SSHRC proposal: A community-university research alliance for

SSHRC proposal: A community-university research alliance for Southern Ontario’s social economy Jack Quarter

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1. Summary This proposal—a Community-University Research Alliance for Southern Ontario’s Social Economy—aims at enhancing capacity for ongoing research and development about this region’s social economy. A joint initiative of the University of Toronto and its community partners, Imagine Canada (formerly the Canadian Centre for Philanthropy) and the Ontario Co-operative Association, our Research Alliance is comprised of leading scholars and practitioners from 11 Southern Ontario universities, 22 community organizations, and scholars from seven universities outside the region. The initiative will create a Southern Ontario network of social economy researchers and practitioners that is organized into five Research and Practice Clusters. Through the creation of the Social Economy Centre at the University of Toronto, the Clusters will bring together researchers and practitioners with common interests in five areas which are: 1) mapping the size and scope of the social economy in this region; 2) understanding the impact of the social economy; 3) improving the capacity of social economy organizations (SEOs) to demonstrate the value of their activities; 4) developing public policy; and 5) extending theory. 1) Mapping the Social Economy: The size and scope of the social economy in Southern Ontario and the dimensions along which it varies will be assessed by analyzing data from the 2003 National Survey of Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations and conducting a supplementary survey of co-operative organizations and other forms of social enterprises. 2) The Impact of Social Economy Organizations: Impact will be assessed in part by the survey research above and a series of case studies that assess: links between organic farming, the social economy and sustainable rural communities; fair and ethical trade practices in Canada’s social economy; the impact of environmental nonprofit service organizations; the social value added created by residents and local agencies in a low-income community; the synthesis between the urban food security activists and rural food producers; and the role of co-operatives in slowing the assimilation of francophones. 3) Improving Capacity for the Social Economy: These related projects develop evaluative tools and education with a focus on the processes—face-to-face and electronic—that allow SEOs to utilize these tools. Research will be undertaken to: develop an inventory of models of social accounting, environmental accounting, and non-financial performance measurement in the United States and Canada; create a social accounting model for social enterprises and a generalizable process for social auditing; understand the concept of stewardship for conservation organizations within the context of social and environmental accounting; and analyze the role that the education system can play in promoting and developing the social economy. 4) Developing Policy: Five projects address public policy issues pertaining to the social economy: understanding Ontario government policy and its impact on social economy organizations; the potential of employer-supported volunteerism among financial institutions for social economy organizations; the effect of Ontario’s mandatory community service program; understanding accountability for SEOs and the development of an accountability framework; and human resource policy in nonprofits. 5) Extending Theory: Two projects aim to broaden theoretical perspectives on the social economy. One explores pre-existing social, cultural and political frameworks for social economies to develop economic goods. The other integrates social economy frameworks and theories of corporate social responsibility. These five Clusters will be developed and sustained by combining in-person meetings with internet-based communication tools and the creation of online communities of practice. The Alliance will also build a future generation of researchers, create a presence for the social economy in higher education institutions, and focus heavily on knowledge dissemination.


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2. Detailed Description This proposal aims at enhancing capacity for ongoing research and development for the social economy of Southern Ontario by establishing a sustainable research network through the creation of the Social Economy Centre at the University of Toronto, the organization submitting this proposal along with Imagine Canada, an umbrella organization for nonprofits in Canada, and the Ontario Co-operative Association, representing Ontario’s co-operatives. This proposal—a Community-University Research Alliance for Southern Ontario’s Social Economy—is presented on behalf of a network of leading scholars from 11 universities in Southern Ontario, 22 partner organizations, and scholars from seven universities external to the node whose research will be beneficial to this initiative. This Alliance will generate synergy between researchers and practitioners currently working in isolation through the creation of 5 Research and Practice Clusters, and ultimately contribute to a broader movement. Our Alliance will also create synergy with the nodes in other regions and the social economy internationally. To that end, we have links to submissions from Quebec, the Atlantic, the Prairies and British Columbia. Our Detailed Description involves: a discussion of our perspective on the social economy; our vision for the research network and its research activities; and our governance and evaluation plan. Given the nature of the SSHRC guidelines for the Social Economy Suite, this proposal addresses a range of issues rather than focusing on one. Our intent is to create a Centre for social-economy researchers throughout the region and to make this Alliance, as part of the Centre, as inclusive as possible. This Alliance budgets for 56 graduate assistantships for student project work (nearly a third of its budget) to build a future generation of social economy researchers (Section 7, Training). Also, we invest heavily in knowledge dissemination, about 14 percent of the budget (see Section 4, Communication of Results, and Section 8, Budget Justification). THE SOCIAL ECONOMY Our approach to the social economy builds upon a tradition of prior work involving the applicant and other members of the research team (Quarter, 1992; Quarter, 2000; Quarter et al., 2001a; Quarter et al., 2001b; Quarter, Mook, & Richmond, 2003a; 2003b). We present the social economy as an overarching framework—and not simply limited to market-based organizations, either in part or whole, as suggested

by some researchers (Brady, 2003; Monzón Campos, 1997). Our submission addresses the entire array of organizations with a social mission ranging from market-based co-operatives, community economic development corporations, and other social enterprises to nonprofits in public service to the many nonprofit mutual associations. Our initial working definition is of organizations with a social mission that either have explicit economic objectives, as is the case of market-based organizations, or that create economic value through employing people and through providing services. Definitions of co-operatives, for example, emphasize the “economic, social and cultural needs” of the members (International Cooperative Alliance, 2003, p. 3). For nonprofits relying upon government funding, the economic is

not emphasized, but research indicates its importance (Hall et al., 2004; Sharpe, 1994; Salamon et al., 1999; Statistics Canada, 2004). Our approach also emphasizes the interaction between the social economy and the private and public sectors. For market-based SEOs, this interaction is straightforward in that they compete with the private sector. For SEOs relying upon government funding (universities, hospitals, health and social service


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organizations, heritage institutions), their interaction is with the public sector. For nonprofit member-oriented associations (religious congregations, unions, professional associations—civil society organizations in the figure above, even though they do not compete in the market or depend upon government funding, their members may work in the private and public sectors and these organizations provide an important social infrastructure that benefits the other sectors of the economy. The Venn diagram above (from Quarter, Mook, & Richmond, 2003; 2004) portrays this interactive conception of the social economy. The many organizations of the social economy differ, but we propose four commonalities: all have a social mission; they are social property for use of a public or membership; they depend in varying degree upon volunteer/social participation and are often labeled voluntary; and they encourage civic engagement (Putnam, 2000), one manifestation being democratic participation. These characteristics are similar but not identical to those outlined by Lévesque & Mendell (2004), as reflective of Quebec’s social economy. There are also other variations (see: Borzaga, & Defourny, 2001; Defourney & Monzon, 1992; Evers & Laville, 2004; Gui, 1991; Taylor, 2002; Vaillancourt, 2002). THE RESEARCH NETWORK AND ITS ACTIVITIES The initiative will create a Southern Ontario network of social economy researchers and practitioners that is organized into five Research and Practice Clusters. The Clusters bring together researchers and practitioners with common interests who are currently working in isolation. Each Cluster will focus on one theme: 1) mapping the size and scope of the social economy in this region; 2) understanding the impact of the social economy; 3) improving the capacity of SEOs to demonstrate the value of their activities; 4) developing public policy; and, 5) extending theory. The research that each of the Clusters will be undertaking is described below.

