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St. LouisSt. LouisCommunity Air Project Community Air Project
(CAP) Emission Inventory(CAP) Emission InventoryNARSTO Workshop NARSTO Workshop
October 14, 2003October 14, 2003Missouri DNR Air Pollution Control Program - Mollie Freebairn, Michele Boussad, Carlton Flowers, Nathan Holm, Kendall Hale,
Debbie Boschert, Cheryl Hickman, Calvin Ku, & EIU Staff;EPA Region 7 - Marcus Rivas, Jim Hirtz, Michael Jay;
St. Louis Association of Community Organizations - Emily Andrews;East-West Gateway Coordinating Council - Candi Jefferson;
City of St. Louis Air Pollution Control - Andrew Hilliker, Tom Weise;St. Louis County Air Pollution Section - Sue Erhardt
St. Louis Community Air ProjectToxics Emission Inventory Development
Abstract - An innovative, community-based environmental protection project istaking place in St. Louis, to investigate toxic air pollution, and inform and enablecity residents and businesses to address the problems that are found. As part of thisproject, ambient air monitoring of about 90 toxic pollutants has been done, healthbenchmarks for many of them have been determined, and a toxics emissioninventory has been developed. The inventory covers point, area, and on- andoffroad mobile sources in the City of St. Louis. Point source toxic emissions wereobtained from Emission Inventory Questionnaires (EIQs), and quality controlledsuch as by comparing and reconciling differences with the Toxics Release Inventory(TRI). Area source toxic emissions were obtained from the 1996 National ToxicsInventory (NTI), and an analysis has been made of their accuracy. Plans for a localbottoms-up area source inventory were also prepared, but found to be too resourceintensive to carry out. Onroad mobile modeling and speciation for toxics wasconducted first using MOBILE5b, and most recently the latest draft of MOBILE6.2.Offroad mobile emissions were obtained from the 1996 NTI. An analysis of thestrengths and errors in the inventory is given. Monitoring found the highest levelsof formaldehyde in any city to date. Current efforts to refine the emission inventoryand include biogenic sources to account for the high formaldehyde levels aredescribed.
St. Louis Community Air ProjectSt. Louis Community Air Project
Technical Aspects ofTechnical Aspects of
the Study to Characterize the Study to Characterize
Air Quality:Air Quality:
• Monitoring of 90 Toxic Air Pollutants• Emission Inventory of All Air Toxics• Health Risk Assessment to Inform Community
Action, Education, & Outreach
Emission Inventory Development:Emission Inventory Development:•• Point: Point: 1996 and 1999 Emission Inventory
Questionnaires (EIQs) reported by major point sources in St. Louis City and County. Quality control procedures included reconciling discrepanies between the EIQ/NTI and TRI data.
•• Area:Area: 1996 National Toxics Inventory (NTI). An analysis has been made of their accuracy. A local bottoms-up area source inventory plan was prepared, but not carried out.
•• OnroadOnroad:: 1996, 1999, & 2001 obtained using MOBILE5b, PART5, and speciation methods for 21 mobile source HAPs; subsequently updated with MOBILE6.2.
•• OffroadOffroad:: 1996 NTI estimates using an earlier version NONROAD model.
HAP Emission Inventories ComparedBetween the U.S. and the City of St. Louis:
1996/1999St. Louis CAP Inventory
Onroad53%
Offroad17%
Point11%
Area19%
1996National Toxics Inventory
Point24%
Area25%
Onroad31%
Offroad20%
1996 NTI for the United Statesvs.
1996/1999 St. Louis CAP for the City of St. Louis
- 188 HAPs -
United States City of St. Louis
1996 NTI Emissions 1996 / 1999 St. Louis CAP Emissions Lb/yr tons/yr %Point 2,277,289,927 1,138,645 24Area 2,346,381,637 1,173,191 25Onroad 2,834,916,125 1,417,458 31Offroad 1,887,839,460 943,920 20TOTAL 9,346,427,149 4,673,214 100
Lb/yr tons/yr %1999 Point 1,202,581 601 111996 Area 2,094,001 1,047 191999 Onroad 5,802,000 2,901 531996 Offroad 1,806,020 903 17TOTAL 10,904,602 5,452 100
Toxic Emisssions from Point Sources
02000400060008000
1000012000
1996 NTIemissions
(lb/yr)
1996 EIQuncontrolledemissions
(lbs/yr)
1999 EIQacutal
emissions(lbs/yr)
2001 EIQprojectedemissions
(lb/yr)
tons/y
r St Louis CitySt Louis County
TRI Data Receivedfrom EPA
HAPEmissions
>=10/25 TPY?
