਅਤੇ ਸਾਦਾ ਜੀ ਨ ਬਤੀਤ ਕਰਨ ਾਿੇ ਹੁੂੰਦ ੇਹਨ।ਭਿੱਤਾ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਦੇ ਪਾਤਰ ਹਨ-ਹਰਨਾਮ ਵਸੂੰਘ, ਨਾਮੋ, ਪੀਤੋ, ਨਾਮੋ ਦਾ

ਵਪਤਾ, ਮਾਾਂ ਤੇ ਇਿੱਕ ਬੁਿੱਢੀ ਔਰਤ।

(੪) ਨਾਮੋ ਦੀ ਮਾਾਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੀ ਗੁਿੱਸੈਿੇ ਸੁਭਾਅ ਦੀ ਸੀ। ਸਾਰਾ ਵਪੂੰਡ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਗੁਿੱਸੇ ਤੋਂ ਡਰਦਾ ਸੀ। ਇਥੋਂ ਤਿੱਕ ਕੀ ਹਰਨਾਮ ਵਸੂੰਘ ੀ ਆਪਣੀ ਮਾਾਂ ਦੇ

ਕੌੜੇ੍- ਕੁਸੈਿੇ ਸੁਭਾਅ ਤੋਂ ਤੂੰਗ ਸੀ। ਉਹ ਉਸਦੀ ਨ ੀਂ ਵ ਆਹੀ ਹੁਟੀ ਤੋਂ ਘਰ ਦਾ ਕੂੰਮ ਕਰ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਰਵਹੂੰਦੀ ਸੀ ਉਸ ਨੂੂੰ ਭਿੱਤਾ ਦ ੇਕੇ ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ

ਨਹੀਂ ਭੇਜਦੀ ਸੀ। ਪਰ ਉਹ ਇਿੱਕ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੀ ਵਜੂੰਮੇ ਾਰ ਔਰਤ ਸੀ।

ਉੱਤਰ੍-2 (੧) ਉਪਰੋਕਤ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹਰਨਾਮ ਵਸੂੰਘ ਦੇ ਮਨ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਆਏ। ਵਕਉਂਵਕ ਉਸ ਨੂੂੰ ਆਪਣੀ ਨ ੀਂ ਵ ਆਹੀ ਹੁਟੀ ਦਾ ਇੂੰਤਜਾਰ ਸੀ, ਕੀ

ਅਿੱਜ ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਭਿੱਤਾ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਉਹ ਆ ੇਗੀ।ਉਹ ਾਰ-ੋ ਾਰੀ ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਦੀ ਨੁਿੱਕਰ ਿੱਿ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਵਪੂੰਡ ਿੱਿ ਦੇਖਦਾ ਸੀ।ਪਰ ਜਦੋਂ ਉਸ ਨੇ ਦੂਰੋਂ ਨਾਮੋ

ਅਤੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਨੂੂੰ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਦੇਵਖਆ, ਉਹ ਬਹੁਤ ਵਨਰਾਸ਼ ਤੇ ਉਦਾਸ ਹੋ ਵਗਆ।

(੨) ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਭਿੱਤਾ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਨਾਮੋ ਅਤੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਆਇਆਾਂ। ਨਾਮੋ ਹਰਨਾਮ ਵਸੂੰਘ ਦੀ ਭੈਣ ਸੀ। ਹਰਨਾਮ ਵਸੂੰਘ ਨੂੂੰ ਆਪਣੀ ਨ ੀਂ ਵ ਆਹੀ ਹੁਟੀ

ਦਾ ਇੂੰਤਜਾਰ ਸੀ ਕੀ ਅਿੱਜ ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਚ ਭਿੱਤਾ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਉਹ ਆ ੇਗੀ। ਉਹ ਾਰੋ- ਾਰੀ ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਦੀ ਨੁਿੱਕਰ ਿੱਿ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਵਪੂੰਡ ਿੱਿ ਦੇਖਦਾ ਸੀ। ਪਰ

ਨਾਮੋ ਅਤੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਨੂੂੰ ਆਉਂਦਾ ੇਖ ਕੇ ਉਹ ਬਹੁਤ ਵਨਰਾਸ਼ ਤੇ ਦੁਖੀ ਹੋਇਆ। ਉਸਨੇ ਆਪਣਾ ਸਾਰਾ ਗੁਿੱਸਾ ਬਿਦਾਾਂ ਤੇ ਕਿੱਵਢਆ, ਨਾਮੋ ਨਾਿ ੀ

ਗੁਿੱਸੇ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਬੋਵਿਆ ਤੇ ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਣ ਦਾ ਇਰਾਦਾ ੀ ਛਿੱਡ ਵਦਿੱਤਾ।

(੩) ਵਜਸ ਸਮੇਂ ਹਰਨਾਮ ਵਸੂੰਘ ਦ ੇਵਪਤਾ ਨੇ ਉਸ ਦ ੇਅੂੰਦਰਿੇ ਭਾ ਾਾਂ ਨੂੂੰ ਸਮਝ ਕੇ, ਉਸਦਾ ਪਿੱਖ ਿੈਂ ਵਦਆਾਂ ਵਕਹਾ ਵਕ ਨਾਮੋ ਮਾਾਂ ਨੂੂੰ ਕਹੀ ਕਿੱਿ ਤੋਂ

ਭਿੱਤਾ ਦ ੇਕੇ ਭਾਬੀ ਨੂੂੰ ਭੇਵਜਆ ਕਰੇ, ਤੂੂੰ ਿਿੱਸੀ ਘਿੱਟ ਵਿਆਉਂਦੀ ਹੈਂ। ਨਾਿੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਮਾਾਂ ਨੂੂੰ ਕਹੀ ਦਾਣੇ ਅਸੀ ਸ਼ਾਮ ਨੂੂੰ ਆ ਕੇ ਦਿ ਵਦਆਾਂਗੇ, ਤਾਾਂ

ਹਰਨਾਮ ਵਸੂੰਘ ਨੂੂੰ ਆਪਣਾ ਵਪਤਾ ਬਹੁਤ ਚੂੰਗਾ ਿਿੱਗਾ ਤੇ ਉਸ ਨੂੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਵ ਆਹ ਾਿੇ ਵਦਨ ਦੀ ਯਾਦ ਆ ਗਈ ਜਦੋਂ ਉਸਦ ੇਵਪਤਾ ਨੇ ਨ ੇਂ

ਕਪਵੜ੍ਆਾਂ ਿਈ ਉਸ ਨੂੂੰ ਪੈਸ ੇਵਦਿੱਤੇ ਸਨ। ਪਰ ਵਦਿ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਮਾਾਂ ਦ ੇਵਖਿਾਿ ਪੁਰਾਣੀਆਾਂ ਕੌੜ੍ੀਆਾਂ- ਕੁਸੈਿੀਆਾਂ ਗਿੱਿਾਾਂ ਦੀ ਗਠੜ੍ੀ ਵਿਰ ਤੋਂ ਖੁਿਹ

ਗਈ।

(੪) ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਭਿੱਤਾ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਨਾਮੋ ਅਤੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਆਇਆਾਂ। ਨਾਮੋ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਵਪਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਭਰਾ ਹਰਨਾਮ ਵਸੂੰਘ ਨੂੂੰ ਭਿੱਤਾ ਦੇਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਅਿੱਗੇ ਪੀਤੋ ਦੇ

ਖੇਤਾਾਂ ਵ ਿੱਚ ਜਾਣਾ ਸੀ, ਪੀਤੋ ਦੇ ਵਪਤਾ ਨੂੂੰ ਭਿੱਤਾ ਦੇਣ।

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Class 9 History Civics Worksheet-10

INTRODUCTION:

The Vedic period or Vedic age is from 1500-500 BCE. The designation “Vedic Period” is

a modern construct, which relies on evidence of an Indo-Aryan migration, which, as noted,

is not universally accepted. It is a period of late Bronze Age and the early IRON AGE of

the history of India when the Vedas were composed in the northern Indian subcontinent.