1) Mapping Southern Ontario’s Social Economy: The research related to this Cluster is led by the partner organizations—Michael Hall and Cathy Barr of Imagine Canada and Denyse Guy of the Ontario Co-operative Association. The survey research builds upon existing work: the National Survey of Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations (Hall et al., 2004) on the size and scope of the nonprofit and voluntary organizations in Canada and Ontario; the recently released Johns Hopkins comparative study, ranking Canada’s nonprofit sector the second-largest internationally (Hall et al., 2005); and the Canadian Annual Survey on Co-operatives (Co-operatives Secretariat, 2004). An additional mapping piece will come from Ann Armstrong, a professor at the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, and Ray Dart, a professor of Business at Trent University, both of whom specialize in social enterprises (Armstrong, 2003, 2004; Rimac & Armstrong, 2005; Dart, 2004a, 2004b, 2004c; Dart & Zimmerman, 2001) with the community group Social Capital Partners. They focus on social purpose businesses that can be nonprofit, for-profit or a hybrid; revenue-generating activities or ‘for-benefit’ businesses by nonprofits; and business partnerships between nonprofits, for-profits, and government. The Mapping Cluster will update existing data sets; classify organizations by service area; estimate the number of paid staff, volunteers and members; assess the extent to which organizations provide public


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or mutual benefit; the extent to which they are autonomous; the sources and amount of their revenue; the amount of revenue they contribute to the Southern Ontario economy; and the problems they report fulfilling their missions. This Cluster will also undertake a conceptual mapping by situating the organizations within the Venn diagram (above). In so doing, it will be possible to address such questions as the degree to which organizations in this region overlap with the private sector, public sector or neither. Furthermore, it should be possible to refine the categorization presented in the Venn diagram. The mapping will provide information that is required for the development of public policy. 2) The Impact of Social Economy Organizations: In addition to these overview projects, our submission includes a cluster of seven case studies on particular components of the social economy. The first, by Jennifer Sumner and Ann Clark of the University of Guelph in conjunction with FoodShare Toronto and OntarBio, an organic farmers’ co-operative, builds upon previous research on the links between the organic farming movement—built through mutual co-operation and communication in the absence of institutional support—and sustainable rural communities (Clark & Maitland, 2004; Sumner, 2003a, 2003b, 2005). This study will analyze the potential of organic farming to revitalize rural communities impoverished by global forces, document the successes of social-economy organizations in the organic farming movement, and help these organizations to improve their performance in such areas as fair trade, the role of women, and learning for progressive social change. This study will mobilize knowledge to support organic SEOs and rural community development. The second and third case studies—led by York University professors John-Justin McMurtry, Darryl Reed (Business and Society Program), and Ananya Mukherjee (Director of the International Secretariat for Human Development) in co-operation with Planet Bean Coffee Co-operative (Guelph)—focus on fair trade within Ontario’s social economy. There is a growing body of research on the impact of fair trade in the South (Lappé & Lappé, 2002; LeClair, 2002; Ransom, 2001; Raynolds, 2002; Renard, 1999; Rice, 1998; Shreck, 2002; Taylor, 2002; VanderHoff Boersma, 2002), but research in the North has focused on the business strategies (Blowfield, 1999; Bird & Hughes, 1997; Littrell & Dickson, 1999; Simpson & Rapone, 2000). This study—about fair trade in the North as a social movement involving consumer groups and public institutions—builds upon this preliminary research (Fridell, 2004; Waridel, 2002). This project provides the first systematic investigation of fair and ethical trade and local public procurement policies in Canada through surveys, interviews, and fieldwork. A related project by this team uses action research to analyze the efforts of the Planet Bean Coffee Co-operative to develop two new fair trade products (chai and spices) with local partners in the Indian state of Kerala. The more specific objectives are to investigate the problems that arise in these endeavours and the measures employed to address them; and to employ social accounting measures that capture the full range of the value added for both southern and northern partners (in addition to standard economic indicators, participation in decision-making and community affairs, and women’s empowerment). The fourth study by professors Paul Parker and Jennifer Lynes of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, in partnership with Green Communities Canada, will systematically research successes and failures in the greening of the social economy within Waterloo, Toronto, Peterborough, Hamilton, and Elora. The focus is on a new generation of environmental SEOs that aim to improve the environment through service delivery. They form an innovative segment of the social economy that creates employment while pursuing environmental goals and directly engaging the community through their services. These organizations stand in contrast to traditional environmental advocacy organizations that rely on government regulation to achieve many of their goals. This project builds on Parker et al.’s (2004) work that found lower income households were more likely to follow energy evaluations with actual reductions in consumption. This study also produces cases of best practices.


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York University professors Betty Jane Richmond (Faculty of Education) and Brenda Gainer (Schulich School of Business) build upon research in Toronto’s Regent Park area by collecting data on the social value added of residents and local agencies, and its impact on public spending on education and other sectors (Richmond, 2005). The researchers and the Pathways to Education community group examine the value that urban communities add to public dollars, and investigate how and to what extent nonprofits are catalysts for and stewards of the community’s social capital. The sixth case study by professor David Welch, University of Ottawa, together with the Ottawa CED network and the Ottawa Food Security Council, looks at the synthesis between urban food security and rural food producers through such social-economy projects as catering, community gardens, collective kitchens (City of Ottawa, 2001), projects that are part of ‘buy local’ strategies. This project, which builds upon earlier research (Lauriault & Welch, 2003; Leduc Browne & Welch, 2001), proposes policies for a sustainable, long-term solution for food security. The study focuses on the rural Franco-Ontarian community of Eastern Ontario but will develop policies with a more general intent. In the seventh case study, Ginette Lafrenière, a professor of social work at Wilfrid Laurier University, studies the role of co-operatives in slowing the assimilation of francophones in Ontario and examines how co-operatives integrate immigrants and refugees within mainstream society. Some research suggests that when there is a co-operative within a minoritized francophone milieu, francophones identify more strongly with their language and culture (Lafrenière, 1980), thereby resisting assimilation (Castonguay, 1996; Cazabon, 1996; Dennie, 1999; Juteau-Lee, 1994; Paquet, 1993; Soucie, 1989; Welch, 1995, 1999, 2002a, 2002b). This study would involve the Conseil de la Coopération de l'Ontario. (3) Improving the Capacity of SEOs to Demonstrate their Value: The projects in this Cluster develop evaluative tools, education and processes—face-to-face and electronic—that allow SEOs to build capacity. One project, led by Elizabeth Keating, a professor with the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations at Harvard University, who specializes in accounting policy, would develop an inventory of models of social accounting, environmental accounting, and non-financial performance measurement in the United States and Canada. This research will organize the models into a framework that distinguishes between different attributes, costs and benefits; develop a series of online exercises, cases, workshop materials, and publications that describe the models; highlight strengths and weaknesses, and advise potential users on the implementation and potential effectiveness of the models; and disseminate the educational materials via degree program courses, executive education, presentations and web-based and print publications. This project builds upon research by Keating & Frumkin (2003). Laurie Mook, a PhD student at the University of Toronto and a former accountant, working with Jack Quarter, will partner with Evergreen, a nonprofit environmental organization with a mandate to bring nature to our cities through naturalization projects, to develop and operationalize a social accounting model (an accounting framework that includes social impacts) that can be applied to social enterprises. This work builds upon earlier social accounting models (for example, Abt, 1974; Belkaoui, 1984; Estes, 1972, 1976; Linowes, 1972) and, more particularly, the adaptation of a Value Added Statement, or Expanded Value Added Statement by Mook (see: Richmond & Mook, 2000; Quarter, Mook & Richmond, 2003; and Mook, forthcoming). Through a collaborative process including meetings with key players associated with Evergreen, appropriate indicators and market comparisons will be established and lead to a statement of indicators and a social accounting statement. The resulting model will be tested with a sample of social enterprises—initially with Frontier College (an adult education nonprofit) and with the Metro (Alterna) Credit Union’s micro-lending fund—following which, the process and the model itself will be interpreted using critical accounting theory.