Yes
No
Deliver To TSS
Figure 6.
Is the Facilityin MoEIS?
Yes
NoTSS Sent
an EIQ to TRIFacility
LOG Into MoEIS
TRI vs EIQCriteria Met? No
Yes
Quality Assured datafor Air Planning
Facility submitan EIQ
HAP>=10/25?
Internal QCMSDS,Control,SCC,
etc
Yes
Facility corrects &resubmits
EIQ
STOP
Engineercorrects EIQ
Contact Facilityif necessary
No
FOCUS ReportIdentifying
Inconsistency
Feedback to Facilityw/ Corrected TRI
Data
20 Highest Point Source Emissions in St. Louis City & County1999 EIQ Actual Emissions
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
Hydro
gen
chlor
ide
Isom
ers o
f xyle
neTolu
ene
Perch
loroe
thyle
ne
Methy
l isob
utyl k
eton
Methy
l eth
yl ke
tone
2-Buto
xyeth
ano
Trichlo
roeth
ylene
Glycol
Ethers
Methy
l alco
hol
Dichlor
ometh
ane
Ethylbe
nzen
e
Hydro
gen
fluor
ideN-H
exan
eChlo
rofor
m
Methy
l chlo
ride
Ethylen
e gly
col
Pheno
l
Maleic
anhy
dride
ChE
MIS
SIO
NS
IN T
ON
S P
ER
Y
Point Source and Population Profiles for Study Area
20 Highest Area Source Emissions in St. Louis City - 1996 NTI
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Toluen
eXyle
nes
Met
hyl te
rtiar
y-bu
tyl et
he
Formald
ehyd
eBen
zene
Hexan
e
Aceta
ldehy
deM
etha
nol
Ethyl
benz
ene
1,1,
1-Tr
ichlor
oeth
ane
Tetrac
hloro
ethy
lene
Met
hylen
e ch
loride
1,3-
Butad
iene
Met
hyl e
thyl
keton
e
Met
hyl b
romide
Styren
e
Trichlo
roet
hylen
e
1,3-
Dichlor
opro
pene
Propio
nalde
hyde
1,4-
Dichlor
oben
zE
MIS
SiO
NS
IN T
ON
S P
ER
Y
Area EmissionsGreen - < 1900 lbs/yr
Blue - 1900 - 6100 lbs/yr
Purple - 6100-19,400 lbs/yr
Dry Cleaners
Gas Stations
Auto Body Shops
Auto Repair Shops
H Hospital
H
H
H
H
The 1996 NTI (National Toxic Inventory) 10 The 1996 NTI (National Toxic Inventory) 10 HighestHighest--Emitting Area Source CategoriesEmitting Area Source Categories
in the City of St. Louisin the City of St. Louis
Area Source Category Toxic Emissions(lb/yr)
1 Consumer Products Usage 892,4192 Surface Coatings: Architectural 291,0603 Autobody Refinishing Paint Application 177,9404 Halogenated Solvent Cleaners 148,6405 Gasoline Distribution Stage I 137,7276 Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning 67,9607 Paints and Allied Products Manufacturing 74,7518 Paint Stripping Operations 48,6809 Asphalt Paving: Cutback Asphalt 47,901
10 Natural Gas Transmissions & Storage 41,900
A Comparison of Selected Area Source EmissionsA Comparison of Selected Area Source Emissionsin the City of St. Louis in the City of St. Louis
from the 1996 National Toxic Inventory(NTI)from the 1996 National Toxic Inventory(NTI)
Area Source Category Toxic Emissions(lb/yr)
1 Consumer Products Usage 892,41910 Natural Gas Transmission and Storage 41,90037 Institutional/Commercial Heating: Natural Gas 64341 Residential Heating: Natural Gas 498