The Vedas contain details of life during this period that has been interpreted to be historical

and constitute the primary source for understanding the period. The Vedic literature

consists of three successive classes of literary creation.

THE THREE CLASSES ARE

THE VEDA

THE BRAHMANAS

THE ARANYAKAS & THE UPANISHADS

THE VEDA:

A collection of hymns, prayers, charms, and sacrificial formulae is known as VEDA. They

are commonly referred to as “scripture”, p0.which is accurate in that they can be defined

as holy writing concerning the nature of the Divine. The Vedas were orally transmitted

since their composition in the Vedic period from father to son or from teacher (guru) to

student (shishya), believed to be initiated by the Vedic rishis who heard the primordial

sounds. Only this tradition, embodied by a living teacher, can teach the correct

pronunciation of the sounds and explain hidden meanings, in a way the "dead and entombed

manuscript" cannot do. It is further divided into four parts.

1) RIG VEDA:

They are the oldest of the scared books of Hinduism composed in an ancient form of

Sanskrit in about 1500 BCE. The text is layered consisting of the Samhita, Brahmanas,

Aranyakas and Upanishads. The Rig-Veda hymns were composed and preserved by oral

tradition. They were memorized and verbally transmitted across generations for many

centuries.

2) SAM VEDA:

The Sam Veda is shortest of all the four Vedas. It is closely connected with the Rig-Veda.

It is the Veda of melodies and chants. It consists of 1549 verses. These are probably the

world’s oldest surviving melodies.

3) YAJURVEDA:

It is the Veda mainly of prose mantras for worship rituals. The exact century of

YAJURVEDAS composition is unknown and is estimated by scholars to be around 1200-

1000 BCE. The earliest and most ancient layer of Yajurveda includes about 1,875 verses

that are distinct yet borrow and build upon the foundation of verses in Rig-Veda.

4) ATHARVAVEDA:

The text is the fourth VEDA, but has been a late addition to the Vedic scriptures. It is a

collection of spills and charms. The Atharvaveda is composed in Vedic Sanskrit, and it is

a collection of 730 hymns with about 6,000 mantras, divided into 20 books. About a sixth

of the Atharvaveda texts adapts verses from the Rig-Veda, and except for Books 15 and

16, the text is in poem form deploying a diversity of Vedic matter.

2) BRAHMANAS:

These are prose text which contains details about the meaning of Vedic hymns, their

application and their stories. The Brahmans are associated with SHAKAS &VEDIC

SCHOOL. Each Veda has one or more Brahmanas of its own. . They are a secondary layer

or classification of Sanskrit texts embedded within each Veda, often incorporating myths

and legends to explain and instruct Brahmins on the performance of Vedic rituals. The

Brâhmanas are thus our oldest sources from which a comprehensive view of the sacrificial

ceremonial can be obtained. They also throw a great deal of light on the earliest

metaphysical and linguistic speculations of the Hindus.

3) THE ARANYAKAS & THE UPNISHADS:

a) THE ARANYAKAS:

They explain the philosophy behind the ritual of sacrifice

of ancient HINDU text i.e. VEDA. It is derived from the

word Araṇya which means wilderness. The structure of

the Aranyakas is as little homogenous as their contents.

The concluding portions of Brahmans are known as

the ARANYAKAS. Many ARANYAKAS are

MANTRAS, INDENTIFICATION, DISCUSSIONS,

MYTHS and SYMBOLIC INTEPRETATIONS. The Brahmans

are mainly concerned with the proper performance of the rituals.

They are also known as the forest books.

THE UPANISHADS

They are widely known as the central idea of the spiritual core of Hinduism. They are

considered to be the end of the Vedas. Upanishads has also been interpreted as the meaning

of secret teaching or revealing of truth. The literal meaning is to sit down closely as one

would listen attentively to the instructions of the GURU or a TEACHER. Among the most

important literature in the history of Indian religions and culture, the Upanishads played an

important role in the development of spiritual ideas in ancient India, marking a transition

from Vedic ritualism to new ideas and institutions.

EPICS

IMPORTANCE OF EPICS

It gives information about social, cultural and political people of that age

It has two great epics, that is long descriptive verses tell the stories of great heroes were

written then. These two epic were the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

Both epic is considered sacred in Hinduism. The Ramayana basic story is on the mouth of

every Indian as its story of Ram Chandra and Sita and of their fight against Ravana the

devil, king of Lanka. The original epic was written by Valmiki in Sanskrit. Ramayana

teaches the philosophy of life. It reveals the importance of family.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1)Name the four Vedas and describe any two briefly?

2)Name the two great epics of the epic age?

3)How were Brahmanas associated to Vedic school?

4)Write a short note about Vedic age.

5)How are Aranyakas connected to Brahmanas?

6)Give the meaning of Veda.

ANSWER KEY OF WORKSHEET 9

1. What was the extent of Harappan civilization?

The civilisation is extended over 1600 KM from HARAPPA and MOHENJODARO

to PUNJAB, SINDH ,PAKISTAN, RAJASTHAN, UTTAR PRADESH,

GUJARAT to some parts of SPUTH INDIA . The civilisation also included some

lands covered by the rivers RAVI, BEAS, SATLUJ, CHENAB, JHELUM, INDUS.

2. Name some important seals of Harappan valley civilization?

Some important seals are Pashupati seal, Unicorn seal, Hump bull seal

3. Mention two reasons to show that the people of Harappan civilization had a good

sense of town planning?

The Indus valley people had remarkable skill of town planning. They made streets

and lanes according to proper plan. The cities had a good drainage system.

4. Name a major trading centre of Harappan civilization.

Dockyard Lothal developed as the most important port and centre for the industry.

It is 223 metre long 35 metres in width and 8 metre in depth. It was a significant

trading centre of Harappan civilization.

5. Write a short note on the Great Bath, Bearded Man and Dancing Girl.

DANCING GIRL:

The statue is 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) tall, and depicts a naked young woman or girl

with stylized proportions standing in a confident, naturalistic pose. Dancing Girl is

well-regarded as a work of art, and is a cultural artefact of the Indus Valley

Civilisation.

BEARDED MAN:

It is also known as PRIEST KING. It is a sculpture of a seated man draped in a shawl

decorated with trefoil pattern. The sculpture of the bearded man was found at Sindh (

PAKISTAN).

DANCING GIRL

It was found at Mohenjadaro. It is a bronze statue of a dancing girl. Her eyes are large

nose is flat and she is seen wearing various ornaments

6. What led to decline of Harappan civilization?

By 1800 BCE, the Indus Valley Civilization saw the beginning of their decline. The

reasons for this decline are not entirely clear, but it is believed that the drying up of

the Saraswati River, a process which had begun around 1900 BCE, was the main

cause. Other experts speak of a great flood in the area.

***********************************

Class 9 Geography Worksheet-10

The Oceans

HYDROSPHERE - THE OCEANS

The Earth is the only planet in the solar system to have water in abundance. So, the

Earth is also called a “Water Planet” or “Blue Planet”. Water makes life possible on

the Earth. Hydrosphere is the water share, all the waters (liquid or solid) of the

surface of the Earth collectively, including soil and groundwater.

It consists of liquid water in sedimentary rocks, rivers, lakes and oceans as well as

ice in the sea and continental ice sheets. Water also occurs in the atmosphere as

gaseous vapours, liquid droplets and ice crystals.

