SSD/Systematic Skill Building Training Module 1 - …€¢ Specific description/definition ... Self-concept Informing boss that work is completed ... •Example: If we help a

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SSD/Systematic Skill Building Training

Module 1


• Science and ABA – Definition

• ABA Alignment

• 7 Dimensions of Applied Behavioral Analysis

• Case Examples

Applied Behavioral Analysis: Philosophy and Principles

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A systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena – as evidenced by:

• Specific description/definition (the observed events can be quantified and classified)

• Predictability: Repeated observation shows that two events covary with each other. That is, in the presence of one event, another event occurs

• Control: The change in one event can be reliable produced by change of another event

Science is…

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• Events happen for a reason (not willy-nilly)

• Information gathered is based on objective and unbiased observation

Science stipulates that…

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The goal of science is to come to a

thorough understanding of that which is being studied.

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Does ABA use a

Scientific Approach?

ABA and Science

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• Does ABA examine the circumstances under which a behavior occurs (or does not occur)?

• Does it include observation of clearly defined behavior?

• Does it look for a relationship between environment and occurrence of behavior?

• Does it propose an outcome?

• Does it set criteria by which success will be measured?

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YES, YES, YES…

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Through comprehensive

assessments

Proposes Hypothesis

Specifies Outcome

Includes Strategies to

Reach Outcome

Measures for change/progress


• ABA is a scientific approach for discovering environmental variables that reliably influence socially significant behavior and for developing a technology of behavior change that takes practical advantage of those discoveries.

Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2007)

What is ABA?

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• the design, implementation, and evaluation of environmental modification, using behavioral stimuli and consequences to produce socially significant improvements in human behavior or to prevent loss of attained skill or function.

ABA includes

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How does ABA align with:

BAS Guiding Principles,

Goals of BAS Adult Programs and

Positive Behavioral Support?

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BAS Guiding Principles


• Increase person’s ability to care for themselves

• Decrease family/caregiver stress

• Increase quality of life for both the person and the family

• Provide specialized supports to adults with ASD based on need

• Help adults with ASD reach their employment goals

• Support more involvement in community activities

• Decrease crisis episodes and psychiatric hospitalizations

Goals of BAS adult programs

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Positive Behavioral Support

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PBS is a comprehensive approach for understanding and

addressing the needs of individuals with disabilities who engage

in challenging behaviors (Dunlap, 2004)

Based on:

Applied Behavior Analysis

Person-centered planning

Self-determination

Inclusion


• Assessment-based

• Customized

• Preventative and Educational

• Lifestyle- and Inclusion-focused

• Comprehensive

• Team-based

• Respectful

• Long-term focused Bambara and Kern, 2005

Characteristics of Positive Behavioral Support

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7 Dimensions of Applied Behavioral Analysis


• Applied

• Behavioral

• Analytic

• Technological

• Conceptually Systematic

• Effective

• Generality

Bear, Wolf and Risley, 1968

7 Dimensions of ABA

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The commitment to affect improvements in behaviors that enhances and improve

people’s lives.

1. Applied:

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• Socially Significant or important and meaningful to person:

Daily living

Social and communication

Academic

Employment and Vocational

Leisure and recreation

Relationships

• Improving the day-to-day life experience of person and their significant others (family, friends, co-workers, employers)

1. Applied includes examination of behavior that are:

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Behavior is specific and defined in observable, measurable terms

It must be the behavior in of need of improvement.

2. Behavioral

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• Observable:

direct observation of behavior and

method of gathering information about behavior is in real-life environment

• Measurable:

It requires precise measuring of behavior in their natural settings (frequency, duration)

2. Behavioral, cont…

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• Examples of Behavior Could these behaviors be observed? How could they be measured for

frequency, duration?

Face Slapping

Self-concept

Informing boss that work is completed

Frustration

Are the following measureable?

Weekly at work

4 times a week for 3 consecutive months

2. Behavioral, cont…

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Demonstration of experimental control over the occurrence and non-occurrence of the

behavior

3. Analytic

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• It demonstrates a functional relationship: between the manipulated events and a reliable change in some

measurable aspect of the targeted behavior

3. Analytic, cont…

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ABA doesn’t theorize about behavior and

how it works.

Rather, it demonstrates, through the systematic use of data and design to show the relationship between environmental conditions and behavior change.

3. Analytic, cont…

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Procedures are completely and precisely described and defined so a reader of the

procedure can replicate the use of the

procedure and obtain the same results.

Nothing should be left to interpretation!

4. Technological

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• Describe measurement procedures in detail. • Strategies of intervention are written in such detail so

that others may read and be able to follow/utilize and implement them as written.

• Procedures are replicable and teachable to others.

4. Technological, cont…

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One strategy to check the technological adequacy of a support plan is to have staff/family read plan and then role play or explain in detail the strategies that will be used.

4. Technological, cont…

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Procedures or interventions selected to use should be clearly spelled out and link to

and described in basic principles of behavior terms.

5. Conceptually Systematic

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• There are an infinite number of approaches to teach a skill or change behavior, but they are derived from core principles of behavior and best instructional practices supported by peer-reviewed research. Module 2 will dive into this topic more specifically

5. Conceptually Systematic, cont…

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Producing behavioral changes that reach clinical or social significance.

6. Effective

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• Considerations when determining if a teaching plan will be effective: Are they using the skill in settings where others typically use the

skill?