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Leslie Brown, Mount St. Vincent University, builds upon her earlier research on social auditing (Brown, 2000, 2001, 2002) that involves working with stakeholders in the Consumers’ Community Co-operative (CCC) to create a process and a set of indicators that, initially, measure the “co-operative difference” and, subsequently, measure other social factors. This research will create a generalizable process for social auditing, which addresses the barriers many organizations face in engaging in the process and also produces indicators that other organizations within the social economy can utilize. CCC's capacity to mount a skilled internal social audit team will be central to the action component of the research. Professors Jan Bebbington and Rob Gray at the University of St Andrews, Scotland, who are internationally acclaimed scholars in environmental and social accounting will partner with Falkland Heritage Trust to create a common understanding of stewardship. This project builds on work on stakeholder engagement undertaken by the Trust as it seeks to develop a stewardship-infused vision for management of its estate. The researchers will investigate if social and environmental accounting tools exist which could be brought to bear on this experiment in stewardship and attempt to apply them to the Falkland Heritage Trust initially, and then more generally. This project builds upon extensive work by the researchers in environmental and social accounting (Bebbington, 2001a, 2001b; Bebbington & MacGregor, 2003; Gray, 1990, 1992, 2002; Gray & Bebbington, 2001; Gray, Owen & Maunders, 1987). The social economy is structured around systems of social networks (Granovetter, 1983; Putnam, 2000). This next project by professor Jeanette Holden, specializing in autism at Queen’s University, and partners Frank Huntley, GRIDS (a software development firm in Kingston), and the organization, Autism Society Ontario, examines the effectiveness of specific behaviours, primarily web-based, for facilitating the development of social networks. The team will evaluate its web-based technologies and best practices for maintenance, evaluation, and evolution of social capital and determine: whether new networks form; what factors lead to participation; and assess differences due to geographical and other related factors. The system also is intended to assist in network building for other groups. Education will be important to SEOs taking ownership of capacity-building tools. Professor Daniel Schugurensky, director of the Transformative Learning Centre at OISE/UT, focuses on a curricular analysis of the social economy in Ontario, grades 9 to 12, and a comparison with an earlier study (Quarter et al., 1996). The second study searches for generalizable insights from a very successful Master’s program at the Universidad Nacional General Sarmiento (Argentina), a program that develops capacity in the social economy. Professor Schugurensky will also study informal learning in: Windshare Co-operative in Ontario; a social housing complex in Ontario; and a sustainable farming network in Alberta. These studies build on prior work (Schugurensky, 2000; Duguid et al., 2004; Mündel & Schugurensky, forthcoming) on learning related to participation in decision-making and to the sense of belonging to a social economy project. (4) Developing Policy: Organizations of the social economy are unique and therefore policy development should recognize these distinct concerns. There are five policy studies in this Cluster, each involving Imagine Canada as a partner. These studies draw on Imagine Canada’s expertise and policy research in these areas, and are also of interest to the Ontario Co-operative Association and its affiliated organizations. A project by professor Kathy Brock, School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University, focuses on public sector policy and will achieve three results. First, it will contribute to current understanding of the relationship between the Ontario government and SEOs in Southern Ontario. Second, it will help to understand how government, social economy, and the for-profit sector can work together more effectively. Third, it will provide a basis for assessing the effects of specific policies and programs on


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strengthening the social economy, the creation of social capital and sustaining a healthy democratic polity. Using the theoretical framework developed by Brock (2001, 2002, 2004) for studying the relationship between the federal government and citizen organizations under a previous SSHRC grant, this study analyzes the relationship between the Ontario government and SEOs. This approach entails developing criteria as to when government should serve as enablers of organizational objectives and when governments should act more coercively (Gidron et al., 1992). Professors Femida Handy (York University and the University of Pennsylvania) and Agnes Meinhard (Director, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Ryerson University) study employer-supported volunteerism, defined as an employer absorbing all or part of the costs of volunteering and providing incentives for employees to volunteer (Graff, 2004; Rochlin & Christoffer, 2000). Two major surveys showed that about one quarter of Canadian companies had a formal volunteering policy (Rostami & Hall, 1996; Hall et al, 2001). This study, focuses for the first time on employer-supported volunteerism in financial institutions. The researchers will sample at least 50 percent of the banks and life insurance companies in Canada that must report their activities using Public Accountability Statements. The methods involve employer interviews, focus groups and an employee survey. The data are analyzed to document successful and unsuccessful employer-supported volunteerism practices and to identify policies that promote sustainable relationships with partners. This research will provide a framework for evaluating employer-supported volunteerism by other businesses. A team from Southwestern Ontario universities led by professor Steven Brown, Wilfrid Laurier University, focuses on Ontario’s mandatory community service program, its impact in introducing students to the social economy, and its policy implications. The team will use existing Canadian data such as the General Social Survey, the Youth in Transition Study, and the National Survey on Giving, Volunteering and Participating to develop a comprehensive profile of youth civic engagement. This will build on research currently underway by team members (Curtis, Baer & Grabb, 2001; Curtis & Perks, 2005). Second, the team will track for five years university-bound, college-bound, and workforce-bound panels of the 2003 high school graduating class to assess the mandatory program’s impact. This tracking is facilitated by the presence of a non-mandated cohort of students who graduated in the same year. Such a program extends current research by team members (Brown et al., 2005; Henderson et al., 2004; Henderson et al., 2004; Pancer & Pratt, 1999; Taylor & Pancer, 2001). While that research suggests that a mandatory program has not been an impediment to subsequent civic engagement, this conclusion is based on a short timeframe and pertains only to highly motivated university-bound graduates. The third research component studies community institutions that administer this program—schools, school boards, volunteer organizations, and volunteering agencies. Working with these partners and drawing on the team’s administrative expertise (Padanyi et al., 2003), the project examines different administrative models to identify challenges, best practices for meeting them, and other relevant policies. In examining current and future policies, it is important to explore the accountabilities of social economy organizations. A project led by Pratima Bansal, professor in International Business at the Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario, and PhD student, Geoff Kistruck, uses a sample of organizations in Southwestern Ontario to address the following questions (see Brody, 2002): To whom are SEOs without a clearly defined membership accountable? For what are SEOs accountable? How can SEOs measure accountability? The typical for-profit is accountable to its shareholders for maximizing profits, and the accountability is enforced by such mechanisms as a board of directors, contract incentives and market takeover mechanisms (Eisenhardt, 1989). While some mutual associations and co-operatives with a distinct membership are able to identify to whom they are accountable, for others the answer may not be as clear (Glaeser, 2003). In this study, Bansal explores the current legal/regulatory environment as it relates to accountability for Ontario’s social economy;