Natural Gas Transmission and Storage for Missouri is 104,000 lb/yr
20 Highest Onroad Mobile Source Emissions in St. Louis City -MOBILE6.2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Toluen
eXyle
nes
Met
hyl te
rtiar
y-bu
tyl et
h
Formald
ehyd
eBen
zene
Hexan
e
Aceta
ldehy
deM
etha
nol
Ethyl
benz
ene
1,1,
1-Tr
ichlor
oeth
an
Tetrac
hloro
ethy
lene
Met
hylen
e ch
loride
1,3-
Butad
iene
Met
hyl e
thyl
keton
Met
hyl b
romide
Styren
e
Trichlo
roet
hylen
e
1,3-
Dichlor
opro
pene
Propio
nald
EM
ISS
ION
S IN
TO
NS
PE
R Y
Mobile SourcesGreen < 1,900 lbs/year
Blue 1,900-6,100 lbs/year
Purple 6,100-19,400 lbs/year
Lt. Blue 19,400 - 48,200 lbs/yr
Violet 48,200 - 87,700 lbs/yr
Tan 87,700-245,000 lbs/yr
20 Highest Offroad Mobile Source Emissions in St. Louis City - 1996 NTI
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Toluen
eXyle
nes
Met
hyl te
rtiar
y-bu
tyl et
he
Formald
ehyd
eBen
zene
Hexan
e
Aceta
ldehy
deM
etha
nol
Ethyl
benz
ene
1,1,
1-Tr
ichlor
oeth
ane
Tetrac
hloro
ethy
lene
Met
hylen
e ch
loride
1,3-
Butad
iene
Met
hyl e
thyl
keton
e
Met
hyl b
romide
Styren
e
Trichlo
roet
hylen
e
1,3-
Dichlor
opro
pene
Propio
nald
EM
ISS
ION
S IN
TO
NS
PE
R Y
20 Highest Emissions in the City of St. Louis1996/1999 NTI/CAP EI
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
Toluen
eXyle
nes
Methyl
tertia
ry-bu
tyl et
her
Formald
ehyd
eBen
zene
Hexan
eMeth
anol
Acetal
dehy
de
Tetrac
hloroe
thylen
e
Ethyl b
enze
ne
Methyl
ethyl
keton
e
Hydrog
en C
hlorid
e
Methyle
ne ch
loride
1,1,1-
Trichlo
roetha
ne
1,3-B
utadie
ne
Trichlo
roethy
lene
Methyl
bromide
Chlorof
ormStyr
ene
1,3-D
ichlor
oprop
ene
Propion
aldeh
yde
EMIS
SIO
NS
IN T
ON
S PE
R Y
EAR Offroad - 1996 NTI
Onroad - 1999 MOBILE6.2
Area - 1996 NTI
Point - 1999 EIQ Actual
20 Highest VOCs Monitored in the St. Louis CAP ProjectMay 2001 - September 2002 Every 6th Day Sampling
0.000
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
18.000
m,p - XYLE
NETOLU
ENEACETONITRILE
METHYLE
NE CHLO
RIDE
METHYL E
THYL KETONE
DICHLO
RODIFLUOROMETHANE
o - X
YLENE
METHYL t
ert-B
UTYL ETHER
ETHYLBENZENE
ACETYLENE
TRICHLO
ROFLUOROMETHANE
BENZENE
METHYL I
SOBUTYL KETONE
PROPYLENE
CHLOROMETHANE
1,2,4-
TRIMETHYLB
ENZENE
p - D
ICHLO
ROBENZENE
CHLOROBENZENE
TRICHLO
ROTRIFLUOROETHAN
TETRACHLOROEA
vera
ge A
mbi
ent C
once
ntra
tion
(ug/
m3)
Carbonyls Monitored in the St. Louis CAP ProjectMay 2001 - September 2002 Every 6th Day Sampling
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Formald
ehyd
eAce
talde
hyde
Aceton
eProp
ionald
ehyd
eCrot
onald
ehyd
e
Butyr/Is
obuty
ralde
hyde
Benza
ldehy
deIso
valer
aldeh
yde
Valeral
dehy
deTolu
aldeh
ydes
Hexald
ehyd
e
2,5-D
imeth
ylben
zalde
hyde
Ave
rage
Am