How much change is needed to be considered effective? Is it realistic?

How will the learned skill impact their life and others?

Will the person remain motivated to use the skill when staff are not present?

• It is important to not only change a behavior/teach a skill but it is also important that it achieve social validity. (Wolf, 1978).

6. Effective, cont…

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• Example:

If we help a college student increase their conversational skills without addressing how person can improve his/her social life, have we been effective?

• Teaching conversational skills AND helping them become an active member of a desired club on campus would demonstrate a greater level of effectiveness

6. Effective, cont…

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Demonstrated when a behavior change lasts over time, appear in other

environments/settings, or spread to other behaviors not directly addressed/treated

by the interventions.

7. Generality

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• Think above and beyond what was directly or intentionally written in the support plan

• Consider various aspects of the skill (materials, location, people, etc…)

• Example: Teaching conversational skill of turn taking Learning and practicing at home with staff using pre-arranged

situations and conversation starters

Prompting turn taking when interacting with brother.

Then observing that person taking turns in conversations with others at social gatherings or when at work

7. Generality, cont…

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Dimensions ABA MEANING WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE

Applied Socially significant to person

Social, communication, vocational, daily living skills

Behavioral Observable and measurable

Ask someone to go out to eat, verbally state need for time alone, pacing

Analytic Show control, functional relationship (between environment and the behavior)

Examine info from assessments to inform behavioral intervention strategies and instructional decisions.


Dimensions ABA MEANING WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE

Technological Intervention strategies clearly detailed, can be replicable and implemented by all

Behavioral Support Plans, instructional plan.

Conceptually Systematic

Procedures are proven and based on proven and relevant behavioral principles (vs. a collection of tricks)

Modeling, error correction, reinforcement strategies


Dimensions ABA

MEANING WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE

Effective

Produce a change that is socially significantly

Data collected indicates what is working, what’s not

Generality

Change appears in setting other than the one in which it was taught and/or spreads to other behaviors

Communication skills taught in work setting now being exhibited with peers in social settings


Case Example

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CASE EXAMPLE

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John really loves his job and has been doing very well at it for the last 8 months. However, in the last 3 weeks, he has not been completing new

tasks that have been asked of him by his boss and is spending more time in the break room pacing.

Last Tuesday, his boss told him that if he continues to leave requested tasks incomplete, he

may lose his job.


Socially Significant Behavior

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What would be a socially significant behavior/skill for John to learn? 1. To apply for a different job. 2. How to initiate conversation with boss and ask for more explanation of work assignment. 3. To arrive at work early so he can talk to the boss.

Applied


• Could these behaviors be observed? John completing/ not completing job tasks

John not understanding how to perform task

John pacing in the break room

• Examples of how to measure behavior 85% of the time for 3 consecutive months

Behavioral

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Observable and Measureable


• What direct data collection could you use to understand what is going on at work for John. Complete an ABC chart of John at work on multiple occasions

Put Supportive Employment in place and ask to complete Event Recording or Functional Assessment Observation form.

• What in-direct data collection methods could be used? Talk/interview boss

Motivational Assessment Scale (MAS)

Analytic 43

Assess and Analyze


• When ask to complete a task that he does not understand, John will ask his boss to further explain and show him how to do task, 3 out of 4 times for 3 consecutive months.

Alternate preferred and non-preferred tasks

Teach John how to ask for further explanations when needed

Help John to learn tasks using modeling techniques

Technological

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Cleary Detailed Plan


• Describe how someone would teach John how to ask the boss for more details • Practice modeling how to get boss’ attention, state he has a

question, ask question, wait for a reply, restate the direction in his own words to check for understanding, return to desk to complete task

• Least-to-most prompting system using a task analysis will help to make the next step predictable and consistent for John and staff.

Conceptually Systematic

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Procedures relevant and proven


• Is John asking boss for clarification of work assignments?

• Has he completed new tasks he is asked to do?

• How will you know? Collect Data:

• On John asking boss for clarification

• On John completing new tasks

Effective

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Is it working?


• Since learning to ask boss for new tasks clarification, mother reports that John is asking her questions at home when she ask him to complete a chore.

• Mother reported that John recently even asked a store clerk recently if they had the new anime game in stock yet. (something he would have never done in the past.)

Generality

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Demonstrated Elsewhere


• As you develop plans to teach skills to participants, consider how the 7 dimensions of ABA are reflected.

• ABA is the foundation of the work we do… whether we are decreasing the occurrence of self-injurious behaviors, increasing more appropriate ways to communicate “I need a break,” learning how to manage money, socialize with colleagues in the work setting, or interact appropriately when in the community.

Moving Forward

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• Bambara, L. M. (2002). Are you a behaviorist or a bonder? Smashing artificial dichotomies and entering into a dialogue of shared knowledge and multiple perspectives. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 4(1), 17-20.

• Bambara, L. M. & Kern, L. (2005). Individualized supports for students with problem behaviors: Designing positive behavior plans. New York: The Guilford Press. Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward

• Baer,D. M., Wolf, M. M. and Risley, T.R, “Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis” The University of Kansas, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Spring, 1968

• Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2007). Applied Behavior Analysis (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

References

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Documents

SSD/Systematic Skill Building Training Module 1 - …€¢ Specific description/definition ... Self-concept Informing boss that work is completed ... •Example: If we help a