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compares the accountability of different types of SEOs; identifies areas where prior accountability research can be used to fill the gaps and others which require customized solutions; disseminates the findings through workshops; and creates a related curriculum for SEOs and for business schools. A policy study led by professor Anil Verma of the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, PhD student Amanda Shantz, and postdoctoral student, Kunle Akingbola, addresses the human resource practices and policies in SEOs. Empirical research demonstrates that innovative human resource policies have a positive impact on SEOs organizational performance (Alexander, 2000; Durst & Newell, 2001; Hall & Andrukow, 2003). However, most studies use either a small sample (e.g. Alexander, 2000) or cross-sectional survey designs (e.g. McMullen & Brisbois, 2003). This study proposes to analyze a longitudinal dataset prepared by the Workplace and Employee Survey (WES). In using five consecutive years of data on a panel of SEOs, this study seeks to answer the following questions: Do SEOs adopt different human resource policies than their for-profit counterparts? Do SEOs that are wholly financed by government adopt different human resource policies than their market-based counterparts? Do human resource policies have implications for organizational growth? Which human resource policies contribute to the success of SEOs and which detract from it? (5) Extending Theory: Data from the other research projects will help to build theory about the social economy. Two projects are proposed initially, but others may follow. A project by professor McMurtry aims at uncovering the pre-existing social, cultural and political frameworks that form the background upon which all economies, and specifically social economies, rely to develop their economic goods. Investigations will be undertaken in communities with distinct social economy institutions and cultural conditions—initially, Ontario’s Mennonite community in St. Jacobs, the Wikwemikong First Nation on Manitoulin Island, and FoodShare’s project, From Field to Table. After this initial testing, other sites will be compared to identify different life capital capabilities in various regions and to establish national life-capital characteristics. This project blends the analytic research on life capital (Anielski & Rowe, 1998; Bourdieu, 1983; McMurtry, 2002; Korten, 1998; Merrett & Walzer, 2004; Waring, 1990) and addresses its relevance to Canada’s social economy. Jack Quarter (OISE/UT) will synthesize the social economy framework and theories on corporate social behaviour. As Shragge & Fontan (2002, p. 9) argue: “a social economy implies a basic reorientation of the whole economy and related institutions.” Some such theory, which our work will build upon, comes from Bruyn (1977) and Bruyn & Nicolaou-Smokoviti (1989). Differing lines of scholarship explore the society/economy nexus, although all attempt to broaden the framework for evaluating corporate performance and to embed it within an explicit value framework. This project builds a bridge between the social economy and these other areas—corporate social responsibility (Carroll, 1979, 1991, 1999; Drucker, 1984); corporate social performance (Asmundson & Foerster, 2001; Roman et al., 1999); business ethics (Arjoon, 2000; Martin, 2002); multiple bottom-line management (Conway, 2001; Fiksel et al., 1999; Roberts & Cohen, 2002; Waddock, 2000); stakeholder theory (Clarkson, 1995; Wheeler & Sillanpaa, 2000); and social investment (Bryun, 1987; Carmichael & Quarter, 2003; Fung et al., 2001). DEVELOPING AND SUSTAINING THE NETWORK This Alliance draws together a broad group of social economy researchers and practitioners through the creation of Research and Practice Clusters. The Clusters are intended to create synergies among the various research teams that are connected to them and to become self-sustaining over the long term through raising funds to extend their research. To facilitate the creation of these Clusters, professor Marilyn Laiken (OISE/University of Toronto), a specialist in team building (Laiken, 1998) will extend her work (Laiken, 2002a, 2002b, 2005) to the development of online communities within the Alliance.


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In addition, the Alliance will employ Internet-based communication technologies including online dialogues through its website, and online newsletter to facilitate the work of the Clusters. Early in the first year of the Alliance’s activities, we will convene a conference involving the entire research and practitioner team to begin to create a knowledge development and exchange process for the Alliance and its Clusters. A Knowledge Development Committee will be established with membership from each of the Clusters to promote knowledge exchange within and between the Clusters as well as knowledge dissemination of the Alliance as a whole. GOVERNANCE This Research Alliance will be located within the Social Economy Centre at the University of Toronto, created through this grant and expected to continue beyond the grant. The Social Economy Centre will have activities such as a certificate program in social accounting and a resource centre and will seek additional funding to support the Alliance. The governance of the Research Alliance will be distinct

from the Centre and consist of an Executive Committee with representatives from each of the Research and Practice Clusters including the Director, Jack Quarter, the Associate Directors—Michael Hall, Imagine Canada; Denyse Guy, Ontario Co-operative Association; and Darryl Reed, Business and Society program, York University—and Alliance Manager, Laurie Mook. As shown in the figure, the governance is characterized as an interactive hub with five Clusters (RPCs), reflecting the five research areas—Mapping, Impact, Building Capacity, Developing Policy, Extending Theory—and the Knowledge Dissemination Committee (KDC). A primary objective of the governance is to facilitate relationship building, as outlined above. The Executive Committee would also be responsible for administering

the grant and the Alliance. The Alliance Manager, in conjunction with the Director and Executive Committee, will work collaboratively with the Cluster and project leaders, who as experienced researchers, will be expected to organize their team and partners to achieve their goals. The Alliance Manager will provide support, where needed, and will facilitate the activities of the Clusters. The Manager will be responsible for the day-to-day business of the Alliance and ongoing communication. The Knowledge Dissemination Committee will be linked to Imagine Canada taking advantage of its strong knowledge dissemination functions and expertise and work with the Ontario Co-operative Association’s dissemination process. An annual conference (see Communication of Results) will facilitate communication across Clusters and help build a social economy community within the region. EVALUATION The governance has been established to facilitate an ongoing evaluation of progress. Before each project gets underway, the team leader will be expected to create a timetable with milestones against which progress can be assessed—for example, a list of outputs. The Alliance Manager and the Executive Committee will review these milestones, and the annual progress report of the Alliance will be used to review progress, to summarize accomplishments and to detail problems. An important part of the review will be an auditing team consisting of one representative of each stakeholder group in the Alliance—the research team, partners, graduate students, and staff. (SSHRC, an important stakeholder, conducts a mid-term review, but would be welcome to participate in our annual review.) The process will follow social auditing principles of preparing a survey of each stakeholder group, asking to what extent the program is meeting their expectations and suggestions for change. The stakeholders will create the performance indicators through this participatory process. The auditing team will compile the data and present it for each of the stakeholder groups. The report will be discussed at the annual conference.