Hydrosphere is one of the realms of the Earth. Atmosphere, Hydrosphere,

Lithosphere and Biosphere, are interlinked by hydrological cycle. The term

“Hydrosphere” is generally used in comparison and contrast with the Lithosphere

and Atmosphere.

Distribution of Land and Water

About 225 million years ago, all the continents were joined together forming a super

continent known as Pangaea. Pangaea was covered by a vast ocean called

Panthalassa. Later on, the continents started drifting apart.

The North and South America drifted westward and Atlantic Ocean was formed.

The Indian peninsula and Australia drifted eastward giving rise to the Indian Ocean

and the present form of continents and oceans came into existence.

Land and water are not uniformly distributed over the Earth. About 71% of the Earth

surface is occupied by seas and oceans where as land covers 29% of the total Earth's

surface.

If we examine the distribution of land and water on the globe, we notice a number of

outstanding features:

There is an antipodal balance of land and water on directly opposite sides of the

globe. It means that the continents and oceans are roughly arranged in such a way

that land on one side of the globe is balanced by water on the opposite side of the

globe. For example, the North Polar Arctic Ocean is opposite to the Antarctica

continent.

The continents have roughly triangular shape with their wide bases in the north.

They are narrowest in the southern hemisphere. Australia and Antarctica are

exceptions.

The oceans are also roughly triangular in shape having their bases in the south with

their vertex in the north.

Oceans are more extensive in the southern hemisphere than in the northern

hemisphere. In the northern hemisphere, the areas of land and water are nearly equal,

while in the southern hemisphere, there is nearly fifteen times as much water as

land.

The gap between Antarctica and the southern parts of the continents from the

southern ocean, which keeps Antarctica isolated.

Antarctica has three prominent protruding areas - one extending towards South

America, second towards Southern Africa and the third towards Australia.

Oceanography is the science and study of oceanic phenomena. The five important

oceans in order of their size are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and the Arctic

Ocean.

IMPORTANCE OF OCEANS

1. The oceans, comprising more than 70% of the Earth’s surface, occupy almost

three-fourth portion of the total area of the Earth.

2. Source of moisture. Oceans are the main source of moisture in the atmosphere.

Winds blowing over the oceans carry water vapour and cause rain on the land.

3. Oceans control the temperature

They have a great impact on the climate of the coastal areas. Oceans are

able to store up heat and then distribute it. Thus, ocean water can

moderate the high temperature of the summer season and low temperature

of the winter season and they control the extremes of temperature.

The coastal areas have maritime climate whereas the areas far from the

sea or ocean have continental type of climate.

4. Effects of ocean currents

The ocean currents modify the temperature and humidity of different

areas.

For example, warm ocean current increases the temperature and humidity

where as cold ocean current decreases the temperature of the coastal areas

where they flow.

5. Routes

Oceans not only separate continents and islands but they also serve to

connect one continent to another providing the cheapest and easy means

of transport.

Thus, oceans act as highways for trade and travel, e.g., the Suez Canal

route, the Panama Canal route and the North Atlantic route.

6. Storehouse of minerals

Oceans are the store houses of number of metallic and non-metallic

minerals.

Petroleum and natural gas are obtained from the sea floor. The Mumbai

High is an important oil producing region in India located offshore, in the

Arabian sea.

Salt is another important mineral obtained from the sea. Other minerals

like gold, diamond, Sulphur and raw materials are also found in the sea.

7. Food resources

Oceans are the largest source of fish. Most of the fishing grounds are in

the shallow continental shelves where sunlight can penetrate. So, they

have ideal conditions for the reproduction and growth of fish.

Some marine plants and animals are used for making medicines.

8. Power resources

The alternate rising and falling of the level of the sea and ocean water

(resulting of the gravitational attraction of the Sun and the Moon) is used

to produce electricity.

The countries like Russia, France and Japan produce electricity from

tidal energy. In India also tidal energy is produced in gulf of Khambat

and gulf of Kuchchh.

The difference in the temperature of surface water and sub-surface water

of the ocean can be used to generate energy with the help of floating

generators.

9. Recreational centre

Oceans serve as major recreational centres.

It should be a matter of great concern but unfortunately, men pollute them

by dumping dangerous chemicals, garbage into them.

Types of Oceans. There are five major oceans of the world. They are as follows:

1. The Pacific Ocean,

2. The Atlantic Ocean,

3. The Indian Ocean,

4. The Southern Ocean, and

5. The Arctic Ocean.

1. The Pacific Ocean

it is the largest ocean covering one - third of the total area of the Earth’s surface.

It is not only the largest but also, the deepest ocean with an average depth of 4,200

m.

It is roughly triangular in shape having base in the south and vertex in the north at

the Bering Strait.

The east - west extension of the Pacific Ocean is about 16,000 km (from east coast

of Asia to west coast of North America) and the north-south extension from Bering

Strait to Cape Adre (Antarctica) is about 15,000 km.

Pacific Ocean is bounded by North and South America on the east, Asia and

Australia on the west and Antarctica in the south.

Continental shelves along the coast of East Australia and Asia are broader while

they are less extensive along the coast of North and South America due to the

presence of Rocky and Andes Mountains near the coast.

There are many deep trenches in the ocean. Mariana Trench (about 10,800 m below

the sea level) is the deepest. Another one is the Philippine Trench ( about 10,380 m

below the sea level).

The vast Pacific ocean has more than 2,000 islands. Some of them are volcanic and

coral islands. The highest volcanic island from Hawaii, Tahiti and Samoa. There is

a string of volcanoes along the coastal margins of the continents.

The narrow Bering Strait separates North America from Asia.

2. The Atlantic Ocean

It is the second largest ocean. It was formed as a result of drifting of North and

South America to the west due to plate tectonic movements. It is still widening

by 1 cm each year.

The Atlantic Ocean is located between North and South America in the west and

Europe and Africa in the east. It extends from Greenland in the north to

Antarctica continent in the south.

It is narrowest in the north being enclosed by Greenland and Iceland. It broadly

opens into the Southern Ocean in the south.

It is roughly half the size of the Pacific Ocean covering about one-sixth of the

Earth’s total surface.

It resembles the shape of the letter “S”. The most striking feature of the Atlantic

ocean is the longitudinal extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which extends for

about 15,000 km from Iceland in the north to Bouvet Islands in the south.

This ridge is known as Dolphin Rise in the north and the Challenger Rise in the

south as it was discovered by the Challenger in 1973. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge

divides the Atlantic Ocean into two deep basins on either side.

The Atlantic Ocean is the busiest commercial highway of the world between

highly industrial regions of west Europe and north-east United States joining

some of the most important seaports of London and New York. Most of the

world’s greatest ports lie on its coasts.

The Atlantic Ocean has numerous seas on both the sides, few Islands and

continental shelf is found all along the ocean.

The important trenches are Puerto Rico Trench (8,385 m deep), South Sandwich

Trench (8,312 m deep) and Romanche Trench (7,631 m deep).

3. The Indian Ocean

It is the third largest ocean and the only ocean named after the name of a country,

i.e., Indian ocean after India. Its average depth is 4,000 m.

It is bound by Asia in the north, Africa in the west, Australia in the south east

and Antarctica in the south.

The tapering shape of Indian subcontinent in the north divides the Indian Ocean

into the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

The Indian Ocean floor has new underlying relief features in comparison to the

Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The Sunda Trench (7,450 m) is a deep trench in this

ocean.

A striking submarine ridge runs from Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) in the north

to Antarctica in the sosouthIt is known as the Mid-Indian Oceanic Ridge.

There are many continental Islands like Sri Lanka and Madagascar. The islands

of volcanic origin are Andaman and Nicobar, Mauritius, etc. Lakshadweep

Islands are the coral Islands.

