ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONSOF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT, ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION A) OBJECT{ WITH ITS DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}

B) OBSERVER{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.

C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,{ MEANS ITS POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}TERMS ABOVE & BELOW WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P. AND TERMS INFRONT & BEHIND WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P FORM 4 QUADRANTS. OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS. IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV ) OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS.STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON HEXT PAGES AND NOTE THE RESULTS.TO MAKE IT EASY HERE A POINT A IS TAKEN AS AN OBJECT. BECAUSE ITS ALL VIEWS ARE JUST POINTS.

NOTATIONSFOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

OBJECT ITS TOP VIEW ITS FRONT VIEW ITS SIDE VIEW

POINT A a a a

LINE AB ab a b a b

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 ARE USED.

VP2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y

Observer

X YX

HP

3rd Quad.

4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN, IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION) WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE, IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.

POINT A IN Point A is ND QUADRANT Placed In 2 different A quadrants and its Fv & Tv are brought in same plane for Observer to see HP clearly. Fv is visible as it is a view on VP. But as Tv is is a view on Hp, it is rotated downward 900, In clockwise direction.The In front part of Hp comes below xy line and the part behind Vp HP comes above.Observe and note the process.

VP a

VP a

POINT A IN 1ST QUADRANT A

aHPOBSERVER OBSERVER

a

aHPOBSERVER

OBSERVER

A POINT A IN RD QUADRANT 3

a

a a A POINT A IN 4TH QUADRANT

VP

VP

Basic concepts for drawing projection of point FV & TV of a point always lie in the same vertical lineFV of a point P is represented by p. It shows position of the point with respect to HP.If the point lies above HP, p lies above the XY line. If the point lies in the HP, p lies on the XY line. If the point lies below the HP, p lies below the XY line. TV of a point P is represented by p. It shows position of the point with respect to VP. If the point lies in front of VP, p lies below the XY line. If the point lies in the VP, p lies on the XY line. If the point lies behind the VP, p lies above the XY line.

PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.POINT A ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VPFor Tv PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

POINT A ABOVE HP & IN VPFor Tv

POINT A IN HP & INFRONT OF VP

a

a

AY

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

For Tv

AY

a aX X

a

Y

X

a A

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS OF ALL ABOVE CASES. Fv above xy, Tv below xy. Fv above xy, Tv on xy. Fv on xy, Tv below xy.

VP aX Y X

VP a aY X

VP

a

Y

a HP HP HP

a

PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE means ITS LENGTH, POSITION OF ITS ENDS WITH HP & VP ITS INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN. AIM:- TO DRAW ITS PROJECTIONS - MEANS FV & TV. SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP) LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON NEXT PAGE SHOWING CLEARLY THE NATURE OF FV & TV OF LINES LISTED ABOVE AND NOTE RESULTS.

For Tv

(Pictorial Presentation)a A FV b

1.

A Line perpendicular to Hp & // to Vp

Note: Fv is a vertical line Showing True Length & Tv is a point.

Orthographic Pattern V.P.a Fv b Y

Y B TV a b

X

X

Tv a b

H.P. Orthographic Pattern(Pictorial Presentation)2.b B a A YFor Tv

A Line // to Hp & // to VpX

Note: Fv & Tv both are // to xy & both show T. L. X

V.P.a Fv b

Y a Tv

b a

b

H.P.

3.

b B a

Fv inclined to xy Tv parallel to xy.

V.P.b a Y

A Line inclined to Hp and parallel to Vp(Pictorial presentation)X

Y A

Xb

a

T.V.

b

a

H.P.Orthographic Projections

4.

Tv inclined to xy Fv parallel to xy.b a A

V.P.a Fv b

A Line inclined to Vp and parallel to Hp(Pictorial presentation)

B

X a

Y

a

b

Tv b

H.P.

For Tv5.

For Tv

bBY

A Line inclined to both Hp and Vp (Pictorial presentation) On removal of object i.e. Line AB Fv as a image on Vp. Tv as a image on Hp,X

b

BY

a AX

a A

a

a

T.V.

bV.P.bFV a X Y

T.V.

b

Orthographic Projections Fv is seen on Vp clearly.

To see Tv clearly, HP is rotated 900 downwards,Hence it comes below xy.

a

TV

Note These Facts:Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy. (No view is parallel to xy) Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths. (No view shows True Length) b

H.P.

Orthographic Projections Means Fv & Tv of Line AB are shown below, with their apparent Inclinations

&

Note the procedure When Fv & Tv known, How to find True Length. (Views are rotated to determine True Length & its inclinations with Hp & Vp).