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4. Communication of Results This Alliance will invest $243,000, about 14 percent of its budget, in direct communication costs (not including staff time). A Knowledge Dissemination Committee of community partners and researchers will take the lead in developing a communications plan to strengthen the Research and Practice Clusters, to reach SEOs throughout the region and beyond. To that end, the Alliance will work closely with its partners, particularly Imagine Canada and the Ontario Co-operative Association. Imagine Canada’s Knowledge Development Centre, nonprofit information portal (www.nonprofitscan.ca) and online library are important links for our dissemination, as are the networks associated with the Ontario Co-operative Association, its newsletter and website. To facilitate communication, our interactive website will have links to each project and the Alliance will have the capability for webcasting or synchronous communication. There will be a regular electronic newsletter, e-mail lists for the Alliance and each Cluster. The website will reach out to the broader community through a news section, posting of research, conference presentations and lectures.

Scholarly Publications: The Alliance will produce two edited books of its research, and an annotated bibliography of social-economy research including translations in English of the rich scholarship from Quebec and internationally, for example: Benôit Lévesque, Jean-Marc Fontan, Yves Vaillancourt, Margueritte Mendell, Denis Harrison, Jacques Defourny. The research team will publish in scholarly journals, organize special journal issues, and present at national and international conferences. Higher Education Curricula: A major goal of the Alliance is to bring the social economy into higher education curricula, including business schools, where the visibility has been low. To that end, the Alliance has strong participation of scholars from business schools. We intend to produce case studies and other forms of curricula for higher education institutions, including business schools, in Ontario and beyond. In that regard, we will work closely with Niagara College, Centre for Community Leadership—one of our partner organizations—that has a draft curriculum on voluntary sector leadership. Tools for Social Economy Organizations: Educational materials that will be of practical utility to organizations in the social economy and the broader public will be produced in print and in multimedia forms for greater availability. The educational materials will embrace best practices and disseminate them broadly. To some extent, the educational programming is integrated with the specific research projects, but some of it will be done centrally and be guided by the advice of the Knowledge Dissemination Committee. The goal of developing educational materials and community outreach is already underway—for example, the certificate program on social accounting for nonprofit and co-operative managers, the workshop (person-to-person and online) on social accounting, the software package for nonprofits to keep records of volunteer contributions at OISE/UT, and the certificate program in volunteer management at Ryerson. This Alliance will build on the existing work. Annual Conferences: The annual conference of the Alliance will facilitate communication across the Clusters. Other SEOs will be welcomed, and presentations will be posted on our website. Project Workshops: Team members will meet to plan and execute the research and to discuss the findings but, in addition, projects will hold specialized workshops for SEOs. As part of each project’s research plan, the team will be asked to include a plan of these workshops. Policy Outputs: An objective of this Alliance is to influence policy, and as noted, some of the projects are specifically policy oriented. Even though some policy bodies may be relevant for the entire Alliance, others may be specific to particular projects. Policy papers based upon the research findings will be tailored to appropriate policymaking bodies—for example, the provincial government and the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants. Policy-oriented roundtables with representatives from government, business and the social economy will be held to stimulate discussions on improving public policy.


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5. Description of Team Our team is built around university and community researchers focusing on the social economy, and is from 11 Southern Ontario universities—Ottawa, Carleton, Queen’s, Trent, Toronto, York, Ryerson, Guelph, Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, and Western Ontario, as well as Harvard, St. Andrew’s (Scotland), UQAM, Saskatchewan, Victoria, New Brunswick and Mount St. Vincent. Representatives of three partner organizations are co-applicants and two, from Imagine Canada and the Ontario Co-operative Association, are members of our executive committee. The team is highly interdisciplinary with backgrounds in business (accounting, organizational development, sustainable development, human resource management, marketing, nonprofit and co-operative management), economics, political science, international development, sociology, rural studies, geography, social work, plant agriculture, education, psychology, history and psychiatry. Some of the team use the social economy framework in their research; others are specialists in co-operatives, nonprofits, or community economic development; and some have related expertise, for example, social accounting. Team members belong to the Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Associations (ARNOVA), the Canadian Association for the Study of Co-operation, and publish in related scholarly journals. The applicant (director) is Jack Quarter, a professor in the Adult Education and Community Development graduate program, OISE, University of Toronto, specializing in community development, and one of the few professors outside of Quebec using the social economy framework. He published the 1992 book, Canada’s Social Economy: Co-operatives, Nonprofits and Other Community Enterprises, and has extended this work more recently (Quarter, 2000; Quarter et al., 2001a; Quarter et al., 2001b; Quarter, Mook, & Richmond, 2003; 2004). He is experienced in managing research and is the director of a SSHRC Research Alliance under the INE program on the socially responsible investment of pension funds, an alliance that involves the Canadian Labour Congress and its provincial affiliates. He has a lengthy history of working with community-based organizations—supervision of the Co-operative Schools Project from 1984-1995, for which he received a special award from the Canadian Co-operative Association; and ongoing support for worker co-operatives (editing the Worker Co-op magazine and helping to organize the Canadian Worker Co-operative Federation) for which he received a merit award in 2001. In 1996 and 2002-2003, Quarter served as president of the Canadian Association for the Study of Co-operation; he is also a member of ARNOVA. His recent work involves collaborating with Laurie Mook and Betty Jane (B.J.) Richmond on case studies to measure the economic value of volunteers—see their book, What Counts: Social Accounting for Nonprofits and Co-operatives (Prentice Hall, 2003). A critical piece in the research on social accounting is the redesign of a Value Added Statement by Laurie Mook, the Alliance Manager. Mook brings a strong background in financial management and accounting combined with more recent educational applications to SEOs. Even though she is not a co-applicant, she is completing a PhD with a SSHRC doctoral fellowship and will be post-doctoral with a critical role, particularly with the accounting projects. She has worked closely with Quarter in preparing this submission and Quarter has unreserved confidence in her contributions. One of the Associate Directors for this Alliance is Dr. Michael Hall, Vice-President of Research at Imagine Canada (formerly the Canadian Centre for Philanthropy), which houses the largest research program on nonprofit and voluntary organizations in the country. Michael is an experienced leader of collaborative research projects including a three-year initiative of a consortium of 8 universities and community organizations that conducted the 2003 National Survey of Nonprofit and Voluntary organizations and was Co-Director of a SSHRC CURA (the Voluntary Sector Evaluation Project). Highly skilled in survey research, he led the development of Statistics Canada’s Survey on Giving Volunteering and Partnership and serves as Co-Chair of the survey’s Steering Committee. The author of many publications, he is recognized as a leader in this field. He is an Associate Editor of Nonprofit