4. The Southern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean)

The ocean that surrounds the Antarctica continent forms the southern portion of

the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

Its maximum depth is 4,500 m.

It is recognized as a new ocean in a A.D. 2000 by the International

Hydrographic Organisation.

5. The Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is located around the North Pole.

It is the smallest of all the oceans. It is almost circular in shape and is surrounded

by the important countries of Europe, North America and Asia.

The Arctic Ocean is covered by thick ice around the North Pole. Much of it is

covered by pack ice throughout the year. The fringes of ice break up to form ice

bergs in short summer so the salinity of this ocean is very low.

The major seas are Beaufort Sea, Kara Sea and East Siberian Sea.

Answer the following questions

1. State the importance of Hydrosphere.

2. What is meant by antipodal balance of land and sea?

3. What percentage of Earth's surface is covered by Oceans and seas?

4. Give four importance of oceans

5. Name two most saline water bodies of the world.

Answers to Geography Worksheet-9

1. Endogenic forces are the internal forces that originate deep inside the earth

interior. They may be horizontal or vertical forces.

Exogenic forces - The external forces are the agents of gradation like running

water or river , wind, glacier etc.

2. Mountain- A natural elevation of the Earth surface rising more or less abruptly to

a submit and attaining altitude greater than 900 meter above the sea level with

slope making an angle of 25 degree to 35 degree with the horizontal plane is

known as a mountain.

3. Examples of Young Fold Mountains - The Himalayas, Andes, Alps and Rockies.

4. Plateau is an elevated tract of comparatively flat or leveled land usually having

steep slopes falling on the margins abruptly to lower land. For example Tibetan

Plateau.

5. A level or gentle undulating land with relatively minor differences in elevation

less than 150 m above the sea level is known as plain land.

6. As the river leaves mountains and enters the plain region the slope of the land

changes from state to gentle so it is difficult for the river to carry it surrounded

material (pebbles, boulders etc.) with it. The river starts depositing its load at the

foothill areas of the mountains and forms piedmont alluvial fans or plains in India.

It is known as the bhabar which is found along the foothill regions of the

Himalayas.

7. A) Fold Mountain

1. Formed due to bending of horizontal blocks

2. Formed due to compression

3. Folding of rocks convert into upfold and downfold called

anticline and syncline

4. Example Andes and Himalayas

Block Mountains

1. Formed due to break in crust in horizontal layer of

crust.

2. Occurs due to tension.

3. Occurs due to fault in crust moves along the line of

fracture.

4. For example Black Forest, Vosges etc.

B) Horst

i. The portion of the crust lies between the adjoining

forces.

ii. For Example - Black Forest in Germany.

Graben

i. The portion of the crust that gets depressed.

ii. For Example - Rift Valley of Africa (River Nile

flows in it).

Class 9 Physics Worksheet-11

Heat and energy

Most materials are subject to thermal expansion: a tendency to expand when heated and

to contract when cooled.Thermal expansion occurs when an object expands and becomes

larger due to a change in the object's temperature.

All three states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) expand when heated.

a.When a liquid is heated, it expands, irrespective of the temperature range. However,

water is an exception.

When water at 0ºC is heated, it contracts till 4ºC, instead of expanding. This

anomalous behaviour of water was explained by Thomas Charles Hope.

1.What is Heat?

Heat is a form of energy which flows.

It is the energy of random motion of molecules constituting the body

The S.I. unit of heat is joule J.

The other units of heat are calorie (cal) and kilocalorie (kcal)

1 cal = 4.186 J ∼ 4.2 J

2.Definition of Temperature:

Temperature is a quantity which tells the thermal state of a body (i.e., the degree of

hotness or coldness of the body).

It determines the direction of flow of heat when two bodies at different temperatures are

placed in contact

The S.I. unit is kelvin (K)

The other most common unit is degree celsius (°C)

T K = 273 + t °C

3.Thermal Expansion:

The expansion of a substance on heating is called the thermal expansion of that substance

a.The increase in length is called linear expansion.

b.The increase in area is called superficial expansion.

c.The increase in volume is called cubical expansion

4.Variation of density with temperature

a.Density decreases with the increase in temperature.

● In case of solids, the decrease is very small

● In case of liquids and gases, the decrease in density is considerable

5.Variation in volume with temperature

Try solve following problems:

1. Differentiate between heat and temperature.

2. Why does a piece of ice when touched with hand, appear cool ?explain

3. Draw a graph to show the variation in density of water with temperature in the

temperature range from zero degree celsius to 10 degree Celsius.

4. What do you mean by anomalous expansion of water?

5. Name two substances which contract on heating.

6.Draw a graph to show the variation in volume of water with temperature in the

temperature range from zero degree celsius to 10 degree Celsius.

7. Read Hope's experiment to demonstrate the anomalous expansion of water.

8. At what temperature the density of water is maximum state its value.

Answers key of Physics Worksheet-10

#Problems:

1. Refer to the notes.

2. F=m×a

3. a.G- F = m1m2/r2 where G is the universal gravitational constant

The value of G is equal to 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2 b.g-The force with which the earth

attracts a body is called the force due to gravity.The rate at which the velocity of a freely

falling body increases is called the acceleration due to gravity (g).The mean value of g at

the earth’s surface is taken to be 9.8 m s-2 .

4. Zero

5. Third law of motion .

6. Body A

7. No because if the acceleration is constant then the velocity is increasing continuously and

if velocity increases then the momentum also increases.

8. Force

9. Third law of motion.

10. More is the mass more is the inertia ,so mass is sometimes called coefficient of linear

inertia

11. Even though the action and reaction forces are equal and opposite but they are acting on

two different bodies.At time each body experiences only one force.These forces do not

cancel each other and that's why a body moves.

12. Aur innerwheel the radius of the turn is less than the outer wheel . Therefore its maximum

speed is also less than the outer wheel. Does the inner wheel leave the ground first.

Class 9 Chemistry Worksheet-11

HYDROGEN (CHAPTER-6) CONTINUED

Another very important use of hydrogen is

OXIDATION- REDUCTION REACTIONS: There are different ways of defining

oxidation and reduction

1.In terms of HYDROGEN transfer

Oxidation involves removal of HYDROGEN from a substance.

H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S

Reduction involves addition of HYDROGEN to a compound.

H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S

2. In terms of OXYGEN transfer

Oxidation involves addition of OXYGEN to a substance.

Cu + O2 2CuO

Reduction involves removal of OXYGEN from a compound

CuO + H2 Cu + H2O

IN TERMS OF OXIDATION REDUCTION

Hydrogen transfer Loss of hydrogen Gain of hydrogen

Oxygen transfer Gain of oxygen Loss of oxygen

OXIDISING AGENTS: are substances that lose oxygen or gain hydrogen They

themselves get reduced.

Examples of Oxidizing agents: O2, Cl2, MnO2, K2Cr2O7

REDUCING AGENTS: Reducing agents are substances that lose hydrogen or gain

oxygen. They themselves get oxidized.

Examples of Reducing Agents: H2, HCl, NH3, Carbon

NOTE: A substance which gets oxidized is a reducing agent

A substance which gets reduced is an oxidizing agent

REDOX REACTIONS: A chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur

simultaneously is known as redox reaction. It involves oxidation of one substance and

reduction of the other.

EXAMPLE 1:

Fe2O3 loses oxygen to form Fe, since there is loss of oxygen it is reduction.

CO gains oxygen to form CO2, since there is gain of oxygen it is oxidation

Because both reduction and oxidation are going on side-by-side, this is known as

a redox reaction.