Note the procedure When True Length is known, How to locate FV & TV. (Component ab2 of TL is drawn which is further rotated to determine FV)

V.P.b FV a Y X

V.P.bFV TL

V.P.b 1 b b1

a

a Y

b2

X

X

Y

a

TV

a

TV

TV

b1

a

b1

H.P.

b

H.P.

b

H.P.

b

b2

Here TV (ab) is not // to XY line Hence its corresponding FV a b is not showing True Length & True Inclination with Hp.

In this sketch, TV is rotated and made // to XY line. Hence its corresponding FV a b1 Is showingTrue Length & True Inclination with Hp.

Here ab1 is component of TL ab1 gives length of FV. Hence it is brought Up to Locus of a and further rotated to get point b. a b will be Fv.Similarly drawing component of other TL(ab1) TV can be drawn.

Projection of straight lineLine inclined to both HP & VPType-I Given projections (FV & TV) of the line. To find True length & true inclination of the line with HP () and with VP().

PROBLEMEnd A of a line AB is 20mm above HP & 20mm in front of VP while its end B is 55mm above HP and 75mm in front of VP. The distance between end projectors of the line is 50mm. Draw projections of the line and find its true length and true inclination with the principal planes. Also mark its traces.

b

b1 : True inclination of the line with HP = 24

aHT VT

55

b2

20

: Inclination of FV of the line with HP/XYY

Xh v

50 20

b1

: True inclination of the line with VP = 41 : Inclination of TV of the line with VP/XY

a75

b

b2

Type II

Line inclined to both HP & VP

Given (i) T.L., and , (ii) T.L., F.V., T.V. to draw projections, find , ,H.T. and V.T.

PROBLEMA line AB, 70mm long, has its end A 20 mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP. It is inclined at 30 to HP and 45to VP. Draw its projections and mark its traces.

b

b1

aHT

30

b2VT

15 X 20h v

Y

b1 a45

b

b2

Q10.11 The top view of a 75mm long line AB measures 65mm,while its front view measures 50mm. Its one end A is in HP and12mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of AB and determine its inclination with HP and VPGiven, TL=75mm,TV=65mm,FV=50mm A is in HP & 12mmVP b To draw FV &TV of the line AB To find & b1 Hint: Draw ab1=65mm // to XY. Because when TV is // to XY, FV gives TL.

Ans. =31 Ans. =49a

X12

Y31 65 b1

a

49

b

b2

Q10.12 A line AB, 65mm long has its end A 20mm above H.P. and 25mm in front of VP. The end B is 40mm above H.P. and 65mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections of AB and show its inclination with H.P. and V.P.Given, TL=65mm A is 20mm HP & 25mm V.P. B is 40mm & 65mm V.P. a 18 20 To draw FV &TV of the line AB To find & b1 b Hint1:Mark a 20mm above H.P & a 25mm below XY Hint2:Draw locus of b 40mm above XY & locus of b 65 mm below XY

X25

40

b2

Y Ans. =1865

38 a

b1

Ans. =38

b

b2

Q10.13:The projectors of the ends of a line AB are 5cm apart. The end A is 2cm above the H.P and 3cm in front of V.P. The end B is1cm below H.P. and 4cm behind the V.P. Determine the true length and traces of AB, and its inclination with the two planesGiven, A0B0=50mm A is 20mm HP & 30mm V.P. B is 10mm & 40mm V.P. To find, True Length, ,, H.T. and V.T.

b

b2

aHT

20

b2

VT v h

X30

40

b

20

10 b1

50

Y Ans. =20 Ans. =50

a

50

Q10.14:A line AB, 90mm long, is inclined at 45 to the H.P. and its top view makes an angle of 60 with the V.P. The end A is in the H.P. and 12mm in front of V.P. Draw its front view and find its true inclination with the V.P.Given,T.L.=90mm, =45, =60 is in the H.P. & 12mmV.P. To find/draw, F.V.,T.V. & A b

b1

Ans. = 38 a

X12 a

45 60 38

Yb1

b

b2

Q10.16:The end A of a line AB is 25 mm behind the V.P. and is below the H.P. The end B is 12 mm in front of the VP and is above the HP The distance between the projectors is 65mm. The line is inclined at 40 to the HP and its HT is 20 mm behind the VP. Draw the projections of the line and determine its true length and the VTGiven, A0B0=65mm A is 25mm V.P.& is H.P. is 12mm V.P. & is above HP = 40 B b To find/draw, F.V., T.V., T.L., VT