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Management and Leadership, a past board member of ARNOVA, and a member of the Advisory Committee for Statistic Canada’s Satellite Account of Nonprofit Institutions and Volunteering. Also from Imagine Canada, Dr. Cathy Barr is Director of Research, and a former faculty member at Wilfrid Laurier University. Dr. Barr has been a key player in the National Survey of Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations, the National Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating, the Rural Charitable Sector Research Initiative, the Survey of Managers of Volunteer Resources, and in the Canada Volunteerism Initiative’s Knowledge Development Centre. Another Associate Director is Denyse Guy, the executive director of the Ontario Co-operative Association, the apex organization for the 1,900 co-operatives and credit unions in Ontario. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in Environmental Sciences and a diploma in Business Management. For close to 30 years, she has worked in community development across Canada, Africa and India. Her publications include co-authorship of the Canadian Rural Partnership Asset Mapping Handbook and numerous educational materials on co-operatives. This Research Alliance will help to increase the profile of the social economy within business schools. The research team has strong representatives from business schools: Brenda Gainer is a Royal Bank Professor of Nonprofit Management and the Director, Nonprofit Management and Leadership Program, at the Schulich School of Business, York University; Ann Armstrong is a professor at the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, specializing in the study of social enterprises and nonprofits; professor Anil Verma is also at Rotman with a cross-appointment to the Centre for Industrial Relations, specializing in human resource management; Pratima Bansal is a Shurniak Professor in International Business at the Richard Ivey School of Business, specializing in sustainable development; Rob Gray and Jan Bebbington are international leaders in the field of environmental and social accounting—Rob is the director and Jan is an associate director of the Centre for Social and Environmental Accounting at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland; Elizabeth Keating is a professor of Public Policy, affiliated with the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations, at Harvard University, focusing on nonprofit and governmental accountability as well as financial distress; Mark Baetz is a professor of Business at Wilfrid Laurier University, focusing on community service learning, civic engagement, and business ethics; Paulette Padanyi is the chair, department of Marketing and Consumer Studies, University of Guelph, focusing on SEOs’ performance; Ray Dart is a professor of business at Trent University, specializing in social enterprises; Agnes Meinhard is the director of the Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies and a specialist in Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management, Ryerson University School of Business. Meinhard teams with professor Femida Handy, an economist with York University and the University of Pennsylvania, who specializes in the economic impact of volunteers, and who won awards from ARNOVA for the best research paper and best thesis. Our team involves scholars bridging the social sciences and business. Darryl Reed is the former co-ordinator of York University’s Business and Society Program and Chair of the Division of Social Science, and focuses on public policy, community economic and international development. Reed teams with professor J.J. McMurtry, a new faculty member in Business and Society, whose research includes the social economy, co-operatives and other social justice issues; and with Ananya Mukherjee, the Director, International Secretariat of Human Development and Democratic Governance, York University, with a research focus on international and human development. This international experience is highly relevant to the projects on Fair Trade. One objective of this Research Alliance is policy development, and professor Kathy Brock, of the School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University, is a specialist in policy relating to the government-SEOs relationship. Leslie Brown, a professor in Sociology and Anthropology at Mount Saint Vincent


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University, who specializes in co-operatives in credit unions, will build upon her research in social auditing. Edward Jackson, Director of the Centre for the Study of Training, Investment and Economic Restructuring at Carleton University, adds his expertise in participant-led forms of evaluation. University of Waterloo professors Paul Parker, Department of Geography and the Faculty of Environmental Studies, and Jennifer Lynes, the Faculty of Environmental Studies and the Centre for Business, Entrepreneurship and Technology, combine their extensive expertise in sustainable economic development and the impact of the green economy. Ann Clark, a professor in the Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, and Jennifer Sumner, who recently completed a SSHRC post-doctoral fellowship and currently has a teaching appointment in the University of Guelph Rural Studies program and a faculty appointment in OISE/UT’s program in Adult Education and Community Development, combine their expertise in organic farming and sustainable communities. Ginette Lafrenière, a professor of social work at Wilfrid Laurier University specializing in co-operatives and a leader in the Franco-Ontario community, researches the role of co-operatives in slowing the assimilation of minority francophones. David Welch, a sociologist and professor of social work, University of Ottawa, brings his expertise in community economic development and in-depth knowledge of the Franco-Ontarian community, to the study of urban food security. This Research Alliance will invest heavily in dissemination and in that regard will rely on the skills its members from educational faculties: professor Daniel Schugurensky, the director of the Transformative Learning Centre at OISE/University of Toronto and a specialist in popular and Latin American education; professor Marilyn Laiken (OISE/UT), a specialist in electronic communities; and Betty Jane Richmond, Faculty of Education, York University, and the 1999 winner of the best PhD thesis from ARNOVA for her Community Social Return on Investment model. The project team for mandatory community service, led by Steven Brown, a political science professor at Wilfrid Laurier University and director of the Laurier Institute for the Study of Public Opinion and Policy, includes a group, primarily from Southwestern Ontario, that has previously worked together. In addition to professors Baetz and Padanyi, referred to above, the other professors are—from University of Waterloo: James Curtis (Sociology) specializing in voluntary association and civic engagement; Maureen Drysdale (Psychology, St. Jerome’s University), focusing on adolescent development; John Goyder (chair, Sociology) specializing in quantitative research design; from Wilfrid Laurier University: Ailsa Henderson (Political Science,) focusing on civic engagement and institutional change; Mark Pancer (Psychology) specializing in program evaluation, community involvement and youth social activism; Kimberly Ellis-Hale (Sociology) specializing in social policy of aging, health and community involvement; and Joanna Everitt (History and Politics at University of New Brunswick) focusing on gender differences in political behaviour. The social networking project is led by professor Jeanette Holden (departments of Psychiatry and Physiology at Queen's University and director of the Cytogenetics and DNA Research Laboratory at Ongwanada), with a focus on autism spectrum disorders. She teams with Frank Huntley, director of Advanced Technologies at GRIDS, a firm specializing in software development for health services. To facilitate communication with other regions, Yves Vaillancourt of the Université du Québec à Montréal, specializing in the économie sociale, Lou Hammond-Ketilson, acting director of the Centre for the Study of Co-operatives of the University of Saskatchewan, Ian MacPherson from the British Columbia Institute for Co-operative Studies, and Leslie Brown of Mount St. Vincent University fill out the Alliance team.