bien
t Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/m
3)
St. Louis CAP Speciated PM2.5 Averages
Ammonium12%
Nitrate15%
Potassium0%
Sodium2%
Sulfate25%
Carbonate carbon0%
Elemental carbon4%
Organic carbon30%
XRF - Aluminum0%
XRF - Antimony0%
XRF - Arsenic0%
XRF - Barium0%
XRF - Bromine0%
XRF - Cadmium0%
XRF - Calcium0%
XRF - Cerium0%
XRF - Cesium0%
XRF - Chlorine0%
XRF - Chromium0%
XRF - Cobalt0%
XRF - Copper0%
XRF - Europium0%
XRF - Gallium0%
XRF - Gold0%
XRF - Hafnium0%
XRF - Indium0%
XRF - Iridium0%
XRF - Iron0%
XRF - Lanthanum0%XRF - Lead
0%XRF - Magnesium
0%XRF - Manganese
0%XRF - Mercury
0%XRF - Molybdenum
0%XRF - Nickel
0%XRF - Niobium
0%XRF - Phosphorus
0%XRF - Potassium
0%XRF - Rubidium
0%XRF - Samarium
0%XRF - Scandium
0%XRF - Selenium
0%XRF - Silicon
1%XRF - Silver
0%XRF - Sodium
1%XRF - Strontium
0%
XRF - Sulfur8%
XRF - Tantalum0%
XRF - Terbium0%
XRF - Tin0%
XRF - Titanium0%
XRF - Vanadium0%
XRF - Wolfram0%
XRF - Yttrium0%
XRF - Zinc0%
XRF - Zirconium0%
Ammonium NitratePotassium SodiumSulfate Carbonate carbonElemental carbon Organic carbonXRF - Aluminum XRF - AntimonyXRF - Arsenic XRF - BariumXRF - Bromine XRF - CadmiumXRF - Calcium XRF - CeriumXRF - Cesium XRF - ChlorineXRF - Chromium XRF - CobaltXRF - Copper XRF - EuropiumXRF - Gallium XRF - GoldXRF - Hafnium XRF - IndiumXRF - Iridium XRF - IronXRF - Lanthanum XRF - LeadXRF - Magnesium XRF - ManganeseXRF - Mercury XRF - MolybdenumXRF - Nickel XRF - NiobiumXRF - Phosphorus XRF - PotassiumXRF - Rubidium XRF - SamariumXRF - Scandium XRF - SeleniumXRF - Silicon XRF - SilverXRF - Sodium XRF - StrontiumXRF - Sulfur XRF - TantalumXRF - Terbium XRF - TinXRF - Titanium XRF - VanadiumXRF - Wolfram XRF - YttriumXRF - Zinc XRF - Zirconium
St. Louis Community Air ProjectAverage Monitored Concentrations of
Pollutants in St. LouisRelative to their respective Health Benchmarks
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Formaldehyde Benzene 1,3-Butadiene Arsenic
Pollu
tant
Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/m
3)H
ealth
Ben
chm
ark
(ug/
m3)
Current St Louis Area Emissions - Criteria Pollutants1999 NEI DRAFT V.3 - 2001 MoEIS - 2001 TRI
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
St. Lou
isJe
fferso
nSt. C
harle
sFran
klinSt. L
ouis
CitySte.
Gen
eviev
e
Pike L
incoln
St. F
ranco
isMon
tgomery
Warr
enWas
hingto
nCraw
ford
Gasco
nade
EMIS
SIO
NS
IN T
ON
S PE
R Y
EAR PM25-PRI
SO2
NOX
VOC
NH3
St. LouisCommunity Air Project (CAP) Emission InventoryFuture Directions:•Expanded formaldehyde emissions•Diesel emissions from EPA•Trends in mobile source emissions•Refinements to the Point Source Inventory •Local Area Source Data -Residential/Commercial Survey; Business Inventory Questionnaires