Spring ‘61Lincoln's 1st Inaugural Address -CSA had seized –Ft. Sumter (Charleston, SC)Linc. provisions the fort –strategy -April 12th –reaction in North –call for troops –Southern response -

In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine , is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you . You can have no conflict, without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ``preserve, protect and defend'' it.

I am loth to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, streching from every battle-field, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.

The Crucial Border StatesDef. – States w/ slaves IN the UnionMO, KY, MD, DE, ( W.V. ) IMPORTANT because –

1- The Capital is between MD and VA2- They provide many raw materials to Northern Manufacturing

Force Lincoln to – Not Free slaves to protect those states

North vs. Southmore $$$$

3/4more people

22-9 milmore factoriesmore railroads

3/4controlled sea

better generalsdefensive warfighting for

homecottonallies?

Why didn’t England join the South?75%, but… ‘57-’60-cotton boompublic opinion - Uncle Tom’s Cabinfound other sources

India and Egyptblockade runnersseized cotton

also needed North’s – wheat and corn

near conflict with UKThe Trent – British Mail Ship – Union captured 2

confederate diplomatsLincoln backs down – “one war at a time”The Alabama – British ship that flew confederate

flagseventually sunk in ’64 250 american ships

sunk 15 million paid in’72 by britain to americaThe Laird Rams – british ironclads for

confederacy, bought by britain UK Backs down –canada too important

FRANCE . . . . sneaky, sneakyinvades Mexico during the warInstalls emperor Maximillianhis plan – let america beat itself

upafter the war North threatens to

take mexico, napoleon leaves, maximillian executed

Jefferson Davis v. the statesnew gov. had to – make a const.

and it had to allow for seccessionled to – states rights being too

strong. GA refused to send its troops outside of GA. Secession? Oh, GA!

Lincoln “necessary” violationsblockade w/o - congressincreased size of fed. army w/o -

congress$2 million to private citizens w/o -

congresssuspends habeus corpus w/o - congressIN BORDER STATES

"supervised voting" censorship, and arrests of newspaper staff

volunteer at first – ran outconscription (’63) – Draft“$300 men” – pay for a substitute“rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” – NYC draft riots (’63) – Anti-Black Irish being recruited200,000 deserters"bounty jumpers“ – $1,000 to enlistIn South> 20 slaves – exempt“cradle to grave” – 15-75

Funding the War - North New taxes

(alcohol, tobacco, first income tax) higher tariffs

the Morrill Tariff (1861) “Greenbacks” – money meant to inflate/not backed by

gold bonds – issued by private banks w/1% kickback as

incentiveOnly Banks joining the National Banking System had the right to sell

Results: Good: Economic BOOM! Bad: Profiteering – rise of the millionaire class

Funding the War - Southblockade cuts off tariff revenuebonds - $400 million to foreignerstaxes increased, but . . .State’s Rights

folks don’t like payin’ taxesprinted money

9000% inflation!

Results InCW DESTROYS Southern EconomyWon’t Recover for Generations

CHAPTER 22The Furnace of Civil War, 1861—1865

1861-1865

Page 461

First Battle of Bull Run (July ’61)South wins battle just South of D.C.but . . . – Overconfident South feels

more confidentimp. – North needs help – South

Deserts and calls of enlistments

The Peninsula Campaign (May-July 1862)Robert E. Lee – Protect Richmond v.George MacClellan – Don’t fight until you are

sure you’ll winMac too cautious, Lee too crafty (464)–

wins “7 Days” battlesLee leads his first campaign into the North (465)Lee hopes to 1 – Capture D.C