In the above equation:

• Fe2O3 is reduced (as it has lost oxygen)

• CO is oxidized (as it has gained oxygen)

• Fe2O3 is the oxidizing agent (as it is getting reduced)

• CO is the reducing agent (as it is getting oxidized)

• Fe is the reduced product

• CO2 is the oxidized product

EXAMPLE 2:

In the above equation:

Fe3O4 is reduced( as oxygen is removed)

H2 is oxidized(as oxygen is added)

Fe3O4 is oxidizing agent(as it gets reduced)

H2 is reducing agent(as it gets oxidized)

Fe is reduced product

H2O is oxidized product

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

1.Define oxidation and reduction

2.Define oxidizing agent and reducing agent.

3.In the given equation

CuO + H2 Cu + H2O

Identify : i) what is oxidized?

ii) what is reduced?

iii) what is the reducing agent?

iv)What is the oxidizing agent?

ANSWERKEY OF WORKSHEET-10

1. C + H2O 1000 C CO + H2

Coke steam water gas

C + H2 + H2O Fe2O3/450 C CO2 + 2H2

2. KOH to remove carbon dioxide and ammoniacal cuprous chloride to remove

unreacted carbon dioxide.

3.a) It acts as a reducing agent.

b) It is the lightest gas.

c) It has a highest calorific value and is non- polluting.

Class 9 Biology Worksheet-11

CHAPTER-RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

Respiration –It is a catabolic process of releasing energy from a simple sugar that is

glucose for carrying out life processes.

Three important characteristics of respiration in this equation are as follows:

1. The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water does not occur in a single

step but in a series of chemical steps. These steps occur in two major phases-a)

glycolysis (glucose into pyruvate) occurring in cytoplasm) b) Krebs cycle

(pyruvate into carbon dioxide, water and ATP) occurring in mitochondria.

2. Each breakdown step is due to a particular enzyme.

3. The energy liberated in the breakdown of the glucose molecule is not all in the

form of heat, but a large part of it converted into chemical energy in the form of

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).

ATP is the energy currency of the cell.

Living organisms show two types of metabolic activities:

A) Anabolic (constructive or biosynthetic processes) it consumes energy.

B) Catabolic (destructive or breaking down processes), it gives out energy for use by an

organism. Example-respiration.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ASSIGNMENT

Q.1 Define Respiration. Give its balanced chemical equation.

Q.2 Name two major phases of respiration. Give place of occurrence of those two phases in a

cell.

Q.3 How is respiration similar to burning? Give 5 differences between respiration and burning.

Q.4 Name the three inlets of oxygen for respiration in plants.

Q.5 How is the ploughing or tilling of the soil useful for the crops growing in it?

Q.6 Give major differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plants.

Q.7

ANSWER KEY OF WORKSHEET 10

Q1

a) Location- Found in the arms, legs, face, neck etc.

b) Location- Found in the walls of the intestine, muscles of iris of the eye,

lining of blood vessels etc.

c) Location-. Found in the walls of the heart.

Q2

Voluntary muscles are those muscles which are under our control whereas

involuntary muscles are those which are not under our control.

.

Q3

Diagram of a NERVE CELL.

.

Class 9 Commercial Studies Worksheet-9

CLASS 9

SUBJECT : COMMERCIAL STUDIES

WORKSHEET 11

COOPERATIVE SOCIETY

CHAPTER:8

A business organization can take many forms. One such form is that of a cooperative

society. Such societies have unique features of joint ownership and democratic

leadership.

A cooperative society is not a new concept. It prevails in all the countries, this is almost a

universal concept. The cooperative society is active in all countries worldwide and is

represented in all the sectors including agriculture, food, finance, healthcare, etc.

To protect the interest of weaker sections, the co-operative society is formed. It is a

voluntary association of persons, whose motive is the welfare of the members.

MEANING OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY

A Co-operative Society is a voluntary association of people who come together and

invest their small savings to form the organization. The Co-operative Society is formed

for the mutual benefit of all the members. The members of the co-operative society are

people who come together and invest their small savings to form the organization which

will work towards their common cause. The Co-operative Society is formed with an idea

of supporting each other to achieve a common economic objective. For example, the

farmers may come together and form a co-operative society to work jointly and take

advantage of economies of scale. When they work together they will have a better

bargaining power for buying raw materials. They will also enjoy a better bargaining

power while selling their agricultural output. Minimum no of members required to start a

cooperative society is 10. However, there is no upper limit to the number of members that

a cooperative society can have.

ACCORDING TO THE INDIAN COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES ACT,1912

Cooperative organisation is “ a society which has its objectives for the promotion of

economic interests of its members in accordance with cooperative principles.”

‘EACH FOR ALL AND ALL FOR EACH’ AND SELF-HELP THROUGH

MUTUAL AID’ ARE THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF COOPERATION.

FEATURES OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETY

1.Voluntary association: Everyone having a common interest is free to join a cooperative

society and can also leave the society after giving proper notice. He can withdraw his capital but

cannot transfer his share to another person.

2. Religious and political neutrality: The membership of cooperative society is open to all

irrespective of caste, creed, religion or political affiliation. New members are always welcome to

join the society. Cooperative societies represent universal brotherhood.

3. Separate legal entity: After registration a cooperative society becomes a distinct body

independent of its members. It can own property and make contracts in its own name. It becomes

an autonomous and self- governing organisation.

4. One man one vote: Every member has one vote irrespective of number of shares held by him.

Rich persons holding more shares cannot dictate terms. The organisation of a cooperative society

is democratic and all members have an equal voice in its management.

5. Service motive: The main aim is to serve its members and not to maximize the profit.

Aim of cooperative society is to provide service to its members. Its moto is ‘Each for all and all

for each.’ For example, in a Consumer Co-operative Store, goods are sold to its members

at a reasonable price by retaining a small margin of profit. It also provides better quality

goods to its members and the general public 6. Registration: Registration of a cooperative society is compulsory. Registration is done by the

Registrar of Cooperative societies.

7. State control: They have to abide by the rules and regulations framed by government for

them.

8. Distribution of surplus: The profit is distributed on the basis of volume of business transacted

by a member and not on the basis of capital contribution of members. For example, in a

consumer co-operative store only a small part of the profit is distributed to members as

dividend on their shares; a major part of the profit is paid as purchase bonus to members

on the basis of goods purchased by each member from the society.

VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION

RELIGIOUS AND

POLITICAL NEUTRALIT

Y

SEPARATE LEGAL ENTITY

ONE MAN ONE VOTE

SERVICE MOTIVE

REGISTRATION

STATE CONTROL

DISTRIBUTION OF

SURPLUS

CASH TRADING

9. Self-help through mutual cooperation: Co-operative Societies thrive on the principle

of mutual help. They are the organisations of financially weaker sections of society. Co-

operative Societies convert the weakness of members into strength by adopting the

principle of self-help through mutual co-operation. It is only by working jointly on the

principle of “Each for all and all for each”, the members can fight exploitation and secure

a place in society.

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Q1. Define cooperative society.

Q2. Explain the principle of ‘one man one vote.’

Q3.”Membership of a cooperative society is open.” Comment.

Q4. “Cooperative societies are a method of self help.” Discuss.

ANSWER KEY OF PREVIOUS WORKSHEET(JOINT STOCK COMPANY)

Ans:1 Joint Stock Company is a voluntary association of persons to carry on the business.

It is an association of persons who contribute money which is called capital for some

common purpose. These persons are members of the company. The proportion of capital

to which each member is entitled is his share and every member holding such share is

called shareholders and the capital of the company is known as share capital.

Ans:2 One Person is a Company type to start a business in India. OPC is a company

which is run by the single person who is also the Director & Shareholder and provides

limited liability to the shareholder. OPC is similar to Private Limited Company under

Companies Act 2013.

