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Sport and the anti-doping debate. Doping and deviance Common sense and alternative understandings: testing the arguments Anti-doping policy and disciplinary society and d oping in the sport media A short history of football. 1 2 3 4. Doping and Deviance. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Sport and the anti-doping debate
Doping and devianceCommon sense and
alternative understandings: testing the arguments
Anti-doping policy and disciplinary society and doping in the sport media
A short history of football
12
3
4
Doping and Deviance
Sociology connects criminal activity to the social environment
RulesNormsCodes
ViolationWhat are the
?
Approaches to DevianceThe Chicago
School‘social
disorganization’lack of moral
codes created by sudden social change
Merton (1957) ‘anomie’ lack of
opportunitiesdeviants are
victims
Approaches to DevianceFoucault (1977)deviant
behaviour defines the norm
Young, (1977), Cohen, (1979)
“deviant to whom?” , “deviant from what?”
Doping as deviance: is there a problem?
• An estimated 42,000 steroid users in the UK
• 44% of professional North American baseball players
• Ongoing ‘Tour de France’ doping scandals
‘You’d have to be an imbecile or a hypocrite to imagine that a professional cyclist who rides 235 days a year can hold himself together without stimulants.’ Barnes, J. (2000)
“The World Anti-Doping Agency reported that more than 100 potential Olympians were stopped from competing at the Games because of doping, and the International Olympic Committee announced a number of positive tests during the course of the Games. This is good news for clean athletes around the world”
Case study: What is our common sense understanding of doping?
“Steroids would have made a gold taste bittersweet - Chambers”
The GuardianMonday, October 13 2008
“Dwain Chambers missed out on the Beijing Olympics after his lifetime ban was upheld by the BOA in August.”
Athlete vs. Institution
Doping as unhealthy
Doping as cheating
Doping as rare
Doping as simple
Is there an alternative reading?
Doping as part of elite sporting culture?
Competitive athletes perceptions:
“It is a common secret. I suppose the majority use. Their performances show that.” (Interview No.4)
“Of course [my coach knows I’m using]. Who do you think is doing the injections?” (Interview No.14)
Coach involvement“Of course, we are working together.
We are both trying to use them properly in order to achieve the best results and avoid health side effects. I would never use something without his guidance.” (Interview No.1)
Doping as a normalised practice“They (doping tests) are for lying to the
people. We are not the real cheaters. Almost everybody is using at a higher level. But trying to present a false image to the society is cheating.” (Interview No.3)
Drugs and the culture of sport
Sport cannot be separated from society
Coach-athlete relationship
Pressures to succeed
The Networked Athlete
The paradox of doping
Citius, Altius, Fortius
Sporting institution wants records but bans means to get them
Anti-doping policy => punishment of the (athlete) offender
Responsibilities of the institution obscured
Testing the argumentsDoping is not fair
Is sport fair?
Doping is unnatural
Are sporting bodies
natural bodies?
Anti-Doping PolicyIn what way
does anti-doping policy illustrate Foucault’s ideas about disciplinary society?
SurveillanceSmall, regular
punishmentsInternalising the
gazeDocile bodies
WADA Anti-Doping CodeAnti-Doping rules
Prohibited listTestingHearingAppeal
World Anti-Doping Agency
WADA- ADAMS
ADAMS videoAnti-Doping Administration & Management System is a web-based
database management systemAthlete has a personalised online profile
Individualisation of responsibility
Monitoring the athlete
Disciplining the athlete
Contradictions of anti-doping policy
Two apparent themes:
moral argument
protection of athletes’ health
Safest substance vs most difficult to detect
High risks from legitimate substances and techniques
Ignores most “at risk” groups such as bodybuilders
Doping and the mediaWhat role does the media play in the doping debate?
Agenda building
Doping is complex but…
Doping policy ignores this complexityand has gained
global acceptance as the only reality
Why do we accept this simplistic message?
Athens 2004
“Black shadow over the
celebration:
Night of mystery with Kenderis and
Thanou - and doping in the background”
Thebe
“The triumph
took away the sadness:
Unrepeatable ceremony –
Tributes from the
international mass media”
Doping in the sport media Individualisation
SpectacularisationConfusion/suspicion
DramatisationLack of evidence/explanation
Lack of clarity – gaps in knowledgeSilences alternative perspectives
Doping Policy and the MediaAnti-Doping
policy frames a complex
phenomenon as simple
Punishment oriented
Justifies – excessive
surveillance and control of athletes
– harsh career-ending penalties
Complexities and contradictions are obscured by repeated simplistic media message
IS IT TIME FOR DOPING TO BE PERMITTED IN SPORT?
A short history of football
12
3
4
Understood sociological approaches to doping and
devianceExplored and tested the
arguments surrounding doping in sport
Considered WADA and anti-doping policy in the light of Foucault’s
concepts of discipline and surveillance
Reflected on the media’s role in shaping the policy agenda for
doping