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School of Six Sigma Introduction to Statistics Overview In this module we’re going to begin to explore statistics. By the end of this module you’ll have a better understanding of how statistics fits into the overall Six Sigma philosophy as well as what data and statistics are. So far in this course we’ve covered how to do things like identifying projects, creating Primary Metric Graphs, constructing process maps, and using tools like the C&E Matrix and FMEA to begin narrowing down a large list of inputs down to what the team believes to be the most critical, red Xs. At this point in the DMAIC process many problems can be solved. Example I once spent a day at a company that paints the plastic covers for a major cell phone manufacturer. This company was struggling with very high defect rates. They were scrapping around 30% of everything they produced. By walking the process our team was able to create a process map in around 1 hour which

SS EN 19 Intro to Statistics - Amazon Web Services...SchoolofSixSigma& Introduction&toStatistics& Overview& Inthismodulewe’regoingtobegintoexplore! statistics.!!Bytheend!ofthismoduleyou’llhavea!

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School  of  Six  Sigma    Introduction  to  Statistics  

Overview  In  this  module  we’re  going  to  begin  to  explore  statistics.    By  the  end  of  this  module  you’ll  have  a  better  understanding  of  how  statistics  fits  into  the  overall  Six  Sigma  philosophy  as  well  as  what  data  and  statistics  are.      

So  far  in  this  course  we’ve  covered  how  to  do  things  like  identifying  projects,  creating  Primary  Metric  Graphs,  constructing  process  maps,  and  using  tools  like  the  C&E  Matrix  and  FMEA  to  begin  

narrowing  down  a  large  list  of  inputs  down  to  what  the  team  believes  to  be  the  most  critical,  red  Xs.    At  this  point  in  the  DMAIC  process  many  problems  can  be  solved.      

Example  I  once  spent  a  day  at  a  company  that  paints  the  plastic  covers  for  a  major  cell  phone  manufacturer.    This  company  was  struggling  with  very  high  defect  rates.    They  were  scrapping  around  30%  of  everything  they  produced.    By  walking  the  process  our  team  was  able  to  create  a  process  map  in  around  1  hour  which  

included  identifying  the  inputs  for  each  process  step.    We  then  used  a  C&E  Matrix  to  narrow  the  list  of  inputs  down  to  around  10.    This  took  around  45  minutes.      

We  then  started  an  FMEA  and  worked  on  that  for  around  4  hours.    During  the  FMEA  we  quickly  discovered  some  actions  that  could  be  implemented  right  away.    As  it  turned  out,  these  initial  actions  made  an  immediate  impact  and  defect  rates  began  to  drop  the  very  next  day.      

Obviously,  things  don’t  always  work  out  like  this  and  I  don’t  mean  to  make  it  sound  as  though  problems  can  always  be  solved  so  quickly.    But  we  want  you  to  realize  that  improvements  can  and  should  begin  to  happen  early  on  in  your  Six  Sigma  projects.    You  don’t  have  to  wait  in  order  to  make  improvements.      

Once  we’ve  narrowed  our  list  of  inputs  down  to  a  more  manageable  level,  we’ll  often  need  to  use  additional  analysis  and  improvement  techniques  to  characterize  and  then  optimize  the  process  in  order  to  meet  the  overall  goals  of  the  project.    To  do  this,  we’ll  begin  to  use  some  more  advanced  statistically  based  tools.  

Using  Statistics      Just  saying  the  word  statistics  is  usually  enough  to  make  many  people  want  to  crawl  up  into  a  fetal  position  since  they  have  flashbacks  to  boring  professors  delivering  painful  lectures  during  college.    If  this  is  you,  please  don’t  worry.    We  plan  to  keep  the  use  of  statistics  within  this  course  extremely  practical  and  useful.      

We’ll  do  our  very  best  to  use  different  types  of  examples  since  we  know  our  students  work  in  many  different  industries.    Our  goal  is  to  ensure  every  one  of  our  students  understands  the  tools  and  techniques  we  teach  and,  more  importantly,  remembers  where  to  look  when  they  need  a  refresher.      

Definition  of  Terms  As  we  begin  this  journey,  let’s  define  some  terms,  namely  data  and  statistics.    Data,  which  is  the  plural  form  of  the  word  datum,  help  us  to  better  understand  and  characterize  the  behaviors  of  our  processes,  products,  services,  and  customers.    Statistics  provide  both  individuals  and  companies  with  the  methodology  and  ability  to  make  sense  of  their  data.      

Two  Types  of  Statistics  There  are  generally  two  types  of  statistics  that  continuous  improvement  practitioners  use.    The  first  type  is  called  Descriptive  Statistics.    As  the  name  implies,  descriptive  statistics  help  us  to  describe  our  data.    Put  another  way,  they  help  tell  us  what’s  going  on.    We  do  this  by  calculating  things  like  the  mean  or  median,  which  help  us  to  describe  a  data  sets  measure  of  central  tendency.    We  can  also  calculate  the  standard  deviation  or  range,  which  help  us  to  describe  a  

data  sets  measure  of  dispersion.      

The  second  type  of  statistics  we’ll  be  working  with  is  called  Inferential  Statistics,  which  helps  us  to  draw  conclusions  and  make  decisions  through  the  use  of  tools  and  techniques  such  as  hypothesis  tests  which  we’ll  explore  in  great  detail  later  in  the  course.    

Inferential  statistics  help  us  to  make  judgments  about  whether  the  results  we’re  seeing  are  simply  due  to  chance  or  are  in  fact  repeatable.  

Conclusion    

Throughout  the  rest  of  this  course  we’ll  be  exploring  many  different  ways  to  best  leverage  the  use  of  statistics.    No  single  lean  or  Six  Sigma  project  you  work  on  will  ever  require  the  use  of  every  statistical  tool  we  cover.    But,  if  you  work  in  this  field  long  enough,  chances  are  very  good  you’ll  eventually  encounter  situations  where  

each  and  every  tool  we  teach  can  be  properly  applied.    One  of  the  most  valuable  skills  any  continuous  improvement  practitioner  can  have  is  to  know  when  and  how  to  use  statistics  properly.