Ans:3 Perpetual succession means that a company's life is not determined by the

longevity of its members, shareholders, promoters, directors, employees or anyone else.

If a shareholder dies, or hypothetically, all the shareholders die, only their shares in the

company will be transferred to new people. If even a key director resigns, she will be

replaced but the company will continue on.

Ans:4 Being an artificial person a company has its own legal entity separate from its

members. It can own assets or property, enter into contracts, sue or can be sued by

anyone in the court of law. Its shareholders can not be held liable for any conduct of the

company.

Ans:5 Common Seal means a metal stamp for stamping documents with the name of the

company to show that they have been approved officially. In other words, Common Seal

is the official signature of the company and each company shall have only one seal, on its

incorporation. Being an artificial person a joint stock company cannot sign any

documents thus this common seal is the company’s representative while dealing with the

outsiders. Any document having common seal and the signature of the officer is binding

on the company.

*********************************************************************

Class 9 Maths Worksheet-11

STATISTICS

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

DATA: Set of given facts in numerical figures.

TYPES OF DATA:

1. Primary data: Data collected by the investigator himself.

2. Secondary data: Data collected by someone other than the investigator.

VARIABLE: A quantity which can take different values.

TYPES OF VARIABLE:

1. Continuous Variable: A variable which can take any value within a certain range.

(i.e. it can be decimal)

e.g. (i) Daily maximum temperature of a city.

(ii) I.Q. of students of a class.

(iii) Weights of players of a Volley-ball team.

(iv) Distance travelled by a train

2. Discontinuous (or discrete) variable: A variable which cannot take all possible

values between two given numbers. (i.e. it cannot take all decimal values)

e.g. (i) No. of car accidents in a car.

(ii) Marks obtained by the students of a class in a test.

(iii) No. of patients in a hospital per day.

RANGE: The difference between the maximum and minimum values of a variable.

e.g. 5,7,16,21,8,10

range= 21-5 = 16

VARIATE: A particular value of a variable.

FREQUENCY: The number of times an observation occurs.

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION: The tabular arrangement of data showing the

frequency of each observation.

RAW OR UNGROUPED DATA: Data obtained in original form.

ARRAY: An arrangement of raw data in ascending or descending order of magnitude.

EXAMPLE: The sale of shoes of various sizes at a shop, on a particular day is given

below:

7, 8, 5, 4, 9, 8, 5, 7, 6, 8, 9, 6, 7, 9, 8, 7, 9, 9, 6, 5, 8, 9, 4, 5, 5, 8, 9, 6

The above data is clearly raw data.

From this data, we may construct a frequency table,

GROUPED DATA:

To put the data in more condensed form, we make GROUPED FREQUENCY

DISTRIBUTION TABLE. For that, we make groups of suitable size, and mention the

frequency of each group.

Each group into which the raw data is condensed, is called a class-interval.

e.g. 10-20, 20-30, 30-40……so on.

And the figure on the left side of a class-interval is its lower limit and that on its right

side is its upper-limit.

TYPES OF GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION:

1. EXCLUSIVE FORM (or Continuous interval form):

A frequency distribution in which lower-limit of the class is included and upper-

limit is not included.

EXAMPLE: The marks obtained by 40 students of a class in an examination are

given below. Present the data in the form of a frequency distribution using equal

class-size, one such class being10-15(15 not included).

3, 20, 13, 1, 21, 13, 3, 23, 16, 13, 18, 12, 5, 12, 5, 24, 9, 2, 7, 18, 20, 3, 10, 12, 7,

18, 2, 5, 7, 10, 16, 8, 16, 17, 8, 23, 21, 6, 23, 15

SOLUTION:

(Here, the class 1-5 means, 1 to 4, i.e. 5 is not included)

2. INCLUSIVE FORM (or Discontinuous interval form):

A frequency distribution in which both upper and lower limits are included.

EXAMPLE: Given below are the marks obtained by 40 students in an

examination:

3, 25, 48, 23, 17, 13, 11, 9, 46, 41, 37, 45, 10, 19, 39, 36, 34, 5, 17, 21, 39, 33, 28,

25, 12, 3, 8, 17, 48, 34, 15, 19, 32, 32, 19, 21, 28, 32, 20, 23.

Present the data in the form of frequency distribution table in discontinuous

interval form, taking class intervals 1-10, 11-20, and so on.

SOLUTION:

Here, the class 1-10 means, 1 and 10 both are included)

IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO GROUPED DATA:

CLASS-SIZE: The difference between the upper limit and lower limit of the

class.

CLASS-MARK OF A CLASS= 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

2.

RULE OF CONVERTING INCLUSIVE TO EXCLUSIVE FORM:

To convert data given in discontinuous form to the continuous form, we subtract

the adjustment factor from each lower limit and add the adjustment factor to each

upper limit to get the true limits.

Adjustment factor=𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔−𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔

𝟐 .

EXAMPLE: Convert the following frequency distribution from discontinuous to

continuous form:

Marks (class-intervals) Frequency

1-10 7

11-20 5

21-30 9

31-40 11

41-50 6

SOLUTION: Adjustment factor =1

2 (11-10) = 0.5

Subtract 0.5 from each lower limit and add 0.5 to each upper limit.

Then,

Marks

(before adjustment )

Marks

(after adjustment)

Frequency

1-10 0.5-10.5 7

11-20 10.5-20.5 5

21-30 20.5-30.5 9

31-40 30.5-40.5 11

41-50 40.5-50.5 6

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY OF A CLASS-INTERVAL:

The sum of the frequencies of all the previous classes and that particular class.

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY TABLE:

A table which shows the cumulative frequencies over various classes

EXAMPLE: The monthly wages (in rupees) of 28 labourers working in a factory,

are given below:

220, 268, 258, 242, 210, 267, 272, 242, 311, 290, 300, 320, 319, 304, 302, 292,

254, 278, 318, 306, 210, 240, 280, 316, 306, 215, 256, 328.

Form a cumulative frequency table with class intervals of length 20.

SOLUTION:

Here,first we make grouped frequency distribution table and then for cumulative

frequency

First cumulative frequency remains same

Then, 4+3=7

7+5=12

12+3=15

15+7=22

22+6=28

EXAMPLE: Construct a frequency table from the following data:

Age (in years) Number of students

Less than 10 6

Less than 20 14

Less than 30 30

Less than 40 52

Less than 50 65

Less than 60 70

SOLUTION: “Less than form” means cumulative frequency distribution table is

given.

And here we have to convert it into frequency distribution table.

For that, we will subtract

Age (in years) C.F.

(cumulative frequency)

Frequency

0-10 6 6

10-20 14 14-6=8

20-30 30 30-14=16

30-40 52 52-30=22

40-50 65 65-52=13

50-60 70 70-65=5

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTISE:

1. The weekly wages (in rupees) of 30 workers in a factory are given below:

630, 635, 690, 610, 635, 636, 639, 645, 698, 690, 620, 660, 632, 633, 655, 645,

604, 608, 612, 640, 685, 635, 636, 678, 640, 668, 690, 606, 640, 690

Represent the data in the form of a frequency distribution with class size 10.

2. The weights in grams of 50 apples picked at random from a consignment are as

follows:

131, 113, 82, 75, 204, 81, 84, 118, 104, 110, 80, 107, 111, 141, 136, 123, 90, 78,

90, 115, 110, 98, 106, 99, 107, 84, 76, 186, 82, 100, 109, 128, 115, 107, 115, 119,

93, 187, 139, 129, 130, 68, 195, 123, 125, 111, 92, 86, 70, 126

Form the grouped frequency table by dividing the variable range into intervals of

equal width of 20 grams.