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6. Partnerships and Alliances This Research Alliance has two lead partners—Imagine Canada and the Ontario Co-operative Association—that are members of the executive and are also taking a central role in the research as members of the Cluster that is mapping the social economy of Southern Ontario. In addition, partner organizations are participating in specific projects and are integral to the success of those projects. These university-community organization partnerships are not new but represent relationships that have been built over time. For example, many members of our research team—Jack Quarter, Betty Jane Richmond, Laurie Mook, Femida Handy, Brenda Gainer, Agnes Meinhard, Kathy Brock, Steven Brown, Mark Pancer—have worked with Imagine Canada in research projects about nonprofits and volunteerism. Similarly, Ginette Lafrenière, Leslie Brown, Jack Quarter, Betty Jane Richmond, Laurie Mook, and David Welch have worked with the Ontario Co-operative Association, its member organizations, and the Canadian Co-operative Association. These partnerships are important because, as stated, this is research that will matter to the partner organizations and to the social economy. Although there is a vast array of organizations in Southern Ontario’s social economy, and it is not possible to involve all of them directly in the research, the lead partners in our submission are umbrella organizations with broad memberships that represent and reflect much of this region’s social economy. Imagine Canada Imagine Canada (formerly the Canadian Centre for Philanthropy) is a national charitable organization that supports Canada’s charities, nonprofit organizations, and socially conscious businesses, and champions the work they do in our communities. Imagine Canada is one of the largest nonprofit umbrella organizations in the country with a membership of over 1,200. With a staff of twenty research professionals, it is recognized as Canada’s leading source of research on the charitable and nonprofit sector. Its research leaders—Dr. Michael Hall, the Vice-President of Research, and Dr. Cathy Barr, Director of Research—have a critical role in this Alliance in mapping the social economy of Southern Ontario. Imagine Canada also has capacity in policy development and significant knowledge dissemination expertise both of which are essential to the success of this initiative. It houses the Canada Volunteerism Initiative’s Knowledge Development Centre and an online library that provides access to the largest collection of Canadian nonprofit resources in the country. Dr. Hall is an Associate Director of this initiative and in that role will lend his research and managerial skills to its strategic direction. As a recent past member of the board of directors of the international learned society, the Association for Research in Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Associations (ARNOVA), Dr. Hall is strategically placed to promote the outputs of this initiative. Ontario Co-operative Association Another pillar of this Research Alliance is the Ontario Co-operative Association (previously known as the Canadian Co-operative Association, Ontario Region), representing 1,900 co-operatives, credit unions, and caisses populaires in Ontario in such diverse services as agriculture, finance, insurance, food retailing and wholesaling, farm supply, renewable energy, culture, social service such as daycare, health and homecare. “On Co-op”, as it is known, has a mandate to support and promote co-operatives across Ontario. On Co-op is highly knowledgeable of the co-operatives of Southern Ontario, has access to them to collect information, and has the staff to undertake the mapping exercise, in which it will be a key player. In its activities on behalf of member organizations, On Co-op focuses on four strategic directions: communications and member relations; education with a focus on youth programs; co-operative economic development and government relations. Denyse Guy, the executive director of On Co-op, is a member of the Alliance’s executive and will play a vital role in the strategic direction and research. As the executive director of On Co-op, she too is strategically placed to promote the outputs of this Alliance, not simply in Southern Ontario but also nationally.


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Other partner-organizations are working with specific projects and in some cases participating in the Knowledge Dissemination Committee. Social Capital Partners, a key organization in the social enterprise movement, supports revenue-generating social enterprises that employ populations outside the economic mainstream in Canada and assists them to become self-sufficient. Ann Armstrong of the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto has worked closely with Social Capital Partners in her previous research and will continue that collaboration as part of the mapping research together with Imagine Canada and the Ontario Co-operative Association. FoodShare Toronto is a leader in the movement for food security and nutrition and has tried to take a multifaceted, innovative and long-term approach to hunger and food issues. We are fortunate to have FoodShare as a partner to the project with OntarBio Organic Farmers’ Co-operative, formed in 1989, to provide an opportunity for organic farmers in Ontario to collectively store, process and market organically grown products. OntarBio and FoodShare Toronto will work with professors Jennifer Sumner and Ann Clark of the University of Guelph in their ongoing study of the organic farming movement in this province. The Planet Bean Coffee Co-operative is one of a growing number of worker co-operatives in Ontario, in this case specializing in Fair Trade, mainly of coffee. Started in 2002, Planet Bean continues to expand as it participates in developing an increasing awareness of global trade inequalities. Planet Bean will work with York University professors John-Justin McMurtry and Darryl Reed (Business and Society Program), and Ananya Mukherjee (Political Science and Director of the International Secretariat for Human Development) on projects related to Fair Trade, one involving the development of two new products by the co-operative (chai and spices). Again, these projects continue a working relationship among the team members. Green Communities Canada is a national network of community-based nonprofit organizations that deliver innovative environmental programs and services, with a focus on household and community action. This is a different approach to environmentalism in that the member organizations operate in the marketplace in providing their services, yet they are also nonprofits and part of the social economy. Paul Parker has been working collaboratively with green community organizations since 1998. Windshare Co-operative is a community initiative to develop large wind turbines on Toronto's waterfront. It, together with the Ontario Sustainable Energy Association, an umbrella organization formed to implement community sustainable energy projects across Ontario, is partnering with Fiona Duguid and Daniel Schugurensky to examine the informal learning of its members related to decision-making in a social economy organization. The mission of the Pathways to Education Program, operating in the low-income Regent Park area of Toronto, is to reduce poverty and its effects by supporting the development of youth from economically disadvantaged communities and promoting their individual health and the health of the community. Pathways, relying heavily on volunteers, provides tutoring and other special programs to reduce drop-out rates and absenteeism by students. The value that Pathways adds to the education dollar is the subject of the research by professors Richmond and Gainer from York University, and again this is part of an ongoing collaboration. Two groups—the Ottawa CED Network, an amalgam of 60 local community economic development organizations, and the Ottawa Food Security Council, an organization addressing food insecurity and hunger in the Ottawa region—partner with professor David Welch of the Social Work faculty at the University of Ottawa, in their study of food security in the Ottawa region. Professor Welch has worked


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closely with these organizations, and his work is relevant not only to these organizations but to Southern Ontario more generally and potentially to regions and communities across Canada. The Conseil de la Coopération de l'Ontario is devoted to furthering the economic and social empowerment of the Francophone community, through co-operation. The CCO was founded in 1964 and currently unites 312 co-operatives and branches with for more than 344,000 members and 2,000 full time employees. Professor Ginette Lafrenière, who is a member of CCO and who has worked with that organization on previous research, will work with it as part of this Alliance. The social accounting project, led by Laurie Mook, has a tradition for working with nonprofits and co-operatives and helping them to measure the value they add, not simply in financial terms but also social value added—for example, measuring the value of their volunteers. In this submission, Mook proposes to work with Evergreen Commons, a national nonprofit organization with a mandate to bring communities and nature together for the benefit of both, and operating in major cities across Canada. Her project is with Evergreen at the Brick Works in Toronto, and would broaden the social value added to include human capital, the quality of goods/services, the environment, and community development. Evergreen is excited about the potential of this project, as are other nonprofits with whom Mook has worked in the past. Following the development of the model with Evergreen, Mook will test it with the micro-lending program of Metro Credit Union, a major credit union in Toronto. Eric Plato, the chief financial officer Frontier College, a national adult literacy nonprofit organization, with whom Mook has had a working relationship, has agreed to participate in this project and to help in the dissemination of its outputs. The Canadian Community Investment Network will also participate by assisting with the dissemination of materials created in this project. A similar working arrangement is occurring in the project in St. Andrew’s, Scotland, with Falkland Heritage Trust, in this case attempting to understand the meaning of stewardship for an accounting framework. Rob Gray and Jan Bebbington, internationally renowned in the field of environmental and social accounting, are working with the principals in the trust, again as part of an ongoing collaboration. In Atlantic Canada, Leslie Brown is working with the Consumers’ Community Co-operative, a consumer retail co-operative with stores in every province in the region. Her work with this co-operative is designed to help it develop indicators to measure the “co-operative difference.” The Geographical Resources and Integrated Data Systems Ltd. (GRIDS), specializing in software development in the Kingston area, partners with the Autism Society of Ontario, an education and advocacy organization for the province’s 31 chapters, as part of an ongoing working relationship with Jeanette Holden of Queen’s University, to develop a social networking system for persons with autism. We expect that other alliances will evolve as this research proceeds. As indicated, one of our objectives is to generate curriculum on the social economy. To that end, the Centre of Community Leadership, Niagara College—one of our partners—will assist. Niagara has already produced a draft curriculum of voluntary sector leadership, and that College and this Alliance will share and build upon each other’s work in this area. An Unanticipated Outcome An expected outcome of this Alliance is that it will strengthen collaboration among universities (professors and students) and community partners, as is intended by this SSHRC program. Another outcome of equal importance, but perhaps not anticipated in the design, is that it will encourage co-operation among community partners with differing mandates. Traditionally, co-operatives and