b1

b2

Ans. TL= ab2=123 mmVT

a 25HT

b2 b1

20h

a

40

b

65

12

X

v

Y

10.17:A line AB, 90mm long, is inclined at 30 to the HP. Its end A is 12mm above the HP and 20mm in front of the VP. Its FV measures 65mm. Draw the TV of AB and determine its inclination with the VPb1

b

a X 1230

Y44

20

b1

a Ans: = 44

b

b2

Q10.23:Two lines AB & AC make an angle of 120 between them in their FV & TV. AB is parallel to both the HP & VP. Determine the real angle between AB & AC.

C cc2 c1

112

Ans. 112 a Y

b X

120

b120

ac2 c1

c

Q8:A line AB 65 mm long has its end A in the H.P. & 15 mm in front of the V.P. The end B is in the third quadrant. The line is inclined at 30 to the H.P. and at 60 to the V.P. Draw its projections.

VP b

b2 b

15

X

a30

b260

Yb1

a

X Y 60

a30

HP

15

ab b1 b

ab

Q10.19 A line AB, inclined at 40 to the V.P. has its end 50mm and 20mm above the H.P. the length of its front view is 65mm and its V.T. is 10mm above the H.P. determine .the true length of AB its inclination with the H.P. and its H.T.Given, = 40, A is 20mmHP, is 50 mm HP, FV=65mm, VT is 10mm B To find, TL, & HT

HP

b1

b

50

a

X40

10v a h

b1

Ans, TL = 85 mm, = 21 & HT is 17 mm behind VP

b2

20 Y

b2

21

VT

HT

Q10.19 A line AB, inclined at 40 to the V.P. has its end 50mm and 20mm above the H.P. the length of its front view is 65mm and its V.T. is 10mm above the H.P. determine .the true length of AB its inclination with the H.P. and its H.T.B1 Given, = 40, A is 20mmHP, B is 50 mm HP, FV=65mm, VT is 10mm HP

To find, TL, & HT

Step1: For solving the problem by trapezoidal method, draw a line at 40() from VT. Then draw perpendiculars from a and b on this line. Step2: Then draw projectors from a and b and mark the distance of bB1 on the projector of b below XY. Similarly mark the distance aA1 on the projector of a below XY

b A1 50 a 40

Xv a

10

20

VT 21 HT h

Y

Ans: A1B1=TL=85mm Ans:HT is 17 mm behind VP Ans: = 21

b

Q6. The top view of a 75mm long line CD measures 50 mm. C is 50 mm in front of the VP & 15mm below the HP. D is 15 mm in front of the VP & is above the HP. Draw the FV of CD & find its inclinations with the HP and the VP. Show also its traces.Given, TL = 75 mm, FV =50 mm, C is 15mm HP & 50 mm VP, D is 15 mm VP VT To draw, FV & to find & To mark HT & VT Hint 1: Cut an arc of 50 mm from c on locus of D to get the TV of the line Hint 2: Make TV (cd), // to XY so that FV will give TL

d

d1

X 15

h v c =48 d d2 Locus of D HT c =28 d1

YAns: =48Ans: =28

50

Q10.10 A line PQ 100 mm long is inclined at 30 to the H.P. and at 45 to the V.P. Its mid point is in the V.P. and 20 mm above the H.P. Draw its projections, if its end P is in the third quadrant and Q is in the first quadrant.Given,TL = 100, = 30, Mid point M is 20mmHP & in the VP End P in third quadrant & End Q in first quadrant p2 p2 p1 p1 p m p m 30 q2 45 To draw, FV & TV

q

q1

20

X

q1

Y

q

q2

Problem 3: The front view of a 125 mm long line PQ measures 75 mm while its top view measures 100 mm. Its end Q and the mid point M are in the first quadrant. M being 20 mm from both the planes. Draw the projections of line PQ.

For Tv5.

For Tv

bBY

A Line inclined to both Hp and Vp (Pictorial presentation) On removal of object i.e. Line AB Fv as a image on Vp. Tv as a image on Hp,X

b

BY

a

a A

AX

a

a

T.V.

bV.P. BFV a Y

T.V.

b

b

AOrthographic Projections Fv is seen on Vp clearly.

X

To see Tv clearly, HP is rotated 900 downwards,Hence it comes below xy.

a

TV

Note These Facts:Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy. (No view is parallel to xy) Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths. (No view shows True Length) b

H.P.