3. The marks obtained by 35 students in an examination are given below:

370, 290, 318, 175, 170, 410, 378, 405, 380, 375, 315, 305, 325, 275, 241, 288,

261, 355, 402, 380, 178, 253, 428, 240, 210, 175, 154, 405, 380, 370, 306, 460,

328, 440, 425

Form a cumulative frequency table with class intervals of length 50.

4. Construct the cumulative frequency table from the frequency table given below:

Class-interval 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30

Frequency 7 11 8 14 12

5. Construct a frequency distribution table from the following cumulative frequency

distribution:

Class-interval Cumulative frequency

0-8 8

8-16 21

16-24 26

24-32 33

32-40 42

Answer key of worksheet 10

Q 1. (i) 3−√5

4 (ii)

√ 6+√3

3 (iii) 2 − √3 (iv) 3(√5 + √3) (v) 5 + 2√6

Q 2. a =2 , b = 1 Q 3. a = 31

19 , b =

10

19 Q 4. 8 Q 5. 34

Class 9 Economics Workshee-9

CONCEPT OF CONSUMPTION

“Consumption is the beginning and end of all human activities”.

“Consumption means using up of goods and services for satisfaction of human

wants”.

Consumption is defined as spending for acquisition of utility, is a major concept

in economics and is also studied in many other social sciences. It is seen in contrast

to investing, which is spending for acquisition of future income

According to mainstream economists, only the final purchase of newly

produced goods and services by Individuals for immediate use constitutes

consumption.

Meaning: Human wants can be satisfied only by using up goods and services.

When goods are consumed, utility in them is either destroyed or lessened. Thus

consumption means destruction or lessening of goods to satisfy human wants.

If Production means creation or addition of utility, then consumption is the using

up of the utility of goods and services for the satisfaction of human wants.

Remember, if any commodity is destroyed without satisfying human want, it is not

called consumption.

For Example- if some goods such as car, watch, washing machines, etc., are

destroyed in a house-fire or due to some other natural calamities, it will not be

treated as consumption. Another noteworthy point regarding consumption is that

there is no time gap between consumption and production of services. These two

go simultaneously. But there generally exists a time gap between the consumption

and production of material goods such as pen, watch, TV set, etc.

Kinds (or Forms) of Consumption

Consumption may be of the following types:

Final Consumption or Direct Consumption. When a commodity is consumed

directly for satisfaction of human want, it is called direct consumption or final

consumption. Example: Consumption of Cold Drink like Pepsi or Quality Walls-

ice-cream.

Productive Consumption or Indirect Consumption

When a commodity / commodities is used in the production of another

commodity, it is called Productive consumption or indirect consumption.

Examples - (i) Use of sugarcane by a sugar mill

(ii) Use of cotton yarn by a cotton textile mill.

Quick Consumption: When utility of a commodity is finished or destroyed the

moment it is consumed, it is called quick consumption. For instance, the utility of

a glass of mango- shake is completely destroyed the moment we consume that

glass of mango- shake. Consumption of all single-use consumer goods falls

under this category.

Slow Consumption: When a commodity gives utility for a long period of time, it

is called slow consumption. The consumption of consumer durables such as watch,

washing machine, television, home theatre, microwave oven etc., is slow

consumption.

Wasteful Consumption: When a commodity loses its utility without satisfying

any want, it is treated as wasteful consumption. For example, if newly stitched

clothes catch fire and are reduced to ashes, it will not be called consumption. You

may call it wasteful consumption.

Importance of Consumption:

Modern economists rightly emphasize the importance of consumption.

Consumption is the beginning as well as the end of all economic activity. A man feels

a desire and then he makes an effort to satisfy it. When the effort has been made,

the result is the satisfaction of the want.

Want is thus the beginning and its satisfaction the end of our economic effort.

Consumption is regarded as the be-all and the end-all of all economic activity. In

other words, consumption is the beginning as well as the end of all economic

activity. It is consumption which gives the initial push to production. Production,

thus, is directed and stimulated by consumption.

Sustainable Consumption

Sustainable consumption is the use of products and services in a way that minimizes

the impact on the environment, so that human needs can be met not only in the

present but also for future generations. When sustainable consumption is practiced,

resources are used wisely and waste products and pollution are minimized. The

main way this is achieved is by doing more and better with less. In other words, we

can find ways to meet our needs and desires without depleting our planet's finite

natural resources.

This might include carpooling, using renewable energy sources, such as solar or

wind power, developing alternative fuel sources, such as bio-fuels, for our

transportation needs and using environmentally friendly cleaning products.

Practicing sustainable consumption can ensure that the environment has resources

available long into the future. However, in most industrialized and developed

nations, consumption patterns are not sustainable.

Their products and services rely on too many natural resources and create too many

harmful emissions when consumed. For example, most developed countries rely on

non-renewable fossil fuels for their transportation needs. As more drivers hit the

roads and more fuel is consumed, fossil fuel reserves are depleted, and because fossil

fuels emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere when they are burned, more

consumption means more pollution. So in order to counter these problems we need

sustainable consumption.

Thus Sustainable consumption means the use of products and services that have the

least effect on environment. This will leave enough resources for the future

generations to meet their needs. It will help in bringing a better quality of life while

minimizing the use of natural resources and toxic materials as well as the emissions

of waste and pollutants.

Sustainable consumption is the use of material products, energy and immaterial

services in such a way that it minimizes the impact on the environment, so that

human needs can be met not only in the present but also for future generations.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

Q1. Define the term Consumption?

Q2. What are the various types of Consumption explain (Any three)?

Q3. Define the term Sustainable Consumption in brief?

Answer key of Economics Worksheet-8

Q1. Define the term Production?

Ans: Production means creation of utility. Hence ‘Production is a physical process

carried out by an enterprise in which labour and capital along with land are used to

convert inputs into output of goods and services. It can also be defined as activity

that results in value added.’

Q2. Name the four factors of Production?

Ans: Land, Labour, Capital, and Organisation.

Q3. Explain any two factors of Production in detail?

Ans: LAND-

As the Penguin Dictionary of Economics has put it: “Land in economics is taken to

mean not simply that part of the earth’s surface not covered by water, but also all

the free gifts of nature’s such as minerals, soil fertility, as also the resources of sea.

Land provides both space and specific resources”.

From the above definition, it is quite clear that land includes farming and building

land, forests, and mineral deposits. Fisheries, rivers, lakes, etc. all those natural

resources (or gifts of nature) which help us (the members of the society) to produce

useful goods and services. Thus Land in economics, means not only the surface of

the earth, but all those free gifts of nature,the supply of which can be regulated.

LABOUR-

By labour, we mean all types of human work - physical or mental - done with a view

to earn income.

Labour is also a primary factor of production. The distinctive feature of the factor

of production, called labour, is that it provides a human service. It refers to human

effect of any kind—physical and mental— which is directed to the production of

goods and services. ‘Labour’ is the collective name given to the productive services

embodied in human physical effort, skill, intellectual powers, etc. The term covers

clerical, managerial and administrative functions as well as skilled and unskilled

manual work.

Class 9 Physical Education Worksheet-9

The Human Anatomy and Physiology

Functions of the Skeletal System

1. Protection: The skeletal system protects a number of vital and delicate organs.

The bones reduce the risk of injuries to these delicate organs. For example; the

skull protects the brain, middle ear and inner ear. The ribs and sternum protects the

lungs, heart and the major blood vessels.

2. Movement: Bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints functions

together for making movements.

3. Support: The skeletal system is the framework of the body. It supports the softer

tissues and provides space for the attachment of skeletal muscles.

4. Production of Blood Cells: In the long bones, there is a cavity that is filled with a

substance called bone marrow. In this bone marrow new blood cells are produced

and damaged blood cells are repaired.

5. Storage of Minerals: Bone tissues store various minerals such as calcium and

phosphorus. Red bone marrow in bones also stores iron.

