SS8H4The student will describe the impact of events that led to the ratification of the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

Constitutional Convention1787• While Georgia played a relatively minor role during the

American Revolution, it can be argued that Georgians were instrumental during the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

• In fact, their involvement shaped both the Constitution and the nation’s history.

• The Delegates’ strong support of the institution of slavery led to the Three-Fifth’s Compromise which set the stage for future conflict between the Northern and Southern states.

• In turn, the vote of one Georgian, Abraham Baldwin, led to the Great Compromise which brought the large states and small states together concerning legislative representation.

• This agreement paved the way for the bicameral legislative branch of our government.

Constitutional Convention1787• Finally, the writings of one Georgia delegate, William Pierce,

have offered historians a contemporary and candid view of the “Founding Fathers.”

• Though Pierce did not sign the U. S. Constitution, his contributions to our knowledge about those who did is invaluable.

SS8H4a

Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of both the Georgia Constitution of 1777 and the Articles of Confederation and explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation led to a need to revise the Articles.

The Georgia Constitution of 1777

• Georgia joined the other colonies in celebrating the decision to become independent of Great Britain.

• The former colonies were tired of being governed and living under laws made by great Britain, which they believed was both out of touch and too far away to understand their needs.

• The new goal for each colony was statehood.• Each new state was to develop its own method of governance

and pass laws that met its needs.• Work was begun on a state constitution to replace the earlier

“Rules and Regulations,” which had been used to govern the state.

The Georgia Constitution of 1777

• Writing the new constitution was not easy.• Some citizens wanted a government like the one already in

place, with most of the power in the hands of a few wealthy landowners and merchants.

• The Whigs, a more extreme group, wanted to give all the people of Georgia a chance to govern themselves.

• The Whigs won, and Georgia decided on a government based on the separation of powers and the rights of citizens to agree with how they were governed.

• By May 1777, Georgia adopted it first state constitution at a constitutional convention held in Savannah.

The Georgia Constitution of 1777

• The parish system was done away with, and eight counties were formed.

• However well meaning the lawmakers were in developing the 1777 constitution, there were problems.

• Rather than a bicameral legislature, the Constitution of 1777 provided for a unicameral, or one-house, legislature.

• This single legislative body had very broad powers, including the ability to make appointments for the judicial branch (the courts) and the executive branch (the governor).

• Stung by the loyalty of former governors to the king, the members of the constitutional convention wanted to limit severely the influence and power of the governor.

The Georgia Constitution of 1777

• They proposed a one-year term for the governor.• The governor was to be selected by the legislature rather than

voted on by the people.• The actual power, therefore, was in the hands of twelve

lawmakers from the legislature who served as an executive council.

• The executive council could accept or reject any proposals initiated by the governor.

• The constitutional convention selected John Treutlen, a Salzburger as the first governor.

The Article of Confederation• The founding fathers wanted to make sure that their new

government would be very different from the government of Great Britain.

• The Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, intentionally established a weak national government.

• The new U. S. government consisted of a unicameral legislature – Congress – in which each state had one vote.

• There was no chief executive, and there was no nation court system.

• The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation caused major problems for the new country.

The Article of Confederation• Under the articles, the Confederation Congress that could not

pay the colonial soldiers during the Revolutionary War found that is also could not pay them after the war.

• The Confederation Congress asked the state for help, but many states rejected or ignored the request.

• The new government did not have the power to regulate trade between the states or between the United States and foreign countries.

• Each state had its own money system, which also created problems with trade.

• The British reoccupied some of the forts in the Northwest Territory (the area north of the Ohio River), and the national government was powerless to do anything to stop them.

The Article of Confederation• As a result, foreign countries had little respect for the new

country.• Georgia Washington and others were alarmed at what they

saw happening to the states under the Articles of Confederation.

• A movement began to examine and revise the Articles of Confederation.

• An opportunity arose in 1786 when Virginia asked for a meeting in Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss the continuing trade problems among the states.

• Representatives from only five states attended, and nothing was accomplished.

The Article of Confederation• The delegates at Annapolis did ask that a second convention

meet in Philadelphia the next year.• They broadened the goals for the Philadelphia meeting and

asked to discuss all the problems of the Articles of Confederation.

• It was hoped that some changes could be made that would make the national government stronger.

SS8H4b

Describe the role of Georgia at the Constitutional Convention of 1787; include the role of Abraham Baldwin and William Few, and reasons why Georgia ratified the new constitution.

Role of Georgia at the Constitutional Convention• In the summer of 1787, the Georgia Assembly appointed

William Pierce, William Few, Abraham Baldwin, and William Houstoun as its delegates to the Constitutional Convention to be held in Philadelphia.

• Only Few and Baldwin stayed until the end and signed the new U. S. Constitution.

• There were many debates and disagreements during the convention.

• Perhaps the most difficult was over representation in the national legislature.

• The larger states wanted representation based on population; the smaller states wanted equal representation.

Role of Georgia at the Constitutional Convention• William Houstoun voted for the larger state position.• Abraham Baldwin’s vote for the small state position forced the

convention to work on a compromise.• Baldwin served on the committee to work out that

compromise, which has since become known at the Great Compromise.

Reasons Why Georgia Ratified the New Constitution• Georgia supported the new U.S. Constitution.• As more and more people moved into the state, they began to

push westward into the land occupied by Indians.• The Indians were determined to hold onto their lands.• As the youngest state, Georgia needed a strong national

government to help protect it from the Indian threat and to acquire land from the Indians in order to expand.

• A special convention was called to consider ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

• Delegates began gathering in December 1787. • On January 2, 1788, Georgia became the fourth state to ratify

the U.S. Constitution, by a vote of 26 – 0.