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nonprofit organizations with a charitable status have tended to operate independently of each other. This Alliance has many mechanisms built into it that should promote collaboration between organizations that typically might not otherwise communicate with each other. For example, there will be lecture series, an annual conference, and collaboration between community partners in the Executive and the Knowledge Dissemination committees. The Social Economy Centre that would be result from this submission would become a venue for partner organizations that normally are distant from each other to find common cause, and that the research process of this Alliance would promote that goal.


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7. Training (Role of Students) Training of students is a key feature of this Alliance, and for each project graduate students will form part of the team. In total, this Alliance will fund 56 graduate assistantships over its five years, amounting to about one third of the total budget. In addition to graduate students paid by SSHRC funds from this grant, others will participate with other university funding. Both the applicant and the co-applicants in the project teams are experienced thesis supervisors and experienced researchers with projects involving students. Between them, the team members have supervised hundreds of theses students. The applicant (Jack Quarter) has supervised to completion 35 doctoral theses (and a similar number of Master’s students), many of these having won awards. Some recent examples are cited in his SSHRC CV. All of Quarter’s current doctoral students are doing theses related to the social economy. One of these, Laurie Mook, has worked collaboratively with him in the preparation of this submission; in fact, in true collaborative fashion, this submission to SSHRC represents her work as much as his. Mook’s research on social accounting represents an ongoing collaboration with Quarter, with many publications including the book, What Counts: Social Accounting for Nonprofits and Cooperatives (Prentice Hall, 2003). Should this submission be funded, Mook would have an exciting opportunity to continue her innovative research on social accounting as a post-doctoral student managing this Alliance with Quarter’s guidance and trust. At least two other doctoral students, who will be members of this Alliance, have helped in the preparation of this submission—Geoff Kistruck of the Richard Ivey School of Business at the University of Western Ontario assisted professor Pratima Bansal (Geoff’s research supervisor), and Amanda Shantz, a doctoral student at the Centre for Industrial Relations, University of Toronto, has worked closely with professor Anil Verma, who also holds a cross-appointment to the Rotman School of Management. Should the Alliance be funded, it is expected that this pattern of student mentoring will be repeated in each of the projects and in each of the universities involved. The students working on the projects will develop their skills through having the opportunity to participate in a broad range of tasks. The specifics will vary by project, but in general these will include: • planning through regular project meetings; • approaching research sites; • developing research instruments (interviews, surveys); • administering research instruments; • assisting with analyzing the data; • undertaking case studies; • communicating the results through research papers submitted for publication; • making conference presentations; • actively participating in planning and organizing the year-end Research Alliance conferences and the

project workshops; and • evaluating Alliance activities. It is expected that students will be included in the authorship of papers from each project team, whether they are for publication or for conference presentation. Students will also be involved in the development of the website, communicating with the participants through the listservs, and other forms of dissemination. Through the interaction with partners, students will also avail practicum placements. Imagine Canada has indicated that it would like to serve as a practicum site to students in the Alliance.


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Letters of support from each of the 22 partner organizations, plus the University of Toronto (the host institution), follow. The letters are in the following order:

1. University of Toronto 2. Imagine Canada 3. Ontario Co-operative Association 4. Autism Society of Ontario 5. Canadian Community Investment Network 6. Conseil de la Coopération de l'Ontario 7. Consumers’ Community Co-operative 8. Evergreen Commons and Evergreen at the Brick Work 9. Falkland Heritage Trust 10. FoodShare Toronto 11. Frontier College 12. Geographical Resources and Integrated Data Systems Ltd. (GRIDS) 13. Green Communities Canada 14. Metro Credit Union 15. Niagara College, Centre of Community Leadership 16. OntarBio Organic Farmers’ Co-operative 17. Ontario Sustainable Energy Association 18. Ottawa CED Network 19. Ottawa Food Security Council 20. Pathways to Education Program 21. Planet Bean Coffee Co-operative 22. Social Capital Partners 23. Windshare Co-operative


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APPENDIX A

CVs of Applicant and Co-applicants

This appendix contains the SSHRC CVs and attachments ordered as follows: the applicant and then the 43 co-applicants, as their names are listed on the application form. The institutional affiliation is noted beside each name including that of partners who are co-applicants. Applicant Quarter, Jack (University of Toronto) Co-applicants Institution Ted Jackson Carleton University Frank Huntley GRIDS Elizabeth Keating Harvard University Cathy Barr Imagine Canada Michael Hall Imagine Canada Leslie Brown Mount St. Vincent U Denyse Guy Ontario Co-op Assn Kathy Brock Queen's University Jeanette Holden Queen’s University Agnes Meinhard Ryerson University Maureen Drysdale St. Jerome’s (UWaterloo) Pratima Bansal The U of Western Ontario Ray Dart Trent University David Welch Université d’Ottawa Yves Vaillancourt UQAM Ann Clark University of Guelph Paulette Padanyi University of Guelph Jennifer Sumner University of Guelph Joanna Everitt Univ of New Brunswick Lou Hammond University of Ketilson Saskatchewan Jan Bebbington University of St. Andrews Rob Gray University of St. Andrews

Co-applicants Institution Ann Armstrong U of Toronto (Rotman) Marilyn Laiken U of Toronto (OISE) Daniel Schugurensky U of Toronto (OISE) Anil Verma U of Toronto (Rotman) Ian MacPherson University of Victoria James Curtis University of Waterloo John Goyder University of Waterloo Jennifer Lynes University of Waterloo Paul Parker University of Waterloo Mark Baetz Wilfrid LaurierUniversity Steven Brown Wilfrid LaurierUniversity Kimberly Ellis-Hale Wilfrid LaurierUniversity Ailsa Henderson Wilfrid LaurierUniversity Ginette Lafrenière Wilfrid LaurierUniversity Mark Pancer Wilfrid LaurierUniversity Brenda Gainer York University Femida Handy York University J.J. McMurty York University Ananya Mukherjee York University Darryl Reed York University Betty Jane Richmond York University

Documents

SSHRC proposal: A community-university research alliance for