Classification of Different Types of Joints

Joints: A joint is a union of two or more bones of the skeleton. Bones are joined to each

other by ligaments.

Classification of Joints: According to mobility of joints they can be classified into the

following categories:

1. Fibrous or Immovable Joints

2. Cartilaginous or Slightly Moveable Joints.

3. Synovial or Freely Movable Joints.

1. Fibrous or Immovable Joints: These joints are called

immovable joints because they are fixed. There is no

movement between the concerned bones. These joints

are found the bones of skull and face.

2. Cartilaginous or Slightly Moveable Joints

In these joints, surfaces of the bones are

separated by a pad of white fibrocartilage and

only slight movement is possible. Example of

slightly movable joints are pubic symphysis

of pubis and joints between vertebrae.

3. Synovial or Freely Movable Joints

These joints include most of the joints of the

body. The adjacent ends of the bones are

covered with hyaline cartilage and are

surrounded by a fibrous articular capsule,

which is strengthened by ligaments.

The freely movable joints are further

classified into the following six categories:

i. Gliding Joint These joints permit gliding movements

only. In these joints, the articular surfaces glide over

each other. These are found between tarsal bones of

ankle and between carpal bones of wrist.

ii. Hinge Joints: These joints permit angular movement

in one direction, like a door on its hinges. The movements of these joints are

called flexion and extension, e.g., in the elbow joint, in

the knee joint and the joints of phalanges.

iii. Condyloid Joints: These joints allow an angular

movement in two directions, e.g., wrist joint. Movements

of this joint include flexion, adduction, abduction and

circumduction, but no rotation.

iv. Saddle Joints: These joints permit a great

freedom of movements e.g., joint of thumb.

It enables the thumb to oppose the fingers.

v. Ball and Socket Joints: These joints have an

angular movement is all directions and a pivot

movement. In this form of joint, a more or less

rounded head lies in cup like cavity. Shoulder

joint and hip joint are the examples of ball and

socket joints.

vi. Pivot Joint: These are joints with rotary

movement in one axis. In pivot joint, a ring

rotates around a pivot. For example, the

movements of head, where the ring like atlas

rotates round the peg-shaped process of the axis.

Types of Joint Movements in Physical Education

a) Flexion: Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and

parts come closer together (bending the femur

and tibia at the knee and humerus and radius and

ulna at the elbow

b) Extension: Straightening parts at a joint so that

the angle between them increases and the parts

move farther apart. ( straightening the femur and

tibia at the knee and humerus and radius and

ulna at the elbow)

c) Abduction: Moving a part away from the midline (lifting upper limb horizontally

to form a right angle with the side of the body).

d) Adduction: Moving a part away from the midline of the body( returning the upper

limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body.

e) Circumduction: Circumduction is that movement which takes place between the

head of the bone and its articular cavity. This kind of movement is best seen in the

shoulder and hip joints.

t the hip joint that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of

the body.

f) Rotation: Rotation is a form of movement in which a bone moves around a

central axis without undergoing any displacement from this axis. E.g. twisting the

head from side to side.

g) Internal Rotation: The movement of the arm at the shoulder joint or the thigh at

the hip joint that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the

body. It is also called medial rotation.

h) External Rotation: The movement of the arm at the shoulder joint or the thigh at

the hip joint that brings the anterior surface of the limb away the midline of the

body. It is also called lateral rotation.

i) Hinge Joints: These joints permit angular movements in one direction. The

movements of these joints are flexion and extension.

j) Pivot Joint: These are the joints with rotary movement in one axis. It allows

rotation only.

k) Ball and Socket Joints: These joints have an angular movement in all direction

and a pivot movement. It allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,

circumduction, internal and external rotation.

l) Saddle Joint: In this joint a bone fits into a saddle-shaped surface on another

bone. These joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and

circumduction.

Benefits of Exercise on the Skeletal System

If exercises are performed regularly they are beneficial to our skeletal system in

various ways that are described below:

1. Increase Flexibility: Joints assist us to move in a more flexible way. Exercise

enhances the flexibility of the joints. It means that the range of movement of the

joints increases when exercises are performed regularly.

2. Makes Bones Stronger: Regular exercise strengthens our skeletal system. If we

do not perform exercise regularly it will lead to the loss of bone density which

results in weak and fragile bones.

3. Strengthen Joints: Regular exercise helps us to maintain our joints in sound

health and reduces the chance of any degenerative joint disease.

4. Good Posture: Regular exercise helps in maintaining good body posture and

appropriate skeletal alignment. Some of the postural exercises are very effective in

this regard with the attainment of better posture, the risks of suffering from

musculoskeletal problems are reduced significantly.

5. Brings about a Healthy Lifestyle: Regular exercise regimen will go a long way

in keeping us healthy. We can perform our day to day activities efficiently as well

as effectively by performing regular exercise.

6. Improves Soft Tissue: Soft tissues like tendons, ligaments, skin, fibrous tissues,

fats, muscles and blood vessels surround the bones of our body. They act as a

shock absorber that protects our bones from damage or fracture. With the help of

regular exercise our soft tissues become stronger which ultimately help in

protecting our bones.

Questions

1. Briefly discuss about the functions of the skeletal system.

2. Define joint.

3. What are cartilaginous joints?

4. Define fibrous joints.

5. Define synovial joints.

6. Define flexion.

7. Define extension.

8. What is abduction?

9. What do you mean by circumduction?

10. What is rotation? Differentiate between internal rotation and external rotation.

11. Discuss about the movements that take place in ball and socket joint.

12. What is adduction

13. Discuss the benefits of exercise on skeletal system in brief.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Class 9 Computer Application Worksheet-9

INTRODUCTION TO JAVA

Character Set

The character set is a set of alphabets, letters and some special characters that are

valid in Java language.

The smallest unit of Java language is the characters need to write java tokens.

These character set are defined by Unicode character set.

Whenever we write any Java program then it consists of different statements. Each

Java Program is set of statements and each statement is set of different Java

programming lexemes. In Java Programming each and every character is

considered as a single lexeme. i.e Basic Lexical Element.

Character Set Consists Of

Alphabets

Java accepts both lowercase and uppercase alphabets as variables and functions.

Uppercase: A B C ................................... X Y Z

Lowercase: a b c ...................................... x y z

Digits

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Special Characters

+ _ ( ) { } [ ] \ | / > < ; etc.

Valid Java Characters : Special Characters are listed below

Symbol Meaning

~ Tilde

! Exclamation mark

# Number sign

$ Dollar sign

% Percent sign

^ Caret

& Ampersand

* Asterisk

( Left parenthesis

) Right parenthesis

_ Underscore

+ Plus sign

| Vertical bar

\ Backslash

` Apostrophe

– Minus sign

= Equal to sign

{ Left brace

} Right brace

[ Left bracket

] Right bracket

: Colon

” Quotation mark

; Semicolon

< Opening angle bracket

> Closing angle bracket

? Question mark

, Comma

. Period

/ Slash

White Spaces

Tab Or New line Or Space

Unicode System

Unicode is a universal international standard character encoding that is capable of

representing most of the world's written languages.

Why java uses Unicode System?

Before Unicode, there were many language standards:

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) for the United States.

ISO 8859-1 for Western European Language.

KOI-8 for Russian.

GB18030 and BIG-5 for chinese, and so on.

Problem

This caused two problems:

A particular code value corresponds to different letters in the various language standards.

The encodings for languages with large character sets have variable length.Some

common characters are encoded as single bytes, other require two or more byte.

Solution

To solve these problems, a new language standard was developed i.e. Unicode System.

In unicode, character holds 2 byte, so java also uses 2 byte for characters.

lowest value:\u0000

highest value:\uFFFF