2 – Get Maryland to go Grey

The New Union War Plan: Total WarThe New Union War Plan: Total War1 blockade – Cut off cotton2 take Mississippi – Cut CSA in 1/2 and disable

crucial river supplylines3 liberate slaves in CSA – Emancipation

Proclamation4 march through heart of South (GA & SC) –Sherman’s

March to the Sea, lose the battle for hearts and minds 5 seize the capital – Decapitate Capital6 fight CSA armies at every chance – Grant’s

idea to out-attrition the south

Antietam (Sept. ‘62)MacClellan had – been reinstatedSept. 17 ‘62 = Lee’s Advance StoppedMac. Forces Lee to retreat but . .-

loses his job because he didn’t chase him down afterwards

importance – Lee almost won.Paris and London were going to schedule

talks after confederate win

Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1 1863)What it did – freed slaves in the

seceded states__0__ slaves freed by it on

1/1/63Why not abolish? – can’t lose

border states

Gettysburg (July 1863) (Union Generals like Yankee Managers)Lee wins at : Fredericksburg, VA (Burnside) Dec Chancellorsville, VA (Hooker) May

Loses Stonewall invades North – victory could get peace activists arousedGettysburg, PA (Meade) July biggest, most important battle of war (472) July 1–3

50,000 + casualties July 3rd “Pickett’s charge” – last lunge “high tide of the Confederacy” – furthest north any real

confederate soldier would get

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg AddressFour score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,

conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so

conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Vicksburg (July 4, 18 63)Ulysses S. Grant – drank too much

“the butcher” – didn’t negotiate/pinned names and addresses to soldiers backs before rough battles

Wins @ Shiloh (TN) –1862 (475)finally takes Vicksburg – vicksburg

eating mules and ratsimp. – The Mississippi is Union. TX, LA,

AR all don’t matter

Grant vs. Lee (Virginia 1864 -65)Grant attacks Lee near Richmond (480)series of rugged battles – up and down

Shenendoah valleyWar of Attrition – who can outlast?From May to JuneGrant loses 65,000Lee loses 35,000But – Grant has more to lose.

Surrender at Appomattox (April 9, 1865)Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant –urges confederacy to follow

Within a couple months - Lincoln is sitting in Davis’ Chair

Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864)Cuts path across GA & SC – 60 miles wide

Total War – devestate EVERYbody

“War is Hell” – no joke, Sherman

Impact of War600,000 – Dead 380,000 - injuredpolitical changes:

1. Federal Power Wins2. Slave Status

13th Amendment (’65) –Abolishes slaveryeconomic impact – 15 billion in immediate

costs (not counting lost slaves)

Reconstruction (1865-1877)“Reconstruction” =Lincoln’s Plan = lenient =10% -Andrew Johnson continues

Radical RepublicansThaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner -“constitutional suicide” –“conquered provinces” -2 Goals1-2-Proposed Wade-Davis Bill -Lincoln pocket-vetoed it

Andrew Johnson vs the Rad. RepDec. ’65 -Rad. Rep. refused to -Civil Rights Act of 1866 -Freedmen’s Bureau Act -Johnson vetoes bothCongress overrides his veto

Reconstruction Act of 18675 military districts -ratify _____guarantee _________ to blacksJohnson _______, Congress _______“black reconstruction” (1867-1877) –scalawags -carpetbaggers -

Impeachment of Johnsonsimilar to Clinton -Tenure of Office Act -Impeached -“not guilty” by 1 vote -

Grant wins in 1868500,000 -wins by 310,000 -15th Amendment -ratified in 1870 -

Reconstruction Era Amendments13 –14 –15 –All of these left out _________ .

Reconstruction Ends Reconstruction Ends by 1870Compromise of 1877 (ch24)Republicans get –Democrats get -"Redeemer" Governments -

Reconstruction Ends Reconstruction Ends KKK -disenfranchisement –literacy tests –poll taxesgrandfather clausesharecropping – the new slavery -

Anti-Union Voices in the North

Avoid the Draft! . . . Volunteer!

Draft Day

Got $300 ?

The Gettysburg Address (Nov. 22, 1863)

The Assassinaton of Lincoln (April 